The Racial Politics of Imitation in the Nineteenth Century

Quarterly Journal of Speech

Volumn 89, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 89-108

  Wilson, Kirt H ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

African American political rhetoric; Imitation; Mim sis; Race; Reconstruction

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242656103     PISSN: 00335630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00335630308178     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
2. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
3. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
4. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
5. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
6. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
7. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
8. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
9. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
10. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
11. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
12. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
13. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
14. It is impossible to recognize all of the work that influences this paper; the following are representative. For linguistic studies of race, see Laura Leets, Howard Giles and Richard Clément, "Explicating Ethnicity in Theory and Communication Research," Multilingua 15 (1996): 115-47; Judith N. Martin, Robert L. Krizek, Thomas Nakayama, and Lisa Bradford, "Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 125-44. For studies of the mass media and race, see Lisa Flores and Mark McPhail, "From Black and White to Living Color: A Dialogic Exposition into the Social (Re)construction of Race, Gender, and Crime," Critical Studies in Mass Media 14 (1997): 106-22; Thomas K. Nakayama, "Show-down Time: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Culture," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 162-79; Raka Shome, "Race and Popular Cinema: The Rhetorical Strategies of Whiteness in 'City of Joy'," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996): 502-18.; Robert Ferguson, Representing "Race": Ideology, Identity, and the Media (New York: Arnold, 1998). For rhetorical studies that involve issues of racial identity, see A. Carlson, " 'You Know It When you See It.' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander," Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 111-28; C. Crenshaw, "Resisting Whiteness' Rhetorical Silence," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 253-78; Lisa Flores, "Creating Discursive Space Through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland," Qyaterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 142-56; Mark McPhail, "The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Construction of Racial Equality," Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 343-57; Mark McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); Thomas Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek, "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 81 (1995): 291-309; Raka Shome, "Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An 'Other' View," Communication Theory 6 (1996): 49-59; Kirt H. Wilson, "Toward a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215.
15. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
16. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
17. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
18. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
19. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
20. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
21. th Century," Classical Philology 53 (1958): 73-90; Goran Sörbom, Mimêsis and Art: Studies in the Origin and Early Development of an Aesthetic Vocabulary (Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966); Edward Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric," College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50; Dale Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation: Classical Culture and the Modern Temper," Rhetoric Review 8 (1989): 5-21; Dale Sullivan, "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric," Platte Valley Review 20 (1992): 45-62; Michael Leff, "Hermeneutical Rhetoric," in Rhetoric and Hermeneutics in Our Time: A Reader, ed. Walter Jost and Michael J. Hyde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 196-214.
22. Mimêsis was a frequent concern for Plato. He articulated multiple definitions for the practice of, and the person skilled at, imitation; classical scholars still debate whether or not Plato valued it. For primary sources see Plato: The Collected Dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. A.E. Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For commentary, see Hayden W. Ausland, "On Reading Plato Mimetically, " American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 373-80; Elizabeth Belfiore, "A Theory of Imitation in Plato's Republic," Transactions of the American Philological Association 114 (1984): 121-27; Paul Newell Campbell, "The Ion: Argument and Drama," Res Publica Litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition 9 (1986): 59-68; Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, Mimesis: Culture, Art Society, trans. Don Reau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimêsis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
