Establishing vegetation in restored and created coastal wetlands

Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands

Volumn , Issue , 2000, Pages 119-155

  Sullivan, Gary ^a  

^a Protection Agency Coastal Ecology Branch Newport   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242579543     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420036619     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Abraham, G. 1991. Growing plants from seed. Lyons and Burford. New York, New York, USA.
2. Adam, P. 1990. Saltmarsh ecology. Cambridge University Press. New York, New York, USA.
3. Bazzaz, F. A. 1991. Habitat selection in plants. American Naturalist 137:116-137.
4. Bazzaz, F. A. 1996. Plants in changing environments. Cambridge University Press. New York, New York, USA.
5. Bertness, M. D. 1991. Interspecific interactions among high marsh perennials in a New England slat marsh. Ecology 72:125-137.
6. Bertness, M. D., L. Gough, and S. W. Shumway. 1992. Salt tolerances and the distribution of fugitive salt marsh plants. Ecology 73:1842-1851.
7. Bertness, M. D., and S. D. Hacker. 1994. Physical stress and positive associations among marsh plants. American Naturalist 144:363-372.
8. Bertness, M. D., and S. W. Shumway. 1993. Competition and facilitation in marsh plants. Ecology 73:1842-1851.
9. Boyer, K. E., and J. B. Zedler. 1996. Damage to cordgrass by scale insects in a constructed salt marsh: effects of nitrogen additions. Estuaries 19:1-12.
10. Boyer, K. E., and J. B. Zedler. 1999. Nitrogen addition could shift plant community composition in a restored California salt marsh. Restoration Ecology 7:74-85.
11. Bradshaw, A. D. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics 13:115-155.
12. Bradshaw, A. D., and K. Hardwick. 1989. Evolution and stress - genotypic and phenotypic components.Biological Journal of the Linnaen Society 37:137-155.
13. Broome, S. W. 1990. Creation and restoration of tidal wetlands of the southeastern United States. Pages 37-72 in J. A. Kusler, and M. E. Kentula, editors. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
14. Broome, S. W., E. D. Seneca, and W. W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1983. The effects of source, rate and placement of N and P fertilizers on growth of Spartina alterniflora transplants in North Carolina. Estuaries 6:212-226.
15. Browse, P. M. 1988. Plant propagation. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, USA.
16. Burdon, J. J. 1985. Pathogens and the genetic structure of plant populations. Pages 313-325 in J. White, editor. Studies on plant demography: a festschrift for John L. Harper. Academic Press, London, UK.
17. Burrell, C. C. 1999. A wetlands primer - the basics of planning and planting aquatic and bog plants. Landscape Architecture. 89:32.
18. Callaway, J. C., and J. B. Zedler. 1998. Interactions between a salt marsh native perennial (Salicornia virginica) and an exotic annual (Polypogon monspeliensis) under varied salinity and hydroperiod. Wetlands Ecology and Management 5:179-194.
19. Callaway, R. M. 1994. Facilitative and interfering effects of Arthrocnemum subterminale on winter annuals. Ecology 75:681-686.
20. Cowling, R. M., P. J. Mustart, H. Laurie, and M. B. Richards. 1994. Species diversity, functional diversity and functional redundancy in fynbos communities. South African Journal of Science 90:333-337.
21. Craft, C. B., S. W. Broome, and E. D. Seneca. 1988. Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon pools in natural and transplanted marsh soils. Estuaries 11:272-280.
22. Dahl, T. E. 1990. Wetlands - Losses in the United States, 1780‘s-1980‘s. U. S. Fish and Wildlife report to Congress. Washington, D.C., USA.
23. Deno, N. C. 1991. Seed germination, theory, and practice. State College, Pennsylvania, USA.
24. Emery, D. E. 1988. Seed propagation of native California plants. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. Santa Barbara, California, USA.
