Upgrading of methane under homogeneous thermal conditions: An environmental and economic imperative

Energy and Fuels

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1204-1217

  Bauer, S H ^a   Javanovic, S ^a   Yu, C L ^a   Cheng, H Z ^a  

^a Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0343735480     PISSN: 08870624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ef9700487     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. (a) Lashof, D. A.; Ahuja, D. R. Nature 1990, 334, 529.
2. (b) Kerr, R. A. Science 1997, 275, 1267.
3. Crutzen, P. J. Nature 1991, 350, 380.
4. PETC Review, Spring 1995; p 19.
5. Fung, I.; et al. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 13, 65.
6. Pearman, G. I.; Fraser, P. J. Nature 1988, 332, 489.
7. Cicerone, R. J.; Oremland, R. S. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1988, 2, 299.
8. Seiler, W. In Current Perspectives in Microbiological Ecology; Klug, M. J., Reddy, C. A., Eds.; American Association for Microbiology: Washington, DC, 1984; p 468.
9. (a) Shu, L.; et al. Science 1997, 275, 515.
10. (b) Lowe, D. C.; et al. Nature 1988, 332, 522.
11. Dreyfus, D. A.; Ashby, A. B. Energy 1989, 14, 773.
12. (a) Holbrook, W. S.; et al. Science 1996, 273, 1840.
13. (b) Stern, L. A.; et al. Science 1996, 273, 1843; 1995, 268, 647.
14. (b) Stern, L. A.; et al. Science 1996, 273, 1843; 1995, 268, 647.
15. (a) Sheppard, J. C.; Westburg, H.; Hopper, J. F.; Ganeran, K. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, 87, 1305.
16. (b) Chang, T.-Y.; et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 1190.
17. (a) Natural Gas Conversion; Holman, A., Jens, K.-J., Kolboe, S., Eds.; Symposium Proceedings, Oslo, August 1990: Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1991.
18. (b) Natural Gas Upgrading, American Chemical Society Symposium, San Francisco, April, 1992; Huff, G. A., Scarpiello, D. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
19. (c) Fox, J. M., III. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 1993, 35 (2), 169.
20. (d) Nozaki, T.; et al. Energy Fuels 1993, 7, 432.
21. (e) Bharadwaj, S. S.; Schmidt, L. D. J. Catal. 1994, 146, 11.
22. (f) Hirschon, A. S.; Wu, H.-J.; Wilson, R. B.; Malhorta, R. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 17483.
23. (g) Taniewski, M.; et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 185.
24. Amenomiya, Y.; et al. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 1990, 32, 163.
25. Nimoun, H.; Robine, A.; Bonnaudet, S.; Cameron, C. J. Appl. Catal. 1990, 58, 269.
26. McCarty, J. G. In Symposium on Methane Upgrading, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Atlanta 1991. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Pet. Chem. 1991, 36, 141.
27. Labinger, J. A. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Pet. Chem. 1991, 36, 151.
28. (a) Tonkovich, A. L.; Carr, R. W.; Aris, R. Science 1993, 262, 221.
29. (b) Choudhary, V. R.; Kinage, A. K.; Choudhary, T. V. Science 1997, 275, 1286.
30. Chellapa, A. S.; Viswanath, D. S. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1995, 34, 1933.
31. Jiang, Y.; Yentekakis, V.; Vayenas, C. G. Science 1994, 264, 1564.
32. (a) Casey, P. S.; et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 1120.
33. (b) Fouls, G. A.; et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 780.
34. (c) Zanthoff, H.; Baerns, M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1990, 29, 2.
35. (d) Cheng, Q.; et al. AIChE J. 1994, 40, 521.
36. (e) Feng, W.; Knopf, F. C.; Dooley, K. M. Energy Fuels 1994, 8, 815.
37. (f) Foral, M. J. in ref 12b, p 34.
38. Huang, J.; Suib, S. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 9403.
39. (a) Huang, J.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 206.
40. (b) Bauer, S. H.; Cheng, H.-Z. U.S. Patent No. 5,214,226, 1993.
41. Tabayashi, K.; Bauer, S. H. Combust. Flame 1979, 34, 63.
42. (a) Danen, W. C.; et al. In ref 15, p 141.
43. (b) Knowlen, C.; Mattick, A. T. National Shock-Tube Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 1996.
44. (c) Hertzberg, A.; Mattick, A. T.; Russell, D. A. Patent No. 5,219,630, 1993.
45. Chun, J.-W.; Anthony, R. G. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 796.
46. Hunter, T. B.; Wang, H.; Litzinger, T. A.; Frenklach, M. Combust. Flame 1994, 97, 201.
47. Benson, S. W., U.S. Patent No. 4,199,533.
48. Chemical Kinetics Standard Reference Database No. 17, Version 6.8; NIST: Gaithersburg, MD, 1993.
49. Details described in a manuscript accepted for publication in Int. J. Chem. Kinet.
50. (a) Greene, E. F.; Toennies, J. P. Chemical Reactions in Shock Waves; Academic Press: New York, 1964.
51. (b) Tsang, W.; Lifshitz, A. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1990, 41, 559.
52. (c) Michael, J. V.; Lim, K. P. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1993, 44, 429.
53. (d) Chemical Reactions in Shock Waves, Special Edition. Isr. J. Chem. 1996, 36, 223ff.