23. Mimêsis was a frequent concern for Plato. He articulated multiple definitions for the practice of, and the person skilled at, imitation; classical scholars still debate whether or not Plato valued it. For primary sources see Plato: The Collected Dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. A.E. Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For commentary, see Hayden W. Ausland, "On Reading Plato Mimetically, " American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 373-80; Elizabeth Belfiore, "A Theory of Imitation in Plato's Republic," Transactions of the American Philological Association 114 (1984): 121-27; Paul Newell Campbell, "The Ion: Argument and Drama," Res Publica Litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition 9 (1986): 59-68; Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, Mimesis: Culture, Art Society, trans. Don Reau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimêsis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
24. Mimêsis was a frequent concern for Plato. He articulated multiple definitions for the practice of, and the person skilled at, imitation; classical scholars still debate whether or not Plato valued it. For primary sources see Plato: The Collected Dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. A.E. Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For commentary, see Hayden W. Ausland, "On Reading Plato Mimetically, " American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 373-80; Elizabeth Belfiore, "A Theory of Imitation in Plato's Republic," Transactions of the American Philological Association 114 (1984): 121-27; Paul Newell Campbell, "The Ion: Argument and Drama," Res Publica Litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition 9 (1986): 59-68; Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, Mimesis: Culture, Art Society, trans. Don Reau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimêsis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
25. Mimêsis was a frequent concern for Plato. He articulated multiple definitions for the practice of, and the person skilled at, imitation; classical scholars still debate whether or not Plato valued it. For primary sources see Plato: The Collected Dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. A.E. Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For commentary, see Hayden W. Ausland, "On Reading Plato Mimetically, " American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 373-80; Elizabeth Belfiore, "A Theory of Imitation in Plato's Republic," Transactions of the American Philological Association 114 (1984): 121-27; Paul Newell Campbell, "The Ion: Argument and Drama," Res Publica Litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition 9 (1986): 59-68; Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, Mimesis: Culture, Art Society, trans. Don Reau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimêsis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
26. Mimêsis was a frequent concern for Plato. He articulated multiple definitions for the practice of, and the person skilled at, imitation; classical scholars still debate whether or not Plato valued it. For primary sources see Plato: The Collected Dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. A.E. Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For commentary, see Hayden W. Ausland, "On Reading Plato Mimetically, " American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 373-80; Elizabeth Belfiore, "A Theory of Imitation in Plato's Republic," Transactions of the American Philological Association 114 (1984): 121-27; Paul Newell Campbell, "The Ion: Argument and Drama," Res Publica Litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition 9 (1986): 59-68; Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, Mimesis: Culture, Art Society, trans. Don Reau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimêsis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
27. Mimêsis was a frequent concern for Plato. He articulated multiple definitions for the practice of, and the person skilled at, imitation; classical scholars still debate whether or not Plato valued it. For primary sources see Plato: The Collected Dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. A.E. Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For commentary, see Hayden W. Ausland, "On Reading Plato Mimetically, " American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 373-80; Elizabeth Belfiore, "A Theory of Imitation in Plato's Republic," Transactions of the American Philological Association 114 (1984): 121-27; Paul Newell Campbell, "The Ion: Argument and Drama," Res Publica Litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition 9 (1986): 59-68; Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, Mimesis: Culture, Art Society, trans. Don Reau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimêsis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
28. William Hannibal Thomas, The American Negro, What He Was, What He is, and What He May Become: A Critical and Practical Discussion (New York: Macmillan, 1901), 250-51.
29. Only three of Auerbach's 20 case studies in mimêsis date after 1800. Erich Auerbach, Mimêsis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953).
30. Gebauer and Wulf, 155-59, 217-20.
31. Michael B. Katz, Reconstructing American Education (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
32. Barbara J. Finkelstein, "The Moral Dimensions of Pedagogy: Teaching Behavior in Popular Primary Schools in Nineteenth-Century America," American Studies 16 (1974): 78-89.
33. William A. Aliott, The Young Man's Guide, rev. ed. (Boston, MA: Perking and Marvin, 1838), 27-28.
34. Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 75-82; Katz, 6-23; Ward M. McAfee, Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998). Classical theorists also recognized the political utility of imitation in education. See Robert Hariman, "Civic Education, Classical Imitation, and Democratic Polity," in Isocrates and Civic Education, ed. Takis Poulakos and David Depew (Austin: University of Texas Press, in press).
35. Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 75-82; Katz, 6-23; Ward M. McAfee, Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998). Classical theorists also recognized the political utility of imitation in education. See Robert Hariman, "Civic Education, Classical Imitation, and Democratic Polity," in Isocrates and Civic Education, ed. Takis Poulakos and David Depew (Austin: University of Texas Press, in press).
36. Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 75-82; Katz, 6-23; Ward M. McAfee, Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998). Classical theorists also recognized the political utility of imitation in education. See Robert Hariman, "Civic Education, Classical Imitation, and Democratic Polity," in Isocrates and Civic Education, ed. Takis Poulakos and David Depew (Austin: University of Texas Press, in press).
37. Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 75-82; Katz, 6-23; Ward M. McAfee, Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998). Classical theorists also recognized the political utility of imitation in education. See Robert Hariman, "Civic Education, Classical Imitation, and Democratic Polity," in Isocrates and Civic Education, ed. Takis Poulakos and David Depew (Austin: University of Texas Press, in press).
38. Frederick Douglass, "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass," in The Classic Slave Narratives, ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 280-81.
39. Douglass, 278-79. For a discussion of Douglass's oratorical training see Gregory Lampe, Frederick Douglass: Freedom's Voice, 1818-1845 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998).
40. Douglass, 278-79. For a discussion of Douglass's oratorical training see Gregory Lampe, Frederick Douglass: Freedom's Voice, 1818-1845 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998).
41. A photograph of the Anti-Slavery Alphabet appears in School: The Story of American Public Education, ed. Sarah Mondale and Sarah B. Patton (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2001), 41.
42. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Borrowing Privileges," New York Times Review of Books, 2 June 2002, 18. See also Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "The Fugitive," The New Yorker, 18 & 25 February 2002, 104-115.
43. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Borrowing Privileges," New York Times Review of Books, 2 June 2002, 18. See also Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "The Fugitive," The New Yorker, 18 & 25 February 2002, 104-115.
44. Kitt Wilson has argued that the attempt to balance racial pride and white culture shaped much of the black abolitionist movement. See Kirt H. Wilson, "African American Abolitionist Rhetoric," in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. Thomas O. Sloane (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 7-11. See also Peter Ripley, "Introduction," in The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 3 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 3-69.
45. Kitt Wilson has argued that the attempt to balance racial pride and white culture shaped much of the black abolitionist movement. See Kirt H. Wilson, "African American Abolitionist Rhetoric," in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. Thomas O. Sloane (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 7-11. See also Peter Ripley, "Introduction," in The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 3 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 3-69.
46. Maria W. Stewart, "Productions: An Address Delivered at the African Masonic Hall, Boston, February 27, 1833," in Pamphlets of Protest: An Anthology of Early African-American Protest Literature, 1790-1860, ed. Richard Newman, Patrick Rael, and Philip Lapsansky (New York: Routledge, 2001), 124.
47. Stewart, 125. Stewart's moral reform emphasis was common in the black community from 1820 to 1840. William Whipper, for example, led a temperance movement that influenced black abolitionism. See William Whipper, "The Slavery of Intemperance," in Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787-1900, ed. Philip S. Foner and Roben J. Branham (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999), 145-54.
48. Stewart, 125. Stewart's moral reform emphasis was common in the black community from 1820 to 1840. William Whipper, for example, led a temperance movement that influenced black abolitionism. See William Whipper, "The Slavery of Intemperance," in Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787-1900, ed. Philip S. Foner and Roben J. Branham (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999), 145-54.
49. William Grant Alien, "Orators and Oratory," in Lift Every Voice, 229-46.
50. Daniel Coker, "A Dialogue Between a Virginian and An African Minister," in Pamphlets of Protest, 53-65.
51. Robert L. Johns, "Daniel Coker: Religious Leader, Colonizer, Abolitionist," in Notable Black American Men, ed. Jessie Carney Smith (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., 1999), 214-15.
