Comparative Tests of Parasite Species Richness in Primates

American Naturalist

Volumn 162, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 597-614

  Nunn, Charles L ^a   Altizer, Sonia ^b   Jones, Kate E ^c,d   Sechrest, Wes ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^d Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

Comparative analysis; Host parasite interactions; Parasite diversity; Population density; Primates

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION; PARASITE; PRIMATE; SPECIES RICHNESS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BODY CONSTITUTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIET; ENVIRONMENT; GEOGRAPHY; PARASITE; PARASITOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRIMATE;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; BODY CONSTITUTION; DIET; ENVIRONMENT; GEOGRAPHY; PARASITES; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRIMATES;

ANIMALIA; ANTHROPOIDEA; ARTHROPODA; FUNGI; PRIMATES; PROTOZOA; VERMES;

EID: 0344719174     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/378721     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Abouheif, E. 1999. A method for testing the assumption of phylogenetic independence in comparative data. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1:895-909.
2. Aho, J. M. 1990. Helminth communities of amphibians and reptiles: comparative approaches to understanding patterns and processes. Pages 156-195 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and J. M. Aho, eds. Parasite communities: patterns and processes. Chapman & Hall, London.
3. Altizer, S. M., and D. J. Augustine. 1997. Interactions between frequency-dependent and vertical transmission in host-parasite systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 264:807-814.
4. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May. 1979. Population biology of infectious diseases. I. Nature 280:361-367.
5. _. 1991. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6. Arneberg, P. 1999. Species richness patterns hidden in filing cabinets: a call for data. Parasitology Today 15:208.
7. _. 2001. An ecological law and its macroecological consequences as revealed by studies of relationships between host densities and parasite prevalence. Ecography 24:352-359.
8. _. 2002. Host population density and body mass as determinants of species richness in parasite communities: comparative analyses of directly transmitted nematodes of mammals. Ecography 25:88-94.
9. Begon, M., S. M. Hazel, D. Baxby, K. Bown, R. Cavanagh, J. Chantrey, T. Jones, and M. Bennett. 1999. Transmission dynamics of a zoonotic pathogen within and between wildlife host species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 266:1-7.
10. Bell, G., and A. Burt. 1991. The comparative biology of parasite species diversity: internal helminths of freshwater fish. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:1047-1064.
11. Brack, M. 1987. Agents transmissible from simians to man. Springer, Berlin.
12. Caro, A., C. Combes, and L. Euzet. 1997. What makes a fish a suitable host for Monogenea in the Mediterranean? Journal of Helminthology 71:203-210.
13. Clayton, D. H., and B. A. Walther. 2001. Influence of host ecology and morphology on the diversity of Neotropical bird lice. Oikos 94:455-467.
14. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and P. H. Harvey. 1977. Primate ecology and social organization. Journal of Zoology 183: 1-39.
15. Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1991. A world list of mammalian species. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
16. Côté, I. M., and R. Poulin. 1995. Parasitism and group-size in social animals: a meta-analysis. Behavioral Ecology 6:159-165.
17. Daszak, P., A. A. Cunningham, and A. D. Hyatt. 2000. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife: threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287:443-449.
18. _. 2001. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. Acta Tropica 78:103-116.
19. Davies, C. R., J. M. Ayres, C. Dye, and L. M. Deane. 1991. Malaria infection rate of Amazonian primates increases with body weight and group size. Functional Ecology 5:655-662.
20. De Leo, G. A., and A. P. Dobson. 1996. Allometry and simple epidemic models for microparasites. Nature 379: 720-722.
21. Dobson, A. P., and J. Foufopoulos. 2001. Emerging infectious pathogens of wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 356:1001-1012.
22. Dobson, A. P., and B. Grenfell, eds. 1995. Ecology of infectious disease in natural populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
23. Dobson, A. P., and M. Meagher. 1996. The population dynamics of brucellosis in the Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 77:1026-1036.
24. Dobson, A. P., and S. W. Pacala. 1992. The parasites of Anolis lizards in the northern Lesser Antilles. II. Models of parasite community structure. Oecologia (Berlin) 91: 118-125.
25. Dobson, A. P., P. J. Hudson, and A. M. Lyles. 1992. Macroparasites: it's a wormy world. Pages 329-348 in M. J. Crawley, ed. Natural enemies. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
26. Dritschilo, W., H. Cornell, D. Nafus, and B. O'Connor. 1975. Of mice and mites. Science 190:467-469.
