Towards a discursive theory of racial identity: The souls of black folk as a response to nineteenth-century biological determinism

Western Journal of Communication

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 193-215

  Wilson, Kirt H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033422533     PISSN: 10570314     EISSN: 17451027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10570319909374636     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Allen, T. W. (1994). The invention of the white race (Vol. 1). London: Verso.
2. Althusser, L. (1972). Lenin and philosophy, and other essays (B. Brewster, Trans.). New York: Monthly Review Press.
3. Agassiz, L. (1850). The diversity of origin of the human races. Christian Examiner, 49, 110-145.
4. Appiah, A. (1985). The uncompleted argument: Du Bois and the illusion of race. Critical Inquiry, 12, 21-37.
5. Appiah, A. (1992). In my father’s house. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Appiah, A. (1996). Color conscious. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7. Awkward, M. (1995). Negotiating difference: Race, gender, and the politics of positionality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Baker, H. A., Jr. (1972). The black man of culture: W. E. B. Du Bois and The Souls of Black Folk. In Long black song: Essays in black American literature and culture (pp. 96-108). Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
9. Bell, B. W. (1985). W. E. B. Du Bois’s struggle to reconcile folk and high art. In W. L. Andrews (Ed.), Critical essays on W. E. B. Du Bois (pp. 106-122). Boston: G. K. Hall & Co.
10. Bell, D. A. (1987). And we are not saved: The elusive quest for racial justice. New York: Harper Collins.
11. Bell, D. A. (1990). Racial realism—after we’re gone: Prudent speculations on America in a post-racial epoch. St. Louis University Law Journal, 34, 393-405.
12. Bell, D. A. (1992). Faces at the bottom of the well: The permanence of racism. New York: Basic Books.
13. Brinton, D. G. (1890). Races and peoples. New York: N. D. C. Hodges.
14. Buffon, G. L. (1797). Buffon’s natural history (Vol. 4). London: Printed for the Proprietor.
15. Carroll, C. (1900). The Negro a beast. St. Louis, MO: American Book and Bible.
16. Crenshaw, K. (1988). Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in anti-discrimination law. Harvard Law Review, 101,1331-1387.
17. Delgado, R. (1992). Rodrigo’s chronicle. Yale Law Journal, 101,1357-1383.
18. Delgado, R. (Ed.). (1995). Critical race theory: The cutting edge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
19. Dixon, T., Jr. (1902). The leopard's spots: A romance of the white man’s burden —1865-1900. New York: Doubleday.
20. Dixon, T., Jr. (1905). The clansman. New York: Doubleday.
21. Domke, D. (1996). The press and “delusive theories of equality and fraternity” in the age of emancipation. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 13, 228-250.
22. Domke, D. (1997). Journalists, framing, and discourse about race relations. Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs, 164,1-55.
23. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1896). The suppression of the African slave-trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.
24. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1920). Darkwater: Voices from within the veil. New York: Harcourt Brace.
25. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1940). Dusk of dawn. New York: Harcourt Brace.
26. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century. New York: International.
27. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1970). The conservation of races. In P. S. Foner (Ed.), W. E. B. Du Bois speaks: Speeches and addresses, 1890-1919 (73-85). New York: Pathfinder. (Original work published in 1897).
28. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1993). The souls of black folk. New York: Knopf. (Original work published in 1903).
29. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1996). The Philadelphia Negro: A social study. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Original work published in 1899).
30. Dunning, W. A. (1968). Reconstruction: political and economic, 1865-1877. New York: Harper. (Original work published in 1907).
31. Ellison, R. (1995). Invisible man. New York: Vintage Books. (Original work published in 1947).
32. Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth (C. Farrington, Trans.). London: Macgibbon & McKee.
33. Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks (C. L. Markmann, Trans.). New York: Grove Press. (Original work published in 1952).
34. Farber, D. A., & Sherry, S. (1993). Telling stories out of school: An essay on legal narratives. Stanford Law Review, 45, 807-855.
35. Fiske, J. (1903). Outlines of cosmic philosophy based on the doctrine of evolution with criticisms on the positive philosophy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
36. Flores, L. A. (1996). Creating discursive space through a rhetoric of difference: Chicana feminists craft a homeland. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 82,142-156.
37. Flores, L. A. & McPhail, M. L. (1997). From black and white to Living Color: A dialogic exposition into the social (re)construction of race, gender, and crime. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 14,106-122.