25. Ewel, K. C. 1990. Mulitple demands on wetlands. Bioscience 40:660-665.
26. Fenster, C. B., and M. R. Dudash. 1994. Genetic considerations for plant population restoration and conservation. Pages 34-62 in M. L. Bowles and C. J. Whelan, editors. Restoration of endangered species: conceptual issues, planning, and implementation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
27. Fitter, A. H. 1986. Functional significance of root morphology and root system architecture. Pages 87-106 in A. H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D. J. Read, and M. B. Usher, editors. Ecological interactions in soil. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, U.K.
28. Fitter, A. H., and R. K. M. Hay. 1987. Envrionmental physiology of plants. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
29. Frenkel, R. E., and J. C. Morlan. 1991. Can we restore our salt marshes? Lessons from the Salmon River, Oregon. The Northwest Environmental Journal 7:119-135.
30. Futuyma, D. J. 1998. Evolutionary biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
31. Gibson, K. D., J. B. Zedler, and R. Langis. 1994. Limited response of cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) to soil amendments in constructed salt marshes. Ecological Applications 4:757-767.
32. Gilbert, O. L., and P. Anderson. 1998. Habitat creation and repair. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
33. Gitay, H., J. Bastow-Wilson, and W. G. Lee. 1996. Species redundancy: a redundant concept? Journal of Ecology 84:121-124.
34. Gopal, B., and W. J. Mitsch. 1995. The role of vegetation in creating and restoring wetlands - an international perspective. Ecological Engineering. 5:1-3.
35. Gray, A. J. 1987. Genetic change during succession in plants. Pages 273-293 in A. J. Gray, M. J. Crawley, and P. J. Edwards, editors. Colonization, succession and stability. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
36. Grillas, P., P. Garcia-Murillo, O. Geertz-Hansen, N. Marba, and C. Montes. 1993. Submerged macrophyte seed band in a Mediterranean temporary marsh: abundance and relationship with established vegetation. Oecologia 94:1-6.
37. Guerrant, E. O. 1996. Designing populations: demographic, genetic, and horticultural dimensions. Pages 171-207 in D. A. Falk, C. I. Millar, and M. Olwell, editors. Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press. Covelo, California, USA.
38. Hartl, D. L., and A. G. Clark. 1989. Principles of population genetics. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachussets, USA.
39. Hartman, H. T., and D. E. Kester. 1983. Plant propagation: principles and practices. 4th edition. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
40. Helenurm, K., and L. S. Parsons. 1997. Genetic variation and the reintroduction of Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus to Sweetwater Marsh, California. Restoration Ecology 5:236-244.
41. Huenneke, L. F. 1991. Ecological implications of genetic variation in plant populations. Pages 31-44 in D. A. Falk and K. E. Holsinger, editors. Genetics and conservation of rare plants. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
42. Josselyn, M. N., S. P. Faulkner, and W. H. Patrick, Jr. 1990. Relationships between seasonally wet soils and occurrence of wetland plants in California. Wetlands 10:7-26.
43. Keer, G. H. 1999. The effects of species richness and composition on salt marsh canopy architecture. Master’s thesis. San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
44. Körner, C. 1993. Scaling from species to vegetation: the usefulness of functional groups. Pages 117-137 in E. D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
45. Kuhn, N. L., and J. B. Zedler. 1997. Differential effects of salinity and soil saturation on native and exotic plants of a coastal salt marsh. Estuaries 20:391-403.
46. Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460.
47. Leigh, E. G. Jr. 1982. Introduction: why are there so many kinds of tropical trees? Pages 63-66 in E. G. Leigh Jr., A. S. Rand, and D. M. Windsor, editors. The ecology of a tropical forest: seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
48. Lewis, R. R. 1990. Creation and restoration of coastal plain wetlands in Florida. Pages 73-102 in J. A. Kusler, and M. E. Kentula, editors. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
49. Lewis, R. R., editor. 1982. Creation and restoration of coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
50. Mattson, W. J. Jr. 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:119-161.
51. McCue, K. A., E. S. Buckler, and T. P. Holtsford. 1996. A hierarchical view of genetic structure in the rare annual plant Clarkia springvillensis. Conservation Biology 10:1425-1434.