52. Robert L. Johns, "James McCune Smith: Physician, Abolitionist, Journalist," in Notable Black American Men, 1073-75.
53. David W. Blight, "In Search of Learning, Liberty, and Self Definition: James McCune Smith and the Ordeal of the Antebellum Black Intellectual," Afro-Americans in. New York Life and History 9 (1985): 7-25.
54. John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Mm: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 5-6, 65-69.
55. Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 107; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 282-86; Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 26-27; William Cohen, At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 14-15. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of ROCK Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 48-50.
56. Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 107; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 282-86; Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 26-27; William Cohen, At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 14-15. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of ROCK Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 48-50.
57. Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 107; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 282-86; Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 26-27; William Cohen, At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 14-15. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of ROCK Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 48-50.
58. Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 107; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 282-86; Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
59. Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 107; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 282-86; Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 26-27; William Cohen, At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 14-15. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of ROCK Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 48-50.
60. Williamson, 48-49. See also Leon Litwack, Been In The Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 245.
61. Williamson, 48-49. See also Leon Litwack, Been In The Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 245.
62. The Freedman's Bureau was not always consistent in its support of the black family. It encouraged marriage and domesticity but, as Jacqueline Jones notes, it also supported southern whites' belief that women should participate in the South's labor force. See Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love: Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family From Slavery to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 62. See also Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 81-87.
63. The Freedman's Bureau was not always consistent in its support of the black family. It encouraged marriage and domesticity but, as Jacqueline Jones notes, it also supported southern whites' belief that women should participate in the South's labor force. See Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love: Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family From Slavery to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 62. See also Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 81-87.
64. Cott, 88.
65. Stewart wrote this in 1831. Quoted in Carla L. Peterson, "Doers of the Word": African-American Women Speakers and Writers in the North, 1830-1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 13.
66. Eventually, the system of sharecropping returned the entire family to agricultural labor; nevertheless, from 1865 through to the 1870s, whites feared that federal laws and the ambitions of African Americans might destroy the South's agricultural production. See Foner, Reconstruction, 85-87; Jones, 58-68.
67. Eventually, the system of sharecropping returned the entire family to agricultural labor; nevertheless, from 1865 through to the 1870s, whites feared that federal laws and the ambitions of African Americans might destroy the South's agricultural production. See Foner, Reconstruction, 85-87; Jones, 58-68.
68. Mississippi, "An Act to Confer Civil Rights on Freedmen, and for Other Purposes," Laws (1865) chapter 4: 82-86. See also Mississippi, "An Act to Regulate the Relation of Master and Apprentice, as Relates to Freedmen, Free Negroes, and Mulattoes," Laws (1865) chapter 5: 86-90.
69. Mississippi, "An Act to Confer Civil Rights on Freedmen, and for Other Purposes," Laws (1865) chapter 4: 82-86. See also Mississippi, "An Act to Regulate the Relation of Master and Apprentice, as Relates to Freedmen, Free Negroes, and Mulattoes," Laws (1865) chapter 5: 86-90.
70. Cohen, 23-35.
71. South Carolina, "An Act to Establish and Regulate the Domestic Relations of Persons of Color, and to Amend the Law in Relation to Paupers and Vagrancy," Laws (1865) sec. 35, 295.
72. Harold Schwartz, Samuel Gridley Howe: Social Reformer, 1801-1876 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), 258-67; Foner, Reconstruction, 68.
73. Harold Schwartz, Samuel Gridley Howe: Social Reformer, 1801-1876 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), 258-67; Foner, Reconstruction, 68.
74. Under his leadership, the Commission's preliminary report advocated schools for black children, jobs for their parents, and an independent agency to supervise the former slaves. The Freedman's Bureau and many of Reconstruction's early programs resulted from the work of this Commission.
75. Louis Agassiz to Samuel G. Howe, 9 August 1863, in Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence, ed. Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885), 595-96.
