Third world studies, development studies and post-communist studies: definitions, distance and dynamism

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 339-356

  Shu Yun, M A ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING WORLD; DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH; POST-COMMUNISM; RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 0342964394     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599814280     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Robert C Bartlett, On the decline of contemporary political development studies, Revie\v of Politics, 58, 1996, pp 272-278.
2. For an effort in this direction, see Frederic J Fleron, Jr & Erik P Hoffmann (eds), Post-Communist Studies and Political Science: Methodology and Empirical Theory in Sovietology, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.
3. R J W Evans, Estates, in Vemon Bogdanor (cd), The Blachvell Encyclopaidia of Political Science, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, p 297.
4. Ted C Lewellcn, Dependency and Development: An Introduction to the Third World, Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1995, p 3.
5. Leslie Wolf-Phillips, Why "Third World"?: origin, definition and usage, Third World Quarterly, 9(4), 1987, pp 1311-1327.
6. Mark T Berger, The end of the "Third World"?, Third World Quarterly, 15(2), 1994, pp 257-275;
7. Nigel Harris, The End of the Third World: Newly Industrializing Countries and the Decline of an Ideology, London: Penguin, 1987;
8. and Vicky Randall, "Third World: rejected or rediscovered?, Third World Quarterly, 13(4), 1992, pp 727-730.
9. Robin Broad & Christina Melhorn Landi, Wither the North-South gap?, Third World Quarterly, 17(1), 1996, pp 7-17.
10. Hans-Henrik Holm, The end of the Third World?, Journal of Peace Research, 27(1), 1990, pp 1-7.
11. Allen H Merriam, What does "Third World" mean?, in Jim Nonvinc & Alfonso Gonzales (eds), The Third World: States of Mind and Being, Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp 15-22.
12. Mehran Kamrava, Political culture and a new definition of the Third World, Third World Quarterly, 16(4), 1995, pp 691-701.
13. L S Stavrianos, Global Ri: The Third World Comes of Age, New York: William Morrow, 1981.
14. There is a vast literature on dependency theory; a recent comprehensive survey can be found in Robert A Packenham, The Dependency Movement: Scholarship and Politics in Development Studies, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
15. Stavrianos, Global Rift, pp 31-32.
16. Ibid, p 34. South Africa and Israel are not included in the Third World as these white-settler economies enjoy special connections with the centre. Ibid, pp 755-790.
17. Wolf-Philips, Why "Third World"?, pp 1313-1314.
18. Merriam, What does Third World" mean?, pp 17-18.
19. The seven categories are: the industrialized First World: the newly industrialising Third World countries: the major surplus oil producers: Third World countries with growing per capita income: Third World countries with constant per capita income; Third World countries with declining per capita income; and transitional economies. See Karl P Magyar, Classifying the international political economy: a Third World proto-theory, Third World Quarterly, 16(4), 1995, pp 703-716.
20. Peter Worsley, The Three Worlds: Culture and World Development, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p 321 (emphasis in the original).
21. It should be noted that according to the world-system theory of the dependency school, there is only a capitalist world, and the emergence of the socialist system did not change this situation. As the world-system theorist Wallerstein argued, the socialist countries do not constitute a separable world, and there is still only a single world-system. The communist state is merely a collective capitalist firm as long as it remains...a participant in the market of the capitalist world-economy. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist WorldEconomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp 68-69.
22. Paul Cammack, David Pool & William Tordoff, Third World Politics: A Comparative Introduction, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1993;
23. Lewellen, Dependency and Development, p 4;
24. Tony Spybey, Social Change, Development and Dependency: Modernity, Colonialism and the Development of the West, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992, pp 143-157
25. and Worsley, The Three Worlds, p 308.
26. Cammack el al, pp 5-6; Lewellcn, Dependency and Development, p 3; and Stavrianos, p 33.
27. Worsely, The Three Worlds, pp 310, 312 used similar economic-political matrices to illustrate different meanings of the Third World. But the factor of non-alignment is absent in his framework.
28. Cal Clark & Donna Bahry, Dependent development: a socialist variant, International Studies Quarterly, 27(3), 1983, pp 271-293.
29. Apart from this external dependency, a kind of socialist internal dependency has also been found in the relationship between the Asian republics in the Soviet Union and the Soviet centre. See Gregory Gleason, The political economy of dependency under socialism: the Asian republics in the USSR, Studies in Comparative Communism, 24(4), 1991, pp 335-353.
30. Peter Willens, The Non-Aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance, London: Frances Pinter, 1978, pp 224-225.
31. France under de Gaulle may be considered as a marginal case of cell 3 in Table 1 as the French president attempted to pursue a foreign policy that was independent of the USA. In 1968 de Gaulle was invited to attend a Non-Aligncd Movement meeting. But he did not respond, and later moved his neutral position towards renewed adhesion to NATO, see Jean Lacouturc, De Gaulle: the Ruler 1945-1970, New York: WW Norton, 1992, pp 411-412.
32. Stavrianos, Global Lift, pp 86-87.
33. For an overview of the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, see Minton F Goldman, Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Armonk, ME: Sharpe, 1997;
34. and for a brief history of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, see Raymond L Garthoff, Warsaw Treaty Organization, in Joel Krieger, (cd), The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 969-970.
