Clinical Impact of Recent Advances in the Biology of Adrenocortical Cancer

Endocrinologist

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 470-478

  Beuschlein, Felix ^a   Looyenga, Brendan D ^b   Reincke, Martin ^a   Giordano, Thomas J ^c   Hammer, Gary D ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenal gland; Adrenocortical carcinoma; Molecular models; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

ACTIVIN; ADRENOPROLIFERIN; CORTICOTROPIN; INHIBIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MITOTANE; MOLECULAR MARKER; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; PROTEIN; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN P57; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; ADRENAL TUMOR; ADVANCED CANCER; BECKWITH WIEDEMANN SYNDROME; BIOPSY; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER MODEL; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOGENESIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOLOGY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FAMILIAL CANCER; GROWTH; GROWTH REGULATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MONOTHERAPY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT INDICATION; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0344851805     PISSN: 10512144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ten.0000100240.50691.5a     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Lipsett MB, Hertz R, Ross GT. Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of adrenocortical carcinoma. Am J Med. 1963;35:374.
2. Wooten MD, King DK. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Epidemiology and treatment with mitotane and a review of the literature. Cancer. 1993;72:3145-3155.
3. Hsing AW, Nam JM, Co Chien HT, et al. Risk factors for adrenal cancer: an exploratory study. Int J Cancer. 1996;65:432-436.
4. Luton JP, Cerdas S, Billaud L, et al. Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1195-1201.
5. Mendonca BB, Lucon AM, Menezes CA, et al. Clinical, hormonal and pathological findings in a comparative study of adrenocortical neoplasms in childhood and adulthood. J Urol. 1995;154:2004-2009.
6. Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science. 1990;250:1233-1238.
7. Wiedemann HR. Complexe malformatif familial avec hernie ombilicale et macroglossie-un syndrome nouveau? J Genet Hum. 1964;13:223-232.
8. Ng L, Libertino JM. Adrenocortical carcinoma: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. J Urol. 2003;169:5-11.
9. Wajchenberg BL, Albergaria Pereira MA, Medonca BB, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical and laboratory observations. Cancer. 2000;88:711-736.
10. Latronico AC, Chrousos GP. Extensive personal experience: adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1317-1324.
11. Cohn K, Gottesman L, Brennan M. Adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery. 1986;100:1170-1177.
12. Pommier RF, Brennan MF. An eleven-year experience with adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery. 1992;112:963-970; discussion 70-71.
13. Venkatesh S, Hickey RC, Sellin RV, et al. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Cancer. 1989;64:765-769.
14. Schteingart DE, Motazedi A, Noonan RA, et al. Treatment of adrenal carcinomas. Arch Surg. 1982;117:1142-1146.
15. Decker RA, Elson P, Hogan TF, et al. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study 1879: mitotane and Adriamycin in patients with advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery. 1991;110:1006-1013.
16. Bukowski RM, Wolfe M, Levine HS, et al. Phase II trial of mitotane and cisplatin in patients with adrenal carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:161-165.
17. Haak HR, van Seters AP, Moolenaar AJ, et al. Expression of P-glycoprotein in relation to clinical manifestation, treatment and prognosis of adrenocortical cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A:1036-1038.
18. Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Karl M, et al. Clonal composition of human adrenocortical neoplasms. Cancer Res. 1994;54:4927-4932.
19. Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell. 1997;88:323-331.
20. Ribeiro RC, Sandrini F, Figueiredo B, et al. An inherited p53 mutation that contributes in a tissue-specific manner to pediatric adrenal cortical carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:9330-9335.
21. DiGiammarino EL, Lee AS, Cadwell C, et al. A novel mechanism of tumorigenesis involving pH-dependent destabilization of a mutant p53 tetramer. Nat Struct Biol. 2002;9:12-16.
22. Reincke M, Karl M, Travis WH, et al. p53 mutations in human adrenocortical neoplasms: immunohistochemical and molecular studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:790-794.
23. Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Schneid H, et al. Rearrangements at the 11p15 locus and overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-II gene in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:1444-1453.
24. Boulle N, Logie A, Gicquel C, et al. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-2 are associated with malignancy in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1713-1720.
25. Giordano TJ, Thomas DG, Kuick R, et al. Distinct transcriptional profiles of adrenocortical tumors uncovered by DNA microarray analysis. Am J Pathol. 2003;162:521-531.
26. Weber MM, Auernhammer CJ, Kiess W, et al. Insulin-like growth factor receptors in normal and tumorous adult human adrenocortical glands. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;136:296-303.
27. Weber MM, Fottner C, Schmidt P, et al. Postnatal overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II in transgenic mice is associated with adrenocortical hyperplasia and enhanced steroidogenesis. Endocrinology. 1999;140:1537-1543.
28. Hatada I, Mukai T. Genomic imprinting of p57KIP2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in mouse. Nat Genet. 1995;11:204-206.
29. Matsuoka S, Edwards MC, Bai C, et al. p57KIP2, a structurally distinct member of the p21CIP1 Cdk inhibitor family, is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Genes Dev. 1995;9:650-662.