52. McMillan, C. 1975. Adaptive differences to chilling in mangrove populations. Pages 62-68 in G. Walsh, S. Snedaker, and H. Teas, editors. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
53. Mitsch, W. J., and J. K. Cronk. 1992. Creation and restoration of wetlands: some design considerations for ecological engineering. Pages 217-259 in R. Lal and B. A. Stewart, editors. Advances in soil science. Volume 17. Soil restoration. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
54. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 1992. Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York, New York, USA.
55. Mitsch, W. J., and R. F. Wilson. 1996. Improving the success of wetland creation and restoration with know-how, time, and self-design. Ecological Applications 6:77-83.
56. Montalvo, A. M., S. L. Williams, K. J. Rice, S. L. Buchman, C. Cory, S. N. Handel, G. P. Nabhan, R. Primack, and R. H. Robichaux. 1997. Restoration biology: a population perspective. Restoration Ecology 5:277-290.
57. Nevo, E., R. Noy, B. Bavie, A. Beiles, and S. Muchtar. 1986. Genetic diversity and resistance to pollution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 29:139-144.
58. Noe, G. 1999. Abiotic effects on the annual plant assemblage of southern California upper intertidal marsh: does complexity matter? Doctoral thesis. San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
59. NRC (National Research Council), Committee on Characterization of Wetlands. 1995. Wetlands: characteristics and boundaries. National Academies Press. Washington, D.C., USA.
60. Odum, H. T. 1989. Ecological engineering and self-organization. Pages 79-101 in W. J. Mitsch, and S. E. Jorgensen, editors. Ecological Engineering. Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
61. Pacala, S. W., and D. Tilman. 1994. Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments. American Naturalist 143:222-257.
62. Palmer, M. A., R. F. Ambrose, and N. L. Poff. 1997. Ecological theory and community restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 5:291-300.
63. Pennings, S. C., and R. M. Callaway. 1992. Salt marsh plant zonation: the relative importance of competition and physical factors. Ecology 73:681-690.
64. Pestrong, R. 1965. The development of drainage patterns on tidal marshes. Stanford University Publications. Volume X, Number 2. Stanford University, California, USA.
65. Pollock, M. M., R. J. Naiman, and T. A. Hanley. 1998. Plant species richness in riparian wetlands -a test of biodiversity theory. Ecology 79:94-105.
66. Pywell, R. F., N. R. Webb, and P. D. Putwain. 1995. A comparison of techniques for restoring heathland on abandoned farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:400-411.
67. Russell, P. J., T. J. Flowers, and M. J. Hutchings. 1985. Comparison of niche breadths and overlaps of halophytes in salt marshes of differing diversity. Vegetatio 61:171-178.
68. Salisbury, F. B., and C. W. Ross. 1986. Plant physiology. Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, California, USA.
69. Sasser, C. E., J. G. Gosselink, E. M. Swenson, C. M. Swarzenski, and N. C. Leibowitz. 1996. Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi river delta plain wetlands, USA. Vegetatio 122:129-142.
70. Scott, R. 1995. A case for creative conservation. Pages 84-85 in Land contamination and reclamation special issue. Proceedings of the British Ecological Society Conference: Recent advances in urban ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
71. Seliskar, D. M. 1995. Exploiting plant genotypic diversity for coastal salt marsh creation and restoration. Pages 407-416 in M. Khan and I. Ungar, editors. Biology of salt-tolerant plants. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
72. Shaffer, G. P., C. E. Sasser, J. G. Gosselink, and M. Rejmanek. 1992. Vegetation dynamics in the emerging Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana, USA. The Journal of Ecology 80:677-687.
73. Shisler, J. K. 1990. Creation and restoration of the coastal wetlands of the northeastern United States. Pages 143-170 in J. A. Kusler and M. E. Kentula, editors. Wetland creation and restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
74. Silander, J. A. 1984. The genetic basis of the ecological amplitude of Spartina patens. III. Allozyme variation. Botanical Gazette 145:569-577.