54. (e) Dean, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 143. Chen, C. J.; Back, M. H.; Back, R. A. Can. J. Chem. 1976, 54, 3175.
55. (e) Dean, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 143. Chen, C. J.; Back, M. H.; Back, R. A. Can. J. Chem. 1976, 54, 3175.
56. Baulch, D. L.; Cobos, C. J.; Cox, R. A.; Frank, P.; Hayman, G.; Just, T.; Kerr, J. A.; Murrells, T.; Pilling, M. J.; Troe, J.; Walker, R. W.; Warnatz, J. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1994, 23, 847.
57. Davidson, D. F.; DiRosa, M. D.; Chang, E. J.; Hanson, R. K.; Bowman, C. T. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1995, 27, 1179.
58. Duran, R. P.; Amorebieta, V. T.; Colussi, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 636.
59. Tsang, W.; Hampson, R. F. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1986, 15, 1087.
60. Sillesen, A.; Ratajczak, E.; Pagsberg, P. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 201, 171.
61. MacKenzie, A. L.; Pacey, P. D.; Wimalasena, J. H. Can. J. Chem. 1984, 62, 1325.
62. Brodsky, A. M.; Kalinenko, R. A.; Lavrovsky, K. P. J. Chem. Soc. 1960, 4443.
63. Tsang, W.; Walker, J. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 8378.
64. Tsang, W. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1991, 20, 221.
65. Tsang, W. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31, 3.
66. Kinsman, A. C.; Roscoe, J. M. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1994, 26, 191.
67. Tsang, W. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1990, 19, 1.
68. Knyazev, V. D.; Dubinsky, I. A.; Slagle, I. R.; Gutman, D. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 11099.
69. Bencsura, A.; Knyazev, V. D.; Xing, S.; Slagle, I. R.; Gutman, D. Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion; Combustion Institute: Pittsburgh, 1992; p 629.
70. Dean, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 4600.
71. Tsang, W. Combust. Flame 1989, 78, 71.
72. Anastasi, C.; Arthur, N. L. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1987, 83, 277.
73. Tsang, W. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1988, 17, 887.
74. Tsang, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 2872.
75. Knyazev, V. D.; Dubinsky, I. A.; Slagle, I. R.; Gutman, D. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 5279.
76. Bryce, W. A.; Kebarle, P. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1958, 54, 1660.
77. Pacey, P. D.; Wimalasena, J. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 2221.
78. Knyazev, V. D.; Slagle, I. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 5318.
79. Zhang, H.; Back, M. H. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1990, 22, 537.
80. Mitchell, T. J.; Benson, S. W. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1993, 25, 931.
81. Baldwin, R. R.; Walker, R. W.; Walker, R. W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1979, 75, 1447.
82. Axelsson, E. I.; Brezinsky, K.; Dryer, F. L.; Pitz, W. J.; Westbrook, C. K. Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion; Combustion Institute: Pittsburgh, 1986; p 783.
83. Westbrook, C. K.; Warnatz, J.; Pitz, W. J. Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion; Combustion Institute: Pittsburgh, 1988; p 893.
84. He, Y. Z.; Cui, J. P.; Wallard, W. G.; Tsang, W. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 1510.
85. Nicholas, J. E.; Vaghjiani, G. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 91, 5121.
86. Tsang, W. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1973, 5, 929.
87. Daby, E. E.; Niki, H.; Weinstock, B. J. Phys. Chem. 1971, 75, 1601.
88. Tsang, W.; Walker, J. A. Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion; Combustion Institute: Pittsburgh, 1988; p 1015.
89. Seres, L.; Nacsa, A.; Arthur, N. L. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1994, 26, 227.
90. Baldwin, R. R.; Walker, R. W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1979, 75, 140.
91. Tsang, W. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1978, 10, 599.
92. Thorn, R. P.; Payne, W. A.; Stief, L. J.; Tardy, D. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 13594.
93. Fahr, A.; Braum, W.; Laufer, A. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 1502.
94. Hidaka, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Miyauchi, A.; Shiraishi, T.; Kawano, H. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1989, 27, 643.
95. Ranzi, E.; Dente, M.; Faravelli, T.; Pennati, G. Combust. Flame 1994, 95, 1.
96. Kerr, J. A.; Parsonage, M. J. Evaluated Kinetic Data on Gas-Phase Addition Reactions; Butterworth: London, 1972.
97. Taniewski, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1965, 7436.
98. Richard, C.; Back, M. H. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1978, 10, 389.
99. King, K. D. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1979, 11, 1071.
100. Bossard, A. R.; Back, M. H. Can. J. Chem. 1991, 69, 37.