30. Zhang P, Liegeois NJ, Wong C, et al. Altered cell differentiation and proliferation in mice lacking p57KIP2 indicates a role in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nature. 1997;387:151-158.
31. Liu J, Kahri AI, Heikkila P, et al. Ribonucleic acid expression of the clustered imprinted genes, p57KIP2, insulin-like growth factor II, and H19, in adrenal tumors and cultured adrenal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1766-1771.
32. Bourcigaux N, Gaston V, Logie A, et al. High expression of cyclin E and G1 CDK and loss of function of p57KIP2 are involved in proliferation of malignant sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:322-330.
33. Estivariz FE, Carino M, Lowry PJ, et al. Further evidence that N-terminal pro-opiomelanocortin peptides are involved in adrenal mitogenesis. J Endocrinol. 1988;116:201-206.
34. Ross JT, Bennett HP, James S, et al. Infusion of N-proopiomelanocortin-(1-77) increases adrenal weight and messenger ribonucleic acid levels of cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase in the sheep fetus during late gestation. Endocrinology. 2000;141:2153-2158.
35. Hahner S, Fassnacht M, Zink M, et al. The adrenal mitogen 1-28-POMC (adrenoproliferin) activates the MAP-kinases ERK1, 2. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 2003;111:S20.
36. Bicknell AB, Lomthaisong K, Woods RJ, et al. Characterization of a serine protease that cleaves pro-gamma-melanotropin at the adrenal to stimulate growth. Cell. 2001;105:903-912.
37. Beuschlein F, Mutch C, Bavers DL, et al. Steroidogenic factor-1 is essential for compensatory adrenal growth following unilateral adrenalectomy. Endocrinology. 2002;143:3122-3135.
38. Buckley DI, Ramachandmn J. Characterization of corticotropin receptors on adrenocortical cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78:7431-7435.
39. Arola J, Heikkila P, Voutilainen R, et al. Protein kinase C signal transduction pathway in ACTH-induced growth effect of rat adrenocortical cells in primary culture. J Endocrinol. 1994;141:285-293.
40. Parissenti AM, Kirwan AF, Kim SA, et al. Molecular strategies for the dominant inhibition of protein kinase C. Endocr Res. 1996;22:621-630.
41. Yamazaki T, Higuchi K, Kominami S, et al. 15-lipoxygenase metabolite(s) of arachidonic acid mediates adrenocorticotropin action in bovine adrenal steroidogenesis. Endocrinology. 1996;137:2670-2675.
42. Lin D, Sugawara T, Strauss JF III, et al. Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Science. 1995;267:1828-1831.
43. Lehoux JG, Fleury A, Ducharme L. The acute and chronic effects of adrenocorticotropin on the levels of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein of steroidogenic enzymes in rat adrenal in vivo. Endocrinology. 1998;139:3913-3922.
44. Lyons J, Landis CA, Harsh G, et al. Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors. Science. 1990;249:655-659.
45. Parma J, Duprez L, Van Sande J, et al. Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas. Nature. 1993;365:649-651.
46. Kirschner LS, Carney JA, Pack SD, et al. Mutations of the gene encoding the protein kinase A type I-alpha regulatory subunit in patients with the Carney complex. Nat Genet. 2000;26:89-92.
47. Stratakis CA, Kirschner LS, Carney JA. Clinical and molecular features of the Carney Complex: diagnostic criteria and recommendations for patient evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4041-4046.
48. Latronico AC, Reincke M, Mendonca BB, et al. No evidence for oncogenic mutations in the adrenocorticotropin receptor gene in human adrenocortical neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:875-877.
49. Light K, Jenkins PJ, Weber A, et al. Are activating mutations of the adrenocorticotropin receptor involved in adrenal cortical neoplasia? Life Sci. 1995;56:1523-1527.
50. Reincke M, Karl M, Travis W, et al. No evidence for oncogenic mutations in guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of human adrenocortical neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:1419-1422.
51. Reincke M, Mora P, Beuschlein F, et al. Deletion of the adrenocorticotropin receptor gene in human adrenocortical tumors: implications for tumorigenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3054-3058.
52. Zwermann O, Beuschlein F, Ortmann D, et al. ACTH inhibits proliferation of adrenal tumors in vivo. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 2003;111 (suppl 1):S12.
53. Schimmer BP, Kwan WK, Tsao J, et al. Adrenocorticotropin-resistant mutants of the Y1 adrenal cell line fail to express the adrenocorticotropin receptor. J Cell Physiol. 1995;163:164-171.
54. Vale W, Rivier J, Vaughan J, et al. Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid. Nature. 1986;321:776-779.
55. Spencer SJ, Mesiano S, Lee JY, et al. Proliferation and apoptosis in the human adrenal cortex during the fetal and perinatal periods: implications for growth and remodeling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1110-1115.
56. Billiar RB, Leavitt MG, Smith P, et al. Functional capacity of fetal zone cells of the baboon fetal adrenal gland: a major source of alpha-inhibin. Biol Reprod. 1999;61:142-146.
