International research ethics

Bioethics

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 158-172

  Schücklenk, Udo ^a   Ashcroft, Richard ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; VACCINATION;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS; NONTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH; RESEARCH ETHICS; THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH;

AIDS VACCINES; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; ETHICS, RESEARCH; GUIDELINES; HELSINKI DECLARATION; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; NONTHERAPEUTIC HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; PLACEBOS; RESEARCH DESIGN; THERAPEUTIC HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION;

EID: 0342424692     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8519.00187     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. th International Conference on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific in Kuala Lumpur.
2. L. Lasagna. 1972. 'Special Subjects in Human Experimentation.' In: P. A. Freund (Ed). Experimentation with Human Subjects. London: George Allen & Unwin: 262-275.
3. WMA. 'Declaration of Helsinki.' In: A. R. Jonsen, R. M. Veatch, L. Walters (Eds). 1998. Source Book in Bioethics. Georgetown UP: Washington DC: 13-15.
4. CIOMS. 1993. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. WHO, Geneva.
5. NH&MRC. 1999. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. See for critical review and commentary M. Spriggs. 'Human Subjects Research: Review of the NH&MRC National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Invoking Humans.' Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 5-13 (suppl.). R. E. Ashcroft. 'The New National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans: A Social Theoretic Perspective.' Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 14-17 (suppl.).
6. NH&MRC. 1999. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. See for critical review and commentary M. Spriggs. 'Human Subjects Research: Review of the NH&MRC National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Invoking Humans.' Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 5-13 (suppl.). R. E. Ashcroft. 'The New National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans: A Social Theoretic Perspective.' Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 14-17 (suppl.).
7. NH&MRC. 1999. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. See for critical review and commentary M. Spriggs. 'Human Subjects Research: Review of the NH&MRC National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Invoking Humans.' Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 5-13 (suppl.). R. E. Ashcroft. 'The New National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans: A Social Theoretic Perspective.' Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 14-17 (suppl.).
8. NABC. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. See for critical review and commentary A. Capron. 'Ethical and Human Rights Issues in Research on Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1430-1434. R. Michaels. 'Are Research Ethics Bad for our Mental Health?' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1427-1430.
9. NABC. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. See for critical review and commentary A. Capron. 'Ethical and Human Rights Issues in Research on Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1430-1434. R. Michaels. 'Are Research Ethics Bad for our Mental Health?' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1427-1430.
10. NABC. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. See for critical review and commentary A. Capron. 'Ethical and Human Rights Issues in Research on Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1430-1434. R. Michaels. 'Are Research Ethics Bad for our Mental Health?' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1427-1430.
11. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
12. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
13. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
14. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
15. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
16. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
17. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are B. A. Brody. 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective. Oxford UP: New York. N. M. P. King, G. E. Henderson, J. Stein (eds). 1999. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill & London. R. Macklin. 1999. Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine, Oxford UP: New York. B.M. Dickens. 'Vulnerable Persons in Biomedical Research.' Journal International de Bioéthique 1999; 10 (1-2): 13-23. US National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 1998. Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that may Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. NABC: Rockville, MD. T. Smith Ethics in Medical Research. Cambridge UP: Cambridge, UK. See also the articles published in the special issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999, 150: 9-44.
18. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
19. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
20. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
21. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
22. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
23. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
24. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
