On the decline of contemporary political development studies

Review of Politics

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 269-298

  Bartlett, Robert C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33847466718     PISSN: 00346705     EISSN: 17486858     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0034670500019380     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Consider, e.g., Federalist, No.9.
2. E.g., David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. xiv.
3. E.g., Samuel P. Huntington and Jorge I. Dominguez, "Political Development," in Handbook of Political Science, ed. Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby, vol 3 (Reading, MA.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), p. 2.
4. Bert F. Hoselitz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952).
5. Daniel Lerner (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1958).
6. Albert O. Hirschman (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1963).
7. Ed. Karl Deutsch and William J. Foltz. (New York: Atherton Press, 1963).
8. Cyril E. Black (New York: Harper Row, 1966).
9. S.N. Eisenstadt, "Breakdowns of Modernization," Economic Development and Cultural Change 12 (1964):345-67
10. Mark Kesselman, "Order or Movement? The Literature of Political Development as Ideology," World Politics 26 (1973): 140ff.
11. David E. Apter, Rethinking Development: Modernization, Development, and Postmodern Politics. (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1987), pp. 12-14.
12. Denis Goulet (New York: Athenaeum, 1971).
13. David E. Apter (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
14. Ed. Gabriel A. Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert J. Murdt. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
15. Peter L. Berger (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Doubleday, 1976). For a helpful overview, see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Goals of Development," in Understanding Political Development, ed. Myron Weiner and Samuel P. Huntington (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987), pp. 6-17.
16. Richard A. Higgott, Political Development Theory: The Contemporary Debate. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 1-2.
17. John R. Freeman, "Review of Rethinking Development: Modernization, Development, and Postmodern Politics" American Political Science Review 83 (1989): 1046.
18. Consider also, among the many studies that might be cited, R. S. Milne, "The Overdeveloped Study of Political Development," Canadian Journal of Political Science 5 (1972)560-68
19. Dudley Seers, "The Birth, Life, and Death of Development Economics," Development and Change 10 (1979)707-19
20. David E. Apter, "The Passing of Development Studies: Over the Shoulder with a Backward Glance," Government and Opposition 15 (1980):263-75
21. Michael Edwards, "New Directions in Social Development Research: The Search for Relevance," in Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research, and Practice, ed. David Booth (New York: Longman, 1994);
22. and Robert A. Packenham, The Dependency Movement: Scholarship and Politics in Development Studies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 305 and context.
23. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), pp. 13, 213-15.
24. E.g., Talcott Parsons and Edward Shils, Toward a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1951), pp. 52ff.;
25. Gabriel A. Almond and James S. Coleman, The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, I960), pp. 7, 22
26. Gabriel A. Almond, Political Development: Essays in Heuristic Theory (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), pp. 32ff.
27. The seminal statement is Max Weber, "Politics as a Vocation," in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. and trans. H.H. Gerth and C. Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958).
28. Apter, Politics of Modernization.
29. Apter, Politics of Modernization. Ibid., pp. vii, xiii-xiv.
30. Apter, Politics of Modernization. Ibid., p. 12.
31. Apter, Politics of Modernization. Ibid., p. 463
32. see also Apter's interesting autobiographical remarks in "Passing of Development Studies," pp. 26-71.
33. Apter's position is complicated or confused by his conviction that all ultimate ends ("consummatory values") are "non-rational in character," i.e., nothing more than commitments.
34. E.g., Apter, Politics of Modernization, pp. ix, 20.
35. Apter, Politics of Modernization. Ibid., pp. 13-14
36. see also p. 14 n. 6.
37. Reinhard Bendix, "Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered," Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1967):292-346
38. Joseph R. Gusfield, "Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change," American Journal of Sociology 72 (1967): 351-62
39. and Rajni Kothari, "Tradition and Modernity Revisited," Government and Opposition 3 (1968): 273-293
40. Cf. Raymond Grew, "More on Modernization," Journal of Social History 14 (1980): 180ff.
41. Almond and Coleman, Politics of the Developing Areas.
42. Almond and Coleman, Politics of the Developing Areas. Ibid., pp. 3-4.
43. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics," Comparative Politics 3 (1971):299 (emphasis added).
44. Almond and Coleman, Politics of the Developing Areas, p. 11.
45. Samuel P. Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," World Politics 17 (1965): 386-430.
46. Samuel P. Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," World Politics 17 (1965), Ibid., p. 386.
47. Huntington, "The Change to Change," p. 301.
48. Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics, p. 215. It is true that the authors go on to recognize "ethical judgments" as "a second and very important question," but they suggest that a separate book would be needed to treat it. This procedure depends on the undefended presupposition that one can come to know what a given political community is without first taking seriously its moral character or that the essence of a community is its quantifiable structure rather than the avowed end or aim of those structures.