38. Foner, E. (1988). Reconstruction: America’s unfinished revolution. New York: Harper & Row.
39. Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge (A. M. Smith, Trans.). New York: Pantheon Books.
40. Foucault, M. (1973). Madness and civilization. New York: Vintage Books.
41. Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and punish. New York: Vintage Books.
42. Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power. In H. L. Dreyfus & P. Rabinow (Eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics (pp. 208-226). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Galton, F. (1925). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into the laws and consequences. London: MacMillian. (Original work published in 1869).
44. Gary, H. (1993). The endless slide of difference: Critical television studies, television and the question of race. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 10,190-197.
45. Gates, H. L., Jr., Ed. (1986). Introduction. In “Race,” writing, and difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Gibson, D. B. (1989). Introduction. In W. E. B. Du Bois, The souls of black folk. New York: Penguin Books.
47. Gilman, S. L. (1984). Pathology and difference. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
48. Gilman, S. L. (1986). Black bodies, white bodies: Toward an iconography of female sexuality in late nineteenth-century art, medicine, and literature. In H. L. Gates, Jr. (Ed.), “Race,” writing, and difference (pp. 223-261). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Gilman, S. L. (1993). Freud, race, and gender. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
50. Goldman, A. H. (1994). Negotiating claims of race and rights: Du Bois, Emerson, and the critique of liberal nationalism. The Massachusetts Review, 35,169-201.
51. Goldberg, D. T. (1993). Racist culture: Philosophy and the politics of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
52. Gooding-Williams, R. (1994). Introduction. The Massachusetts Review, 35,168.
53. Gooding-Williams, R. (1996). Outlaw, Appiah, and Du Bois’s “The conservation of races.” In B. W. Bell, E. R. Grosholz, & J. B. Stewart (Eds.), W. E. B. Du Bois on race & culture (pp. 39-56). New York: Routledge.
54. Gossett, T. F. (1968). Race: The history of an idea in America. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press.
55. Gould, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man (Rev. ed.). New York: Norton.
56. Gramsci, A. (1978). Some aspects of the Southern question. Selections from political writing: 1921-1926 (Q. Hoare, Trans.). New York: International Publishers.
57. Gramsci, A. (1992). Prison notebooks (J. Buttigieg & A. Callari, Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
58. Grossberg, L. (1996). Identity and cultural studies: Is that all there is? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 87-107). London: Sage.
59. Handlin, O. (1957). Race and nationality in American life (3rd ed.). Boston: Little Brown.
60. Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and diaspora. In J. Rutherford (Ed.), Identity: Community, culture, difference (pp. 222-237). London: Lawrence & Wishart.
61. Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs “identity”? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 1-17). London: Sage.
62. Haller, J. S., Jr. (1995). Outcasts from evolution: Scientific attitudes of racial inferiority, 1859-1900 (2nd ed.). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
63. Haney Lepez, I. F. (1994). The social construction of race. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 29,1-62.
64. Hart, A. B. (1968). Slavery and abolition, 1831—1841. New York: Haskell House Publishers. (Original work published in 1906).
65. Hart, A. B. (1972). Salmon portland chase. New York: AMS Press. (Original work published in 1899).
66. Hasian, M. A., Jr. (1996). The rhetoric of eugenics in Anglo-American thought. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press.
67. Hecht, M. L., & Ribeau, S. (1991). Sociocultural roots of ethnic identity: A look at black America. Journal of Black Studies, 21, 501-513.
68. hooks, B. (1991). Yearning: Race, gender and cultural politics. London: Turnabout.
69. hooks, B. (1992). Black looks: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press.
70. Kennedy, R. L. (1989). Racial critiques of legal academia. Harvard Law Review, 102, 1745-1819.
71. Kohn, M. (1995). The race gallery: The return of racial science. London: Jonathan Cape.
72. Lanham, R. A. (1974). Style: An anti-textbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
73. Larkey, L. K, Hecht, M. L., Martin, J. N. (1993). What’s in a name: African American ethnic identity terms and self-determination. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12, 302-317.
74. Leets, L., Giles, H., & Clément, R. (1996). Explicating ethnicity in theory and communication research. Multilingua, 15,115-147.
75. Lewis, D. L. (1993). W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a race, 1868—1919. New York: Henry Hold.
76. Malik, K. (1996). The meaning of race: Race, history and culture in western society. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press.