25. Among the more important recent contributions to this debate are P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London. Two major symposia on ethical problems in collaborative clinical research in developing countries were published in Bioethics 1998; 12: 286-333 and the Hastings Center Report 1998; 28 (6): 25-48. These issues were also debated in medical journals published in developing countries, such as the South African Medical Journal. L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813. A MedLine database search should allow the interested reader and researcher to find literature pertaining to this subject. A summary of one of the more important public meetings on this issue can be found in R. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley. 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.
26. th Edition). Mayfield: Mountainview, CA. It is also available on a large number of internet websites. A search on any of the major internet search engines should allow the interested reader to get hold of a copy of this document.
27. th Edition). Mayfield: Mountainview, CA. It is also available on a large number of internet websites. A search on any of the major internet search engines should allow the interested reader to get hold of a copy of this document.
28. S. Hellman. 'The Patient and the Public Good.' Nature Medicine 1995; 1: 400-402. S. Hellman, D. S. Hellman. 'Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomised Clinical Trial.' New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324: 1589-1592.
29. S. Hellman. 'The Patient and the Public Good.' Nature Medicine 1995; 1: 400-402. S. Hellman, D. S. Hellman. 'Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomised Clinical Trial.' New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324: 1589-1592.
30. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-534.
31. R. J. Levine. 'The Need to Revise the Declaration of Helsinki.' New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341: 531-1, at 531.
32. See on this issue: M. Wilkinson, A. Moore. 'Inducement in Research.' Bioethics 1997; 11: 5, 373-389. P. McNeill. 'Paying People to Participate in Research: Why Not?' Bioethics 1997; 11: 5, 390-396.
33. See on this issue: M. Wilkinson, A. Moore. 'Inducement in Research.' Bioethics 1997; 11: 5, 373-389. P. McNeill. 'Paying People to Participate in Research: Why Not?' Bioethics 1997; 11: 5, 390-396.
34. I. Chalmers, R. Lindley. 'Double Standards on Informed Consent to Treatment: Ignored for a Quarter of a Century by Most Professional Medical Ethicists' in L. Doyal, J. S. Tobias (eds.). Informed Consent: Respecting Patients Rights in Research, Teaching and Practice BMJ Publications: London (in press).
35. See ie D. B. Resnik. 'The Ethics of HIV Research in Developing Countries.' Binethics 1998; 12: 4, 286-306. H. Varmus, D. Satcher. Ethical Complexities of Conducting Research in Developing Countries. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1003-1005. These authors' point of view is more fully developed on a NIH website: http://www.nih.gov/new/mathiv/mathiv.htm.
36. See ie D. B. Resnik. 'The Ethics of HIV Research in Developing Countries.' Binethics 1998; 12: 4, 286-306. H. Varmus, D. Satcher. Ethical Complexities of Conducting Research in Developing Countries. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1003-1005. These authors' point of view is more fully developed on a NIH website: http://www.nih.gov/new/mathiv/mathiv.htm.
37. See ie D. B. Resnik. 'The Ethics of HIV Research in Developing Countries.' Binethics 1998; 12: 4, 286-306. H. Varmus, D. Satcher. Ethical Complexities of Conducting Research in Developing Countries. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1003-1005. These authors' point of view is more fully developed on a NIH website: http://www.nih.gov/new/mathiv/mathiv.htm.
38. P. Lurie, S. M. Wolfe. 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries.' New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 853-856.
39. CIOMS. 1993. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. WHO: Geneva, at 25.
40. P. Unger. 1996. Living High and Letting Die: Our Illusion of Innocence. Oxford UP, New York.
41. See for instance, the special issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1999; 24(3), which was devoted to the question of whether health care is a commodity.
42. R. A. Crouch, J. D. Arras. 'AZT Trials and Tribulations.' Hastings Center Report 1998; 28(6); 26-34, at 28.
43. This phenomenon is discussed in P. S. Appelbaum, L. H. Roth, C. Lidz, P. Benson, W. Winslade. 'False Hopes and Best Data: Consent to Research and the Therapeutic Misconception.' Hastings Center Report 1987; 17(2): 20-24. With regard to preventive HIV vaccine trials some preliminary empirical evidence is provided in O. Q. de Fonseca Filho, R. K. Lie. 'Informed Consent to Preventive AIDS Vaccine Trials in Brazil: A Pilot Study.' AIDS and Public Policy Journal 1995; 10: 22-26.
44. This phenomenon is discussed in P. S. Appelbaum, L. H. Roth, C. Lidz, P. Benson, W. Winslade. 'False Hopes and Best Data: Consent to Research and the Therapeutic Misconception.' Hastings Center Report 1987; 17(2): 20-24. With regard to preventive HIV vaccine trials some preliminary empirical evidence is provided in O. Q. de Fonseca Filho, R. K. Lie. 'Informed Consent to Preventive AIDS Vaccine Trials in Brazil: A Pilot Study.' AIDS and Public Policy Journal 1995; 10: 22-26.
45. This is stressed in a recent publication of a pharmaceutical industry publication. I Haydock. 'Asian clinical trials are gaining international credibility.' Scrib Magazine October 1999: 17-18. The author stresses the point that per patient trial costs in Asian clinical trials are 25% lower than in the US and Europe.