76. Louis Agassiz, "The Diversity of Origin of the Human Species," Christian Examiner 49 (1850): 141-42.
77. Louis Agassiz to Samuel Howe, 9 August 1863, 597-98.
78. Louis Agassiz to Samuel Howe, 10 August 1863, 605-6.
79. Agassiz, "The Diversity of Origin of the Human Races," 405-6; Louis Agassiz to Samuel Howe, 10 August 1863, 606.
80. Agassiz, "The Diversity of Origin of the Human Races," 405-6; Louis Agassiz to Samuel Howe, 10 August 1863, 606.
81. Samuel Morton, Crania Americana (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1839), 87-88.
82. "The Black Race in North America, No. II," De Bow's Review 20 (1856): A202-3.
83. L.S.M., "Diversity of the Races-Its Bearing Upon Negro Slavery," Southern Quarterly Review 3 (1851): 413.
84. J.T., "Negro-Mania-Race," Southern Quarterly Review 5 (1852): 175.
85. James Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1902), 58. 46 Charles A. Ellwood, "The Theory of Imitation in Social Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 6 (1901): 735.
86. Charles A. Ellwood, "The Theory of Imitation in Social Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 6 (1901): 735.
87. Thomas, 250-51. For a biography of William Thomas and an analysis of the controversy he created within the black community see John David Smith, Black Judas: William Hannibal Thomas and The American Negro (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000).
88. Thomas, 250-51. For a biography of William Thomas and an analysis of the controversy he created within the black community see John David Smith, Black Judas: William Hannibal Thomas and The American Negro (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000).
89. Jones, 59.
90. Jones, 59; Cott, 88-91.
91. Jones, 59; Cott, 88-91.
92. Samuel G. Howe, The Refugees From Slavery in Canada West: Report to the Freemen's Inquiry Commission (Boston, MA: Wright & Potter, 1864), 32.
93. Louis Agassiz to Samuel Howe, 10 August 1863, 602.
94. Louis Agassiz to Samuel Howe, 10 August 1863, 600-1.
95. Gustave de Beaumont, Marie; or Slavery in the United States, trans. Barbara Chapman (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958). For a brief discussion of Marie and the sentimental style of this period, see Stephen John Hartnett, "Fanny Fern's 1855 Ruth Hall, The Cheerful Brutality of Capitalism, & The Irony of Sentimental Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 1-18, esp. 10.
96. Gustave de Beaumont, Marie; or Slavery in the United States, trans. Barbara Chapman (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958). For a brief discussion of Marie and the sentimental style of this period, see Stephen John Hartnett, "Fanny Fern's 1855 Ruth Hall, The Cheerful Brutality of Capitalism, & The Irony of Sentimental Rhetoric," Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 1-18, esp. 10.
97. Frank J. Webb, The Garies and Their Friends (New York: Arno Press, 1969).
98. Stephen John Harnett, Democratic Dissent & the Cultural Fictions of Antebellum America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 70-72.
99. Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 34, 45. See also Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 96-122, 165-66.
100. Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 34, 45. See also Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 96-122, 165-66.
101. John Stockton, Congressional Record, 43rd Congress, 1st session, 1874, 2, pt 5:4169.
102. William Henry Holcombe, "Characteristics and Capabilities of the Negro Race," Southern Literary Messenger 33 (1861): 401, 405.
103. George Stetson, "The Southern Negro As He Is," in The "Benefits" of Slavery: The Proslavery Argument, ed. J. D. Smith, vol. 4 (1877; New York: Garland, 1993), 59.
104. See, for example, Thomas Dixon, The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden, 1865-1900 (Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press, 1967) or the popular work of Charles Carroll, The Negro, A Beast (St. Louis, MO: American Book and Bible House, 1900), and Nathaniel Shaler The Neighbor: The National History of Human Contact (Boston, MA.: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904).