35. For the impact of the collapse of socialism on the Third World, see Fred Halliday, "The Third World and the end of the Cold War, in Barbara Stallings (cd), Global Change, Regional Response: The Ne\v , International Context of Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp 33-66;
36. Franz J Hinkelammert, "The crisis of socialism and the Third World, Monthly Review, 45,1993, pp 105-114;
37. Colin Legum, The Post-communist Third World: focus on Africa, Problems of Communism, 41(1-2), 1992, pp 195-206;
38. Shahid M Shahidullah, The Third World after the Cold War. global imperatives and local pecularities, Journal of Developing Societies, 12, 1996, pp 119-135;
39. Carlos M Vilas, Is socialism still an alternative for the Third World?, Monthly Review, 42, 1990, pp 93-109;
40. Mark Webber, The Third World and the dissolution of the USSR, Third World Quarterly, 13(4), 1993, pp 691-712.
41. See also the special issue of Third World Quarterly, 13(2), 1992, devoted to rethinking socialism.
42. Berger, The end of the "Third World"?, p 259.
43. Harris, The End of the Third World, p 200.
44. Berger, The end of the "Third World"?, p 257.
45. Michael Burawoy, From Sovietology to comparative political economy, in Daniel Orlovsky (ed), Beyond Soviet Studies, Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1995, pp 72-102, see p 90.
46. James Petras & Steve Vieux, Russia: the transition to underdevelopment, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 25(1), 1995, pp 109-118.
47. Evgenii Kuznetsov, Is Russia becoming a developing country? Brain drain and allocation of talent in the post-socialist transition, Communist Economies & Economic Transformation, 7(4), 1995, pp 485-497.
48. P W Preston, Theories of Development, London: Routledge, 1982, pp 18-20.
49. John Brohman, Universalism, eurocentrism and ideological bias in development studies: from modernisation to neoliberalism. Third World Quarterly, 16(1), 1995, pp 121-140;
50. and Jan Nederveen Pieterse, The development of development theory: towards critical globalism, Review of International Political Economy, 3(4), 1996, pp 541-564, see pp 543-547.
51. Merriam, What docs "Third World" mean?, p 19.
52. Howard J Wiarda, Toward a nonethnocentric theory of development: alternative conceptions from the Third World, Journal of Developing Areas, 17, 1983, pp 433-452.
53. Barbara Ingham, The meaning of development: interactions between New and Old Ideas, World Development, 21(11), 1993, pp 1803-1821.
54. David Drakakis-Smith, Human development indicators, in Tim Unwin (ed), Atlas of World Development, New York: John Wiley, 1994, pp 34-38.
55. Samuel P Huntington, The goals of development, in Myron Weiner & Samuel P Huntington (eds), Understanding Political Development, Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1987, pp 3-31.
56. The 21 articles found were John B Allcock, In praise of chauvinism: rhetorics of nationalism in Yugoslav polities. Third World Quarterly, 10(4), 1989, pp 208-222;
57. Michael Burawoy, The state and economic involution: Russia through a China lens, World Development, 24(6), 1996, pp 1105-1117;
58. Klaus Deininger, Collective agricultural production: a solution for transition economies?, World Development, 23(8), 1995, pp 1317-1334;
59. Tamara Dragadze, The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict: structure and sentiment. Third World Quarterly, 11, 1989, pp 55-71;
60. André Gunder Frank, Revolution in Eastern Europe: lessons for democratic social movements (and socialists?, Third World Quarterly, 12(2), 1990, pp 36-52;
61. Kiaras Gharabaghi, Development strategies for Central Asia in the 1990s: in search of alternatives, Third World Quarterly, 15(1), 1994, pp 103-119;
62. James F Hicks & Bartlomiej Kaminski, Local government reform and transition from communism: the case of Poland, Journal of Developing Societies, 11(1), 1995, pp 1-20;
63. Jude Howell, Coping with transition: insights from Kyrgyzstan", Third World Quarterly, 17(1), 1996, pp 53-68;
64. Ross Levine & David Scott, Old debts and new beginnings: a policy choice in transitional socialist economies, World Development, 21(3), 1993, pp 319-330;
65. Nick Manning, "TH Marshall & Jürgen Habermas, Citizenship and transition in Eastern Europe, World Development, 21(8), 1993, pp 1313-1328;
66. Robin Meams, Community, collective action and common grazing: the case of post-socialist Mongolia, Journal of Development Studies, 32(3), 1996, pp 297-339;
67. Gordon C Rausser & S R Johnson, State-market-civil institutions: the case of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Republics, World Development, 21(4), 1993, pp 675-689;
68. Nemat Shafik, Making a market: mass privatization in the Czech and Slovak Republics, World Development, 23(7), 1995, pp 1143-1156;
69. Mary Shirley, Privatization in Latin America: lessons for transitional Europe, World Development, 22(9), 1994, pp 1313-1323;
70. Guy Standing, Employment restructuring in Russian industry, World Development, 22(2), 1994a, pp 253-260;
71. Guy Standing, Labour market implications of "Privatization" in Russian industry in 1992, World Development, 22(2), 1994, pp 261-270;
72. Guy Standing, The changing position of women in Russian industry: prospects of marginalization", World Development, 22(2), 1994, pp 271-283;
73. Andres Solimano, The post-socialist transitions in comparative perspective: policy issues and recent experience, World Development, 21(1), 1993, pp 1823-1835;
74. Valerii Tishkov, Glasnost and the nationalities within the Soviet Union, Third World Quarterly, 11, 1989, pp 191-207;
75. S David Young, Going to market: economic organization and transformation in a Hungarian firm", World Development, 12(6), 1993, pp 883-899;
76. and Ryszard Zukowski, Stabilization and recession in a transitional economy: the case of Poland, World Development, 21(7), 1993, pp 1163-1178. Articles on China are not included in this list, because before post-communist transition began in Eastern Europe, China had already been studied as a developing country.