27. Feliu, C., F. Renaud, F. Catzeflis, J. P. Hugot, P. Durand, and S. Morand. 2001. Comparative analysis of parasite species richness of Iberian rodents. Parasitology 115: 453-466.
28. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125:1-15.
29. Fiennes, R. N. T. W. 1972. Pathology of simian primates. II. Infectious and parasitic diseases. Karger, New York.
30. Freeland, W. J. 1979. Primate social groups as biological islands. Ecology 60:719-728.
31. Galaktionov, K. V. 1996. Life cycles and distribution of seabird helminths in arctic and sub-arctic regions. Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society of Parasitology 6:31-49.
32. Garland, T. J., P. H. Harvey, and A. R. Ives. 1992. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Systematic Biology 4:18-32.
33. Garnham, P. C. C. 1966. Malaria parasites and other Haemosporidia. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
34. Gregory, R. D. 1990. Parasites and host geographic range as illustrated by waterfowl. Functional Ecology 4:645-654.
35. Gregory, R. D., A. E. Keymer, and P. H. Harvey. 1996. Helminth parasite richness among vertebrates. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:985-997.
36. Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
37. Guegan, J. F., and C. R. Kennedy. 1993. Maximum local helminth community richness in British freshwater fish: a test of the colonization time hypothesis. Parasitology 106:61-100.
38. Guegan, J. F., A. Lambert, C. Leveque, C. Combes, and L. Euzet. 1992. Can host body size explain the parasite species richness in tropical freshwater fishes? Oecologia (Berlin) 90:197-204.
39. Gulland, F. M. D. 1992. The role of nematode parasites in Soay sheep (Ovis aries L.) mortality during a population crash. Parasitology 105:493-503.
40. Harcourt, A. H., P. H. Harvey, S. G. Larson, and R. V. Short. 1981. Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates. Nature 293:55-57.
41. Harcourt, A. H., A. Purvis, and L. Liles. 1995. Sperm competition: mating system, not breeding season, affects testes size of primates. Functional Ecology 9:468-476.
42. Hart, B. L. 1990. Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: five strategies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 14:273-294.
43. Harvell, C. D., C. E. Mitchell, J. R. Ward, S. Altizer, A. P. Dobson, R. S. Ostfeld, and M. D. Samuel. 2002. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296:2158-2162.
44. Harvey, P. H., and T. H. Clutton-Brock. 1985. Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39:559-581.
45. Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
46. Harvey, P. H., and A. Rambaut. 1998. Phylogenetic extinction rates and comparative methodology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 265:1691-1696.
47. _. 2000. Comparative analyses for adaptive radiations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 355:1-7.
48. Hayami, M., A. Komuro, K. Nozawa, T. Shotake, K. Ishikawa, K. Yamamoto, T. Ishida, S. Honjo, and Y. Hinuma. 1984. Prevalence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia virus-associated antigens (ATLA) in Japanese monkeys and other non-human primates. International Journal of Cancer 33:179-183.
49. Hudson, P. J., A. P. Dobson, and D. Newborn. 1999. Population cycles and parasitism. Science 286:2425.
50. Huffman, M. A., S. Gotoh, L. A. Turner, M. Hamai, and K. Yoshida. 1997. Seasonal trends in intestinal nematode infection and medicinal plant use among chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates 38:111-125.
51. Kuris, A. M., A. R. Blaustein, and J. Javier Alio. 1980. Hosts as islands. American Naturalist 116:570-586.
52. Lockhart, A. B., P. H. Thrall, and J. Antonovics. 1996. Sexually transmitted diseases in animals: ecological and evolutionary implications. Biological Reviews 71:415-471.
53. Maddison, W. P., and D. R. Maddison. 1992. MacClade. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
54. Martins, E. P., and T. Garland. 1991. Phylogenetic analyses of the correlated evolution of continuous characters: a simulation study. Evolution 45:534-557.
55. Milton, K. 1996. Effects of bot fly (Alouattamyia baeri) parasitism on a free-ranging howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) population in Panama. Journal of Zoology 239: 39-63.
56. Møller, A. P., R. Dufva, and K. Allander. 1993. Parasites and the evolution of host social behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 22:65-102.
57. Moore, S. L., and K. Wilson. 2002. Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals. Science 297:2015-2018.
58. Morand, S. 2000. Wormy world: comparative tests of theoretical hypotheses on parasite species richness. Pages 63-79 in R. Poulin, S. Morand, and A. Skorping, eds. Evolutionary biology of host-parasite relationships. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
59. Morand, S., and P. H. Harvey. 2000. Mammalian metabolism, longevity and parasite species richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 267:1999-2003.
60. Morand, S., and R. Poulin. 1998. Density, body mass and parasite species richness of terrestrial mammals. Evolutionary Ecology 12:717-727.
61. Nunn, C. L. 2002. A comparative study of leukocyte counts and disease risk in primates. Evolution 56:177-190.