105. See, for example, Thomas Dixon, The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden, 1865-1900 (Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press, 1967) or the popular work of Charles Carroll, The Negro, A Beast (St. Louis, MO: American Book and Bible House, 1900), and Nathaniel Shaler The Neighbor: The National History of Human Contact (Boston, MA.: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904).
106. See, for example, Thomas Dixon, The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden, 1865-1900 (Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press, 1967) or the popular work of Charles Carroll, The Negro, A Beast (St. Louis, MO: American Book and Bible House, 1900), and Nathaniel Shaler The Neighbor: The National History of Human Contact (Boston, MA.: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904).
107. Quoted in John S. Haller, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority, 1859-1900 (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995), 143.
108. Howe, 102.
109. Howe, 103-4.
110. Frederick Douglass, "The Southern Style of Preaching to Slaves," 28 January 1842, in The Frederick Douglass Papers [hereafter FDP], ed. J. W. Blassingame, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), 15-17.
111. Frederick Douglass, "American Prejudice and Southern Religion, " 4 November 1841, in FDP 1: 11.
112. Frederick Douglass, "I Am Here to Spread Light on American Slavery," 14 October 1845, in FDP 1: 43.
113. Frederick Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone: An Address Delivered in New York, New York," 11 May 1869, in FDP 4: 206. This speech appears in the 29 May 1869 issue of the National Anti-Slavery Standard.
114. Frederick Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone: An Address Delivered in New York, New York," 11 May 1869, in FDP 4: 206. This speech appears in the 29 May 1869 issue of the National Anti-Slavery Standard.
115. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 207-8.
116. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 207.
117. Richard Morris, "Educating Savages," Quarterly Journal of Speech 83 (1997): 152-71.
118. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 207.
119. Alan Axelrod, The Chronicle of the Indian Wars: From Colonial Times to Wounded Knee (New York: Prentice Hall, 1993), 200-20.
120. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 207.
121. Andrew Johnson, "Veto Message," 27 March 1866, in The Papers of Andrew Johnson, ed. LeRoy P. Graf and Ralf W. Haskins, vol. 10 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967), 313.
122. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 211.
123. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 210.
124. Douglass, "Let the Negro Alone," 212-13.
125. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 5, 16.
126. Haller, 142-46.
127. See Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation" and "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric"; Gebauer and Wulf, 144-56, 217-20.
128. See Sullivan, "Attitudes Toward Imitation" and "The Decline of Imitation in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rhetoric"; Gebauer and Wulf, 144-56, 217-20.
129. Richard Johannesen discusses the debate over King's plagiarism in "The Ethics of Plagiarism Reconsidered: The Oratory of Martin Luther King, Jr.," Southern Communication Journal 60 (1995): 185-94; See also Anne Pym, "A Response to Johannesen," Southern Communication Journal 61 (1995): 178-82.
130. Richard Johannesen discusses the debate over King's plagiarism in "The Ethics of Plagiarism Reconsidered: The Oratory of Martin Luther King, Jr.," Southern Communication Journal 60 (1995): 185-94; See also Anne Pym, "A Response to Johannesen," Southern Communication Journal 61 (1995): 178-82.
131. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Phillis Wheatley on Trial," The New Yorker, 20 January 2003, 82.
132. This simple statement obscures the extended debate over authenticity, primitivism, and Afro-centrism that was essential to the Harlem Renaissance. See Alain Locke, The New Negro (New York: Atheneum, 1992). See also Eric King Watts, "Cultivating a Black Public Voice: W.E.B. Du Bois and the 'Criteria of Negro Art'," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (2001): 181-201; Eric King Watts, "African American Ethos and Hermeneutical Rhetoric: An Exploration of Alain Locke's The New Negro," Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 19-32.
133. This simple statement obscures the extended debate over authenticity, primitivism, and Afro-centrism that was essential to the Harlem Renaissance. See Alain Locke, The New Negro (New York: Atheneum, 1992). See also Eric King Watts, "Cultivating a Black Public Voice: W.E.B. Du Bois and the 'Criteria of Negro Art'," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (2001): 181-201; Eric King Watts, "African American Ethos and Hermeneutical Rhetoric: An Exploration of Alain Locke's The New Negro," Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 19-32.