77. Examples include Rüdiger Dornbusch, Stabilization, Debt, and Reform: Policy Analysis for Developing Countries, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993;
78. Maya Koteva, Trade policy reform in Central and Eastern Europe: early experience and lessons, in Oliver Morrissey & Frances Stewart (eds), Economic and Political Reform in Developing Countries, London: St Martins Press, 1995, pp 39-57;
79. and David Seddon, Reform and popular protest in Eastern Europe", in Oliver Morrissey & Frances Stewart (eds), Economic and Political Reform in Developing Countries, London: St Martins Press, 1995, pp 11-38.
80. Broad and Landi, Wither the North-South gap?, p 8.
81. World Bank, World Development Report 1996: From Plan to Market, Washington DC; Oxford University Press, 1996, p. iii.
82. Ibid, World Development Report 1996: from Plan to Market, p 1.
83. Ibid, World Development Report 1996: from Plan to Market, p 3.
84. Anne Krueger, Appendix: policy reform in Eastern Europe, in Krueger, Economic Policy Reform in Developing Countries, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992, pp 162-176.
85. Shirley, Privatization in Latin America.
86. Joan M Nelson, The politics of economic transformation: is Third World experience relevant in Eastern Europe?, World Politics, 45(3), 1993, pp 433-463, see p. 463,
87. Roger D Markwick, A discipline in transition? From Sovietology to "transitology", Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12(3), 1996, pp 255-276, see p 272. In both Nelsons and Markwicks articles, the term "Third World was used to refer to Asian, African and Latin American countries. To be consistent with our line of argument, we have changed it into developing countries. This does not constitute any distortion of Nelsons and Markwicks analyses.
88. Emanuel de Kadt, Zoe Mars & Gordon White, State and development into the 1990s: the issues for researchers, in Claude Auroi (ed), The Role of the State in Development Processes, London: Frank Cass, 1992, pp 185-200, see p 187.
89. There is a blooming literature on the East Asian development model. It includes Alice Amsden (ed), special section on The World Banks East Asian miracle: economic growth and public policy", World Development, 22(4), 1994, pp 615-670;
90. Peter L Berger & Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao (eds), In Search of an East Asian Development Model, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1988;
91. William R Cline, Can the East Asian model of development be generalized?. World Development, 10(2), 1982, pp 81-90;
92. Frederic C Deyo (ed), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987;
93. Paul W Kuznets, An East Asian model of economic development: Japan, Taiwan and South Korea", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36, 1988, supplement, pp SI 1-43;
94. and Gustav Ranis, Can the East Asian model of development be generalized?1, World Development, 13(4), 1985, pp 543-545.
95. Ha-Joon Chang, Return to Europe? Is there anything for Eastern Europe to learn from East Asia?, in Ha-Joon Chang & Peter Nolan (eds), The Transformation of the Communist Economies: Against the Mainstream, London: St Martins Press, 1995, pp 382-399.
96. For discussion of the developmental state in East Asia, see M Douglass, The "developmental state" and the newly industrialised economies of Asia", Environment and Planning A, 26, 1994, pp 543-566;
97. Richard Grabowski, The successful developmental state: where does it come from?. World Development, 22(2), 1994, pp 413-422;
98. Chalmers A Johnson, Japan, Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental Stale, New York: Norton, 1995;
99. Ziya Onis, The logic of the developmental state, Comparative Politics, 24, 1991, pp 109-126;
100. and Ding-Xin Zhao, State power and patterns of late development: resolving the crisis of the sociology of development, Sociology, 28, 1994, pp 211-229.
101. Pradumna B Rana & Naved Hamid (eds). From Centrally Planned to Market Economies: The Asian Approach, Vol 1, An Overview; Vol 2, Peoples Republic of China and Mongolia and Vol 3, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viel Nam (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1995, 1996).
102. Chang, Return to Europe?, p 387.
103. Robert Wciner, Change in Eastern Europe, Wcstport, CT: Praeger, 1994, pp 153-154.
104. S Neil MacFarlance, Russian conceptions of Europe, Post-Soviet Affairs, 10(3), 1994, pp 234-269, see p 235.
105. Nelson, The politics of economic transformation, p 447.