46. J. Kerin. 'Double Standards: Principled or Arbitrary?' Bioethics 1998; 12: 4, i-vii.
47. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 1999. The Ethics of Clinical Research in Developing Countries. Nuffield Foundation: London, at 21.
48. See for instance the debates on treatment access on one of the largest electronic international AIDS discussion fora http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/topics/treatment-access or D. B. Greco. Clinical Trials in 'Developing' Countries: The Fallacy of Urgency or Ethics vs. Economics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 150: 33-34, P. A. Allotey. Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: Bringing People Into the Debate Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 18-23 (suppl.), 2nd National Meeting of Ethics Committee Representatives on Ethical Standards for Clinical Research in Thailand. Executive Summary July 16th, 1999. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Published in Programme: International Workshop - Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A Fresh Start. Royal Society of Medicine, London, September 3rd-4th, 1999, L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813.
49. See for instance the debates on treatment access on one of the largest electronic international AIDS discussion fora http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/topics/treatment-access or D. B. Greco. Clinical Trials in 'Developing' Countries: The Fallacy of Urgency or Ethics vs. Economics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 150: 33-34, P. A. Allotey. Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: Bringing People Into the Debate Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 18-23 (suppl.), 2nd National Meeting of Ethics Committee Representatives on Ethical Standards for Clinical Research in Thailand. Executive Summary July 16th, 1999. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Published in Programme: International Workshop - Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A Fresh Start. Royal Society of Medicine, London, September 3rd-4th, 1999, L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813.
50. See for instance the debates on treatment access on one of the largest electronic international AIDS discussion fora http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/topics/treatment-access or D. B. Greco. Clinical Trials in 'Developing' Countries: The Fallacy of Urgency or Ethics vs. Economics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 150: 33-34, P. A. Allotey. Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: Bringing People Into the Debate Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 18-23 (suppl.), 2nd National Meeting of Ethics Committee Representatives on Ethical Standards for Clinical Research in Thailand. Executive Summary July 16th, 1999. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Published in Programme: International Workshop - Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A Fresh Start. Royal Society of Medicine, London, September 3rd-4th, 1999, L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813.
51. See for instance the debates on treatment access on one of the largest electronic international AIDS discussion fora http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/topics/treatment-access or D. B. Greco. Clinical Trials in 'Developing' Countries: The Fallacy of Urgency or Ethics vs. Economics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 150: 33-34, P. A. Allotey. Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: Bringing People Into the Debate Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 18-23 (suppl.), 2nd National Meeting of Ethics Committee Representatives on Ethical Standards for Clinical Research in Thailand. Executive Summary July 16th, 1999. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Published in Programme: International Workshop - Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A Fresh Start. Royal Society of Medicine, London, September 3rd-4th, 1999, L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813.
52. See for instance the debates on treatment access on one of the largest electronic international AIDS discussion fora http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/topics/treatment-access or D. B. Greco. Clinical Trials in 'Developing' Countries: The Fallacy of Urgency or Ethics vs. Economics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 150: 33-34, P. A. Allotey. Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: Bringing People Into the Debate Monash Bioethics Review 1999; 18(4): 18-23 (suppl.), 2nd National Meeting of Ethics Committee Representatives on Ethical Standards for Clinical Research in Thailand. Executive Summary July 16th, 1999. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Published in Programme: International Workshop - Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A Fresh Start. Royal Society of Medicine, London, September 3rd-4th, 1999, L. London, J. de Gruchy, L. Baldwin-Ragaven. 'Revision of the Helsinki Declaration - Ethical Standards at Risk?' South African Medical Journal 1999; 89: 812-813.
53. L. Baldwin-Ragaven, J. de Gruchy, L. London. 1999 An Ambulance of the Wrong Colour: Health Professionals, Human Rights and Ethics in South Africa. Capetown: University of Capetown Press, at 140.
54. R. H. Nicholson, F. P. Crawley (with J. Bryant, R. Eiss, S. Fluss, D. Greco, V. I. Mathan and D. Shapiro). 'Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: A Fresh Start.' Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1999; 151: 13-17.