49. Ibid.,
50. Lucien Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), pp. 31-48.
51. Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971).
52. Cf. R. T. Holt and J. E. Turner, "Crises and Sequences in Collective Development Theory," American Political Science Review 64 (1975): 979-94
53. R. Sandbrook, "The 'Crisis' in Political Development Theory," Journal of Development Studies 12 (1976): 165-185
54. Huntington, "The Change to Change," p. 303.
55. Huntington, "The Change to Change. Ibid., p. 304.
56. Huntington, "The Change to Change. Ibid., p. 314.
57. Huntington, "The Change to Change. Ibid., p. 305.
58. Huntington, "The Change to Change. Ibid., p. 322.
59. Consider, e.g., Tony Smith, "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies," World Politics 37 (1985): 532
60. Packenham, Dependency Movement, pp. 240ff.
61. E.g., Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdeoelopment in latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Review Press, 1967)
62. Osvaldo Sunkel, "National Development Policy and External Dependency in Latin America/'/ourna/ of Development Studies 6 (1969):23-48
63. Susanne J. Bodenheimer, "The Ideology of Developmentalism," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 15 (1970):95-137
64. and The Ideology of Developmentalism: The American Paradigm-Surrogate for Latin American Studies (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1971)
65. Theotonio Dos Santos, "The Structure of Dependence," American Economic Review 60 (1970):231-36
66. Aidan Foster-Carter, "Neo-Marxist Approaches to Development and Underdevelopment," in Sociology and Development, ed. Emanuel de Kadt and Gavin Williams (London: Tavistock, 1974)
67. Raymond D. Duvall, "Dependence and Dependencia Theory: Notes Towards Precision of Concept and Argument," International Organization 32 (1978):51-78
68. Fernando Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979)
69. and Peter B. Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
70. For helpful overviews, see Higgott, Political Development Theory, pp. 5-10, 45-73
71. Smith, "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies," p. 544ff.;
72. and Packenham, Dependency Movement, esp. pp. 238ff.
73. For criticisms from different perspectives, see, e.g., Andre Gunder Frank, "Dependence is Dead, Long Live Dependence and the Class Struggle: A Reply to My Critics," Latin American Perspectives 1 (1974): 89ff.
74. S. Lall, "Is 'Dependence' a Useful Concept in Analysing Underdevelopment?" World Development 3 (1975):799-810
75. Colin Leys, "Underdevelopment and Dependency: Critical Notes," Journal of Contemporary Asia 7 (1977):92-107
76. M. Godfrey, "Is Dependency Dead?" Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex 12 (1980)
77. Tony Smith, "The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory," World Politics 31 (1979):247-88
78. "The Logic of Dependency Theory Revisited," International Organization 35 (1981)755-761
79. and "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies";
80. Daniel Levine, "Paradigm Lost: Dependence to Democracy," World Politics 40 (1988):377-394
81. Huntington, "Goals of Development," in Understanding Political Development, pp. 27-28.
82. Huntington, "Goals of Development," in Understanding Political Development. Ibid., p. 28.
83. Huntington, "Goals of Development," in Understanding Political Development. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
84. The same difficulty arises if one substitutes, as Huntington seems to have done, "civilization" for "culture": Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (1993):22-49.
85. Higgott, Political Development Theory, p. 8.
86. Apter, Rethinking Development, pp. 16, 89.
87. E.g., HobbesLeviathan, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp. 687, 697-700.
88. Aristotle Politics 1252al-7. Translations from the Greek are my own.
89. Politics VII.1-3.
90. Politics 128Ob39-1281a4.
91. See again Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics, pp. 13, 213-15.
92. Politics 1323b23 and 1325b28-32.
93. Politics 1326a32-33.
94. Politics 1328bll-13. More precisely, Aristotle says that the priests are "fifth and first," an ambiguity that captures Aristotle's recognition of the necessity of the care of the divine to healthy politics, but at the same time his desire to limit the influence of the divine, i.e., the priests. This may be said to be the limit of Aristotle's attempt at political enlightenment. For similar indications of the importance of the belief in gods to a healthy politics, consider Plato Laws 716a-c, as well as the beginning of Book VIII and Book X as a whole.
95. John Locke, John Locke On Toleration and the Unity of God [critical edition of Locke's Letter on Toleratwn], ed. Mario Montuori (Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1983), p. 59.