62. _. 2003. Behavioral defenses against sexually transmitted diseases in primates. Animal Behaviour 66:37-48.
63. Nunn, C. L., and S. Altizer. In press. Sexual selection, behavior and sexually transmitted diseases. In P. M. Kappeler and C. P. van Schaik, eds. Sexual selection in primates: new and comparative perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
64. Nunn, C. L., and R. A. Barton. 2000. Allometric slopes and independent contrasts: a comparative test of Kleiber's law in primate ranging patterns. American Naturalist 156:519-533.
65. _. 2001. Comparative methods for studying primate adaptation and allometry. Evolutionary Anthropology 10:81-98.
66. Nunn, C. L., and C. P. van Schaik. 2001. Reconstructing the behavioral ecology of extinct primates. Pages 159-216 in J. M. Plavcan, R. F. Kay, W. L. Jungers, and C. P. van Schaik, eds. Reconstructing behavior in the fossil record. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York.
67. Nunn, C. L., J. L. Gittleman, and J. Antonovics. 2000. Promiscuity and the primate immune system. Science 290:1168-1170.
68. Pacala, S. W., and A. P. Dobson. 1988. The relation between the number of parasites per host and host age: population dynamic causes and maximum-likelihood estimation. Parasitology 96:197-210.
69. Packer, C., S. Altizer, M. Appel, E. Brown, J. Martenson, S. J. O'Brien, M. Roelke-Parker, R. Hofmann-Lehmann, and H. Lutz. 1999. Viruses of the Serengeti: patterns of infection and mortality in African lions. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:1161-1178.
70. Petraitis, P. S., A. E. Dunham, and P. H. Niewiarowski. 1996. Inferring multiple causality: the limitations of path analysis. Functional Ecology 10:421-431.
71. Poulin, R. 1995. Phylogeny, ecology, and the richness of parasite communities in vertebrates. Ecological Monographs 65:283-302.
72. _. 1998. Evolutionary ecology of parasites. Chapman & Hall, London.
73. Poulin, R., and S. Morand. 2000. The diversity of parasites. Quarterly Review of Biology 75:277-293.
74. Poulin, R., and K. Rohde. 1997. Comparing the richness of metazoan ectoparasite communities of marine fishes: controlling for host phylogeny. Oecologia (Berlin) 110: 278-283.
75. Price, P. W., and K. M. Clancy. 1983. Patterns in number of helminth parasite species in freshwater fishes. Journal of Parasitology 69:449-454.
76. Price, T. 1997. Correlated evolution and independent contrasts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 352:519-529.
77. Purvis, A. 1995. A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, Biological Sciences 348:405-421.
78. Purvis, A., and A. Rambaut. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 11:247-251.
79. Purvis, A., J. L. Gittleman, and H. Luh. 1994. Truth or consequences: effects of phylogenetic accuracy on two comparative methods. Journal of Theoretical Biology 167:293-300.
80. Raibaut, A., C. Combes, and F. Benoit. 1998. Analysis of parasitic copepod species richness among Mediterranean fish. Journal of Marine Systems 15:185-206.
81. Reeve, J., and E. Abouheif. 1999. Phylogenetic independence, version 1.1. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
82. Rice, W. R., and S. D. Gaines. 1994. Heads I win, tails you lose: testing directional alternative hypotheses in ecological and evolutionary research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9:235-237.
83. Roberts, M. G., A. P. Dobson, P. Arneberg, G. A. De Leo, R. C. Krecek, M. T. Manfredi, P. Lanfranchi, and E. Zaffaroni. 2002. Parasite community ecology and biodiversity. Pages 63-82 in P. J. Hudson, A. Rizzoli, B. T. Grenfell, H. Heesterbeek, and A. P. Dobson, eds. The ecology of wildlife diseases. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
84. Ross, C., and K. E. Jones. 1999. Socioecology and the evolution of primate reproductive rates. Pages 73-110 in P. C. Lee, ed. Comparative primate socioecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
85. Rowe, N. 1996. The pictorial guide to the living primates. Pogonias, East Hampton, N.Y.
86. Sechrest, W., T. M. Brooks, G. A. B. da Fonseca, W. R. Konstant, R. A. Mittermeier, A. Purvis, A. B. Rylands, and J. L. Gittleman. 2002. Hotspots and the conservation of evolutionary history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99:2067-2071.
87. Semple, S., G. Cowlishaw, and P. M. Bennett. 2002. Immune system evolution among anthropoid primates: parasites, injuries and predators. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 269: 1031-1037.
88. Smith, R. J., and W. L. Jungers. 1997. Body mass in comparative primatology. Journal of Human Evolution 32: 523-559.
89. Swinton, J., J. Harwood, B. T. Grenfell, and C. A. Gilligan. 1998. Persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus infection in harbour seal Phoca vitulina metapopulations. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:54-68.
90. Thrall, P. H., J. Antonovics, and D. W. Hall. 1993. Host and pathogen coexistence in vector-borne and venereal diseases characterized by frequency-dependent disease transmission. American Naturalist 142:543-552.
91. Walther, B. A., P. Cotgreave, R. D. Gregory, R. D. Price, and D. H. Clayton. 1995. Sampling effort and parasite species richness. Parasitology Today 11:306-310.