75. Silander, J. A. 1985. Microevolution in clonal plants. Pages 107-152 in J. B. C. Jackson, L. W. Buss, and R. E. Cook, editors. Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
76. Silander, J. A., and J. Antonovics. 1982. A perturbation approach to the analysis of interspecific interactions in a coastal plant community. Nature 298:557-560.
77. Sinicrope, T. L., P. G. Hine, R. S. Warren, and W. A. Niering. 1990. Restoration of an impounded salt marsh in New England. Estuaries 13:25-30.
78. Sullivan, G. and J. B. Zedler. 1999. Functional redundancy among tidal marsh halophytes: a test. Oikos 84:246-260.
79. Ter Heerdt, G. N. J., and H. J. Drost. 1994. Potential for the development of marsh vegetation from the seed bank after a drawdown. Biological Conservation. 67:1-11.
80. Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300-1302.
81. Trnka, S. 1998. Environmental and parental height form effects on the growth of Spartina foliosa in southern California. Master’s thesis. San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
82. Turkington, R., and J. L. Harper. 1979. The growth, distribution and neighbor relationships of Trifolium repens in a permanent pasture. IV. Fine scale biotic differentiation. Journal of Ecology 67:245-264.
83. van Andel, J. 1998. Intraspecific variability in the context of ecological restoration projects. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 1/2:221-237.
84. Van Treuren, R., R. Bijlsma, W. Van Delden, and N. J. Ouborg. 1991. The significance of genetic erosion in the process of extinction. 1. Genetic differentiation in Salvia pratensis and Scabiosa columbaria in relation to population size. Heredity 66:181-189.
85. Vivian-Smith, G. 1997. Microtopographic heterogeneity and floristic diversity in experimental wetland communities. Journal of Ecology 85:71-82.
86. Walker, B. H. 1992. Biological diversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6:18-23.
87. Walker, B. H. 1995. Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience. Conservation Biology 9:747-752.
88. Walley, K., M. S. I. Khan, and A. D. Bradshaw. 1974. The potential for evolution of heavy metal tolerance in plants. I. Copper and zinc tolerance in Agrostis tenuis. Heredity 32:309-319.
89. Williams, S. L., and C. A. Davis. 1996. Population genetic analyses of transplanted eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds reveal reduced genetic diversity in southern California. Restoration Ecology 5:163-180.
90. Wilson, S. D., D. R. J. Moore, and P. A. Keddy. 1993. Relationships of marsh seed banks to vegetation patterns along environmental gradients. Freshwater Biology 29:361-370.
91. Wong, E. 1976. Biosynthesis of falvonoids. Pages 464-526 in Goodwin, T. W., editor. Chemistry and biochemistry of plant pigments. Volume 1. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
92. Wright, S. 1978. Evolution and the genetics of populations, Volume 4. Variability within and among natural populations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
93. Young, J. A., and C. G. Young. 1986. Collecting, processing and germinating seeds of wild land plants. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA.
94. Zedler, J. B. 1991. Invasive exotic plants: threats to coastal ecosystems. Pages 49-62 in P. M. Grifman and S. E. Yoder, editors. Perspectives on the marine environment. Proceedings from a symposium on the marine environment of southern California May 10, 1991. Sea Grant Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
95. Zedler, J. B., principal author. 1996. Tidal wetland restoration: a scientific perspective and southern California focus. California Sea Grant College System, California Report Number T-038. University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.
96. Zedler, J. B., and J. C. Callaway. 1999. Tracking wetland restoration: do mitigation sites follow desired trajectories? Restoration Ecology 7:69-73.
97. Zedler, J. B., J. C. Callaway, J. S. Desmond, G. Vivian-Smith, G. D. Williams, G. Sullivan, A. E. Brewster, and B. K. Bradshaw. 1999. Californian salt marsh vegetation: an improved model of spatial pattern. Ecosystems 2:19-35.