96. John Locke, John Locke On Toleration and the Unity of God. Ibid., p. 15 (emphasis in the original).
97. John Locke, John Locke On Toleration and the Unity of God. Ibid., p. 17 (emphasis added).
98. John Locke, John Locke On Toleration and the Unity of God. Ibid., p. 17
99. cf. e.g., Plato Laws 724b.
100. Locke, John Locke On Toleration, p. 59
101. Locke, John Locke On Toleration, Ibid., p. 15 (emphasis added).
102. Locke, First Treatise § 58.
103. Consider Federalist, No.1.
104. Consider the following statement of Karl Marx, made comparatively late in the development in question: "the criticism of religion is the premise of all criticism. [... ] The criticism of religion disillusions man so that he will think, act, and fashion his reality as a man who has lost his illusions and regained his reason; so that he will revolve around himself as his own true sun. Religion is only the illusory sun about which man revolves so long as he does not revolve about himself. [... ] The immediate task of philosophy... is to unmask human selfalienation in its secular form now that it has been unmasked in its sacred form. Thus the criticism of heaven is transformed into the criticism of the earth, the criticism of religion into the criticism of law" (in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2nd ed. [New York: Norton, 1978], pp. 53-54 [emphasis in the original]).
105. Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 43.
106. Rousseau, Du Contrat Social, IV. viii.
107. Montesquieu, De L'espirt des Lois, XXV. 12; XXIV. 11.
108. Thomas Jefferson, "Notes on the State of Virginia," in Writings (Library of America, 1984), p. 285.
109. For Montesquieu's influence on the American founding, see, e.g., Federalist, Nos. 9 and 78
110. and Thomas L. Pangle, Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 4-10
111. and The Spirit of Modern Republicanism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 67-68, 89-94.
112. It is instructive to compare Jefferson's statement with the judgment of the great medieval jurist and scholar, Moses Maimonides, himself an Aristotelian in matters pertaining to the "sublunary" world. Maimonides likens "all human individuals with no doctrinal belief, neither one based on speculation nor one that accepts the authority of tradition" to "irrational animals." He explains: "To my mind they do not have the rank of men, but have among the beings a rank lower than the rank of man but higher than the rank of the apes. For they have the external shape and lineaments of a man and a faculty of discernment that is superior to that of the apes" (Moses Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, trans. Shlomo Pines [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963], pp. 618-619).
113. Donald E. Smith, Religion and Political Modernization (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 3.
114. Jeff Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p. 1.
115. Apter, Politics of Modernization, p. 268.
116. Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics, p. 58.
117. Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics. Ibid., p. 62 and context.
118. Apter, Politics of Modernization, pp. 267, 270.
119. See, e.g., Talcott Parsons, The Social System (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1951), pp. 370, 374, 378,402
120. Smith, Religion and Political Modernization, p. 3
121. and Winston Davis, "Religion and Development: Weber and the East Asian Experience," in Understanding Political Development, ed. Myron Weiner and Samuel P. Huntington, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987), pp. 223ff.
122. Cf. Albert O. Hirschman, "The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding," World Politics 22 (1970):329-43
123. and Smith, "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies," p. 535ff.
124. Apter, Politics of Modernization, p. 24.
125. Another is suggested by Donald E. Smith (Religion and Political Development [Boston: Little].
126. [Brown, 1970] and Religion and Political Modernization, pp. 3-28) according to which historical and ahistorical religions form one axis of the grid, organic versus church structures the other: Hinduism is an ahistorical organic religion; Buddhism an ahistorical, churchstructured religion; Islam an historical organic faith; and Catholicism a churchbased, historical religion.
127. Smith, Religion and Political Modernization, pp 8-10.
128. Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), p. 78.
129. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
130. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., p. 6 (emphasis in the original).
131. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies . Ibid., p. 2.
132. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., p. 126.
133. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., p. 5.
134. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies . Ibid., p. 87; see also p. 370 n. 4.
135. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., pp. 10 and 17 (emphasis added).
136. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., p. 295.
137. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., pp. 294-295
138. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., p. 293
139. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies. Ibid., p. 294.
140. For a comparable effort by another of the founders of political development studies, see Apter, Rethinking Development, chaps. 1 and 10.
141. Cf. Smith "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies," p. 560.
142. Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics, p. 4.
143. See Montesquieu, De L'esprit des Lois, XIV-XIX;
144. Rousseau, Du Contrat Social, III. viii, beg.
145. See, e.g., the discussion of Sayyid Qutb and Tariq Al-Bishri in Binder, Islamic Liberalism, pp. 170-205,246-92.