77. Marable, M. (1986). W. E. B. Du Bois: Black radical democrat. Boston: Twayne.
78. Martin, J. N., Krizek, R. L., Nakayama, T., Bradford, L. (1996). Exploring whiteness: A study of self labels for white Americans. Communicational Quarterly, 44,125-144.
79. Marx, K. (1977). Capital: A critique of political economy (B. Fowkes, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books.
80. Matsuda, M. J. (1988). Affirmative action and legal knowledge: Planting seeds in plowed-up ground. Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 11,1-17.
81. Matsuda, M. J., Lawrence, C. R., Delgado, R., & Crenshaw, K. W. (1993). Words that wound: Critical race theory, assaultive speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder, CO: Westview.
82. McPhail, M. L. (1994a). The politics of complicity: Second thoughts about the social construction of racial equality. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 80, 343-357.
83. McPhail, M. L. (1994b). The rhetoric of racism. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
84. Morton, S. G. (1839). Crania Americana. Philadelphia: J. Dobson.
85. Morton, S. G. (1849). Catalogue of skulls of man and the inferior animals (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Merrihew & Thompson.
86. Nakayama, T. K. (1994). Show/down time: “Race,” gender, sexuality, and popular culture. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 11, 162-179.
87. Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81, 291-309.
88. The Negro question. (1903, April 25). [Review of the book The Souls of Black Folk]. New York Times Saturday Review of Books and Art, p. 283.
89. Outlaw, L. (1996). “Conserve” races?: In defense ofW. E. B. Du Bois. In B. W. Bell, E. R. Grosholz, & J. B. Stewart (Eds.), W. E. B. Du Bois: On race & culture (pp. 15-37). New York: Routledge.
90. Posnock, R. (1997). The impossible life of the black intellectual: Du Bois, Fanon, and what it means to be a problem. Critical Inquiry, 23, 323-349.
91. Post, D. W. (1990-1991). Reflections on identity, diversity, and morality. Berkeley Women’s Law Journal, 6,136-166.
92. Rampersad, A. (1990). The art and imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois. New York: Schocken Books.
93. Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and imperialism. New York: Knopf.
94. Said, E. W. (1994). Orientalism. (Rev. ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
95. Scott, R. L. (1967). On viewing rhetoric as epistemic. Central States Speech Journal, 18, 9-17.
96. Shah, H., & Thornton, M. C. (1994). Racial ideology in U.S. mainstream news magazine coverage of Black-Latino interaction, 1980-1992. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 11,141-161.
97. Shaler, N. S. (1904). The neighbor: The national history of human contacts. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
98. Shome, R. (1996a). Race and popular cinema: The rhetorical strategies of whiteness in City of Joy.” Communication Quarterly, 44, 502-518.
99. Shome, R. (1996b). Postcolonial interventions in the rhetorical canon: An “other” view. Communication Theory, 6, 49-59.
100. Smith, W. B. (1905). The color line. New York: McClure Phillips.
101. Spencer, H. (1897). Principles of sociology. New York: Appleton.
102. Stampp, K. M. (1961). The peculiar institution: Slavery in the ante-bellum south. New York: Knopf.
103. Stanton, W. (1960). The leopard’s spots: Scientific attitudes towards race in America, 1815-1859. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
104. Stepan, N. (1982). The idea of race in science: Great Britain, 1800-1960. Hamden: Archon Books.
105. Terrill, R., & Leif, M. (1995). The polemicist as artist: W. E. B. Du Bois’s “Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others.” In S. Jackson (Ed.), Argumentation and values: Proceedings of the ninth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation (pp. 230-236). Annan-dale, VA: Speech Communication Association.
106. Thomas, W. H. (1901). The American Negro: What he was, what he is, and what he may become. New York: MacMillan Co.
107. Turner, D. T. (1974). W. E. B. Du Bois and the theory of a black aesthetic. Studies in the Literary Imagination, 7,1-21.
108. Wander, P. C. (1972). The savage child: The image of the Negro in the pro-slavery movement. Southern Communication Journal, 37, 335-360.
109. Williams, P. (1991). The alchemy of race and rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
110. Woodward, G. C. (1975). “Mystifications in the rhetoric of cultural dominance and colonial control "Communication Studies, 26, 298-303.