57. Chen YG, Lui HM, Lin SL, et al. Regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis by activin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2002;227:75-87.
58. Spencer SJ, Rabinovici J, Mesiano S, et al. Activin and inhibin in the human adrenal gland. Regulation and differential effects in fetal and adult cells. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:142-149.
59. Matzuk MM, Finegold MJ, Mather JP, et al. Development of cancer cachexia-like syndrome and adrenal tumors in inhibin-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:8817-8821.
60. Beuschlein F, Looyenga BD, Bleasdale SE, et al. Activin induces x-zone apoptosis that inhibits luteinizing hormone-dependent adrenocortical tumor formation in inhibin-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23:3951-3964.
61. Lacroix A, Hamet P, Boutin JM. Leuprolide acetate therapy in luteinizing hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1577-1581.
62. Feelders RA, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ, et al. Luteinizing hormone (LH)-responsive Cushing's syndrome: the demonstration of LH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in hyperplastic adrenal cells, which respond to chorionic gonadotropin and serotonin agonists in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:230-237.
63. Millington DS, Golder MP, Cowley T, et al. In vitro synthesis of steroids by a feminising adrenocortical carcinoma: effect of prolactin and other protein hormones. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1976;82:561-571.
64. Danilowicz K, Albiger N, Vanegas M, et al. Androgen-secreting adrenal adenomas. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1099-1102.
65. Leinonen P, Ranta T, Siegberg R, et al. Testosterone-secreting virilizing adrenal adenoma with human chorionic gonadotrophin receptors and 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1991;34:31-35.
66. de Lange WE, Pratt JJ, Doorenbos H. A gonadotrophin responsive testosterone producing adrenocortical adenoma and high gonadotrophin levels in an elderly woman. Clin Endocrinol (Oxj). 1980;12:21-28.
67. Takahashi H, Yoshizaki K, Kato H, et al. A gonadotrophin-responsive virilizing adrenal tumour identified as a mixed ganglioneuroma and adreno-cortical adenoma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1978;89:701-709.
68. Bugalho MJ, Li X, Rao CV, et al. Presence of a Gs alpha mutation in an adrenal tumor expressing LH/hCG receptors and clinically associated with Cushing's syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2000;14:50-54.
69. Pabon J, Li X, Lei Z, et al. Novel presence of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptors in human adrenal glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2397-2400.
70. Seron-Ferre M, Lawrence CC, Jaffe RB. Role of hCG in regulation of the fetal zone of the human fetal adrenal gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;46:834-837.
71. Kumar TR, Wang Y, Matzuk MM. Gonadotropins are essential modifier factors for gonadal tumor development in inhibin-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 1996;137:4210-4216.
72. Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, et al. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:637-644.
73. Weiss LM. Comparative histologic study of 43 metastasizing and non-metastasizing adrenocortical tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8:163-169.
74. Hough AJ, Hollifield JW, Page DL, et al. Prognostic factors in adrenal cortical tumors. A mathematical analysis of clinical and morphologic data. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979;72:390-399.
75. van Slooten H, Schaberg A, Smeenk D, et al. Morphologic characteristics of benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors. Cancer. 1985;55:766-773.
76. Wachenfeld C, Beuschlein F, Zwermann O, et al. Discerning malignancy in adrenocortical tumors: are molecular markers useful? Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;145:335-341.
77. Terzolo M, Boccuzzi A, Bovio S, et al. Immunohistochemical assessment of Ki-67 in the differential diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors. Urology. 2001;57:176-182.
78. Bowlby LS, DeBault LE, Abraham SR. Flow cytometric analysis of adrenal cortical tumor DNA. Relationship between cellular DNA and histopathologic classification. Cancer. 1986;58:1499-1505.
79. Mertens F, Kullendorff CM, Moell C, et al. Complex karyotype in a childhood adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1998;105:190-192.
80. Kjellman M, Kallioniemi OP, Karhu R, et al. Genetic aberrations in adrenocortical tumors detected using comparative genomic hybridization correlate with tumor size and malignancy. Cancer Res. 1996;56:4219-4223.
81. Dohna M, Reincke M, Mincheva A, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma is characterized by a high frequency of chromosomal gains and high-level amplifications. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000;28:145-152.
82. Fogt F, Vargas MP, Zhuang Z, et al. Utilization of molecular genetics in the differentiation between adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 1998;29:518-521.
83. Abati A, Sanjuan X, Wilder A, et al. Utilization of microdissection and the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of adrenal cortical carcinoma in fine-needle aspiration cytology. Cancer. 1999;87:231-237.
84. Stojadinovic A, Ghossein RA, Hoos A, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical, morphologic, and molecular characterization. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:941-950.
85. Harisinghani MG, Maher MM, Hahn PF, et al. Predictive value of benign percutaneous adrenal biopsies in oncology patients. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:898-901.
86. Saeger W, Fassnacht M, Chita R, et al. High diagnostic accuracy of adrenal core biopsy: results of the German and Austrian adrenal network multicenter trial in 220 consecutive patients. Hum Pathol. 2003;34:180-186.