메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 169-181

Skin-lightening products revisited

Author keywords

Colour; Depigmenting agent; Melanin; Melanocyte; Skin lightening agent

Indexed keywords

2 HYDROXYACID; 4 N BUTYLRESORCINOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ARBUTIN; ASCORBIC ACID DERIVATIVE; AZELAIC ACID; BETAMETHASONE; BLEACHING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; ELLAGIC ACID; FLUOCINOLONE; GLABRIDIN; GLYCOLIC ACID; GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; HYDROCORTISONE; HYDROQUINONE; KOJIC ACID; LINOLEIC ACID; MAGNESIUM LEVO ASCORBYL 2 PHOSPHATE; MEQUINOL; MONOBENZONE; NICOTINAMIDE; RESORCINOL DERIVATIVE; RESVERATROL; RETINOIC ACID; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; THIOCTIC ACID; TRIAMCINOLONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 0242551880     PISSN: 01425463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00182.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (116)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0025551136 scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive computerized analysis of skin chromophores in vivo by reflectance spectroscopy
    • Andersen, P.H. and Bjerring, P. Noninvasive computerized analysis of skin chromophores in vivo by reflectance spectroscopy. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 7, 249-257 (1990).
    • (1990) Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. , vol.7 , pp. 249-257
    • Andersen, P.H.1    Bjerring, P.2
  • 2
    • 0031910395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EEMCO guidance for the assessment of skin color
    • Piérard, G.E. EEMCO guidance for the assessment of skin color. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Vener. 10, 1-11 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Vener. , vol.10 , pp. 1-11
    • Piérard, G.E.1
  • 3
    • 0032852297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical control of melanogenesis and melanosomal organization
    • Hearing, V.J. Biochemical control of melanogenesis and melanosomal organization. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 4, 24-28 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. , vol.4 , pp. 24-28
    • Hearing, V.J.1
  • 4
    • 0033932625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocyte biology and melanogenesis what's new?
    • Ortonne, J.P. and Ballotti, R. Melanocyte biology and melanogenesis what's new? J. Dermatol. Treat. 11, S15-S26 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Dermatol. Treat. , vol.11
    • Ortonne, J.P.1    Ballotti, R.2
  • 5
    • 0034627837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The protease-activated receptor 2 regulates pigmentation via keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions
    • Seiberg, M., Paine, C., Shadow, E. et al. The protease-activated receptor 2 regulates pigmentation via keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions. Exp. Cell. Res. 254, 25-32 (2000).
    • (2000) Exp. Cell. Res. , vol.254 , pp. 25-32
    • Seiberg, M.1    Paine, C.2    Shadow, E.3
  • 7
    • 0030861673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pigmentary changes in aged and photoaged skin
    • Castanet, J. and Ortonne, J.P. Pigmentary changes in aged and photoaged skin. Arch. Dermatol. 133, 1296-1299 (1997).
    • (1997) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.133 , pp. 1296-1299
    • Castanet, J.1    Ortonne, J.P.2
  • 8
    • 0033764692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unravelling the patterns of subclinical phaeomelanin-enriched facial hyperpigmentation, effect of depigmenting agents
    • Hermanns, J.F., Petit, L., Piérard-Franchimont, C. et al. Unravelling the patterns of subclinical phaeomelanin-enriched facial hyperpigmentation, effect of depigmenting agents. Dermatology 202, 118-122 (2000).
    • (2000) Dermatology , vol.202 , pp. 118-122
    • Hermanns, J.F.1    Petit, L.2    Piérard-Franchimont, C.3
  • 9
    • 0037361004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variability in mottled photo-induced melanoderma in the elderly
    • Petit, L., Fogouang, L., Uhoda, I. et al. Regional variability in mottled photo-induced melanoderma in the elderly. Exp. Gerontol. 38, 327-331 (2003).
    • (2003) Exp. Gerontol. , vol.38 , pp. 327-331
    • Petit, L.1    Fogouang, L.2    Uhoda, I.3
  • 10
    • 0029065055 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between the number of melanosomes, tyrosinase mRNA levels, and tyrosinase activity in cultured murine melanoma cell in response to various melanogenesis regulatory agents
    • Ando, H., Itoh, A., Mishima, Y. and Ichihashi, M. Correlation between the number of melanosomes, tyrosinase mRNA levels, and tyrosinase activity in cultured murine melanoma cell in response to various melanogenesis regulatory agents. J. Cell Physiol. 163, 608-614 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Cell Physiol. , vol.163 , pp. 608-614
    • Ando, H.1    Itoh, A.2    Mishima, Y.3    Ichihashi, M.4
  • 11
    • 0031465710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical skin depigmentation agents, current products and discovery of a novel inhibitor of melanogenesis
    • Dooley, T.P. Topical skin depigmentation agents, current products and discovery of a novel inhibitor of melanogenesis. J. Dermatol. Treat. 8, 275-279 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Dermatol. Treat. , vol.8 , pp. 275-279
    • Dooley, T.P.1
  • 12
    • 0036434140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxidase-mediated mechanisms are involved in the melanocytotoxic and melanogenesis-inhibiting effects of chemical agents
    • Kasraee, B. Peroxidase-mediated mechanisms are involved in the melanocytotoxic and melanogenesis-inhibiting effects of chemical agents. Dermatology 205, 329-339 (2002).
    • (2002) Dermatology , vol.205 , pp. 329-339
    • Kasraee, B.1
  • 13
    • 0033870562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of melanosome transfer results in skin lightening
    • Seiberg, M., Paine, C., Sharlow, E. et al. Inhibition of melanosome transfer results in skin lightening. J. Invest. Dermatol. 115, 162-167 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.115 , pp. 162-167
    • Seiberg, M.1    Paine, C.2    Sharlow, E.3
  • 14
    • 0035046316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway
    • Paine, C., Sharlow, E., Liebel, F. et al. An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 587-595 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.116 , pp. 587-595
    • Paine, C.1    Sharlow, E.2    Liebel, F.3
  • 15
    • 0033003616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of chemical peelings in the treatment of different cutaneous hyperpigmetations
    • Cotellessa, C., Peris, K., Onorati, M.T. et al. The use of chemical peelings in the treatment of different cutaneous hyperpigmetations. Dermatol. Surg. 25, 450-454 (1999).
    • (1999) Dermatol. Surg. , vol.25 , pp. 450-454
    • Cotellessa, C.1    Peris, K.2    Onorati, M.T.3
  • 16
    • 0028820502 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet B and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate mRNA production for αMSH receptors and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in mouse melanoma cells and transformed keratinocytes
    • Chakraborty, A., Slominski, A., Ermak, G. et al. Ultraviolet B and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate mRNA production for αMSH receptors and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in mouse melanoma cells and transformed keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 655-659 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.105 , pp. 655-659
    • Chakraborty, A.1    Slominski, A.2    Ermak, G.3
  • 17
    • 0031868040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor expression on normal human melanocytes, evidence for a regulatory role of ultraviolet B, interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α
    • Funasaka, Y., Chakraborty, A.K., Hayashi, Y. et al. Modulation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor expression on normal human melanocytes, evidence for a regulatory role of ultraviolet B, interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Br. J. Dermatol. 139, 216-224 (1998).
    • (1998) Br. J. Dermatol. , vol.139 , pp. 216-224
    • Funasaka, Y.1