134. This simple statement obscures the extended debate over authenticity, primitivism, and Afro-centrism that was essential to the Harlem Renaissance. See Alain Locke, The New Negro (New York: Atheneum, 1992). See also Eric King Watts, "Cultivating a Black Public Voice: W.E.B. Du Bois and the 'Criteria of Negro Art'," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (2001): 181-201; Eric King Watts, "African American Ethos and Hermeneutical Rhetoric: An Exploration of Alain Locke's The New Negro," Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 19-32.
135. Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," in The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 1267-71.
136. Frantz Fanon has discussed eloquently the self-hate and psychological destruction that stems from the attempt to become white. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967).
137. The theoretical work of Judith Butler, Homi Bhabha, and Gilles Deleuze is instructive in this regard, because each views imitation as a tool for the disenfranchised. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-20; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994) ; Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). See also Vikki Bell, "Mimesis as Cultural Survival: Judith Butler and Anti-Semitism," Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1999): 133-61; Jeffrey Nealon, "Refraining, Becoming Black: Repetition and Difference in Amiri Baraka's Blues People," symploke 6 (1998): 83-95.
138. The theoretical work of Judith Butler, Homi Bhabha, and Gilles Deleuze is instructive in this regard, because each views imitation as a tool for the disenfranchised. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-20; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994) ; Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). See also Vikki Bell, "Mimesis as Cultural Survival: Judith Butler and Anti-Semitism," Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1999): 133-61; Jeffrey Nealon, "Refraining, Becoming Black: Repetition and Difference in Amiri Baraka's Blues People," symploke 6 (1998): 83-95.
139. The theoretical work of Judith Butler, Homi Bhabha, and Gilles Deleuze is instructive in this regard, because each views imitation as a tool for the disenfranchised. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-20; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994) ; Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). See also Vikki Bell, "Mimesis as Cultural Survival: Judith Butler and Anti-Semitism," Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1999): 133-61; Jeffrey Nealon, "Refraining, Becoming Black: Repetition and Difference in Amiri Baraka's Blues People," symploke 6 (1998): 83-95.
140. The theoretical work of Judith Butler, Homi Bhabha, and Gilles Deleuze is instructive in this regard, because each views imitation as a tool for the disenfranchised. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-20; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994) ; Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). See also Vikki Bell, "Mimesis as Cultural Survival: Judith Butler and Anti-Semitism," Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1999): 133-61; Jeffrey Nealon, "Refraining, Becoming Black: Repetition and Difference in Amiri Baraka's Blues People," symploke 6 (1998): 83-95.
141. The theoretical work of Judith Butler, Homi Bhabha, and Gilles Deleuze is instructive in this regard, because each views imitation as a tool for the disenfranchised. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-20; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994) ; Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). See also Vikki Bell, "Mimesis as Cultural Survival: Judith Butler and Anti-Semitism," Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1999): 133-61; Jeffrey Nealon, "Refraining, Becoming Black: Repetition and Difference in Amiri Baraka's Blues People," symploke 6 (1998): 83-95.
142. The theoretical work of Judith Butler, Homi Bhabha, and Gilles Deleuze is instructive in this regard, because each views imitation as a tool for the disenfranchised. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-20; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994) ; Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). See also Vikki Bell, "Mimesis as Cultural Survival: Judith Butler and Anti-Semitism," Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1999): 133-61; Jeffrey Nealon, "Refraining, Becoming Black: Repetition and Difference in Amiri Baraka's Blues People," symploke 6 (1998): 83-95.
143. Zora Neale Hurston, "The Characteristic of Negro Expression," in The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, 1026.
144. This alludes to the title and content of Andrew Hacker, Two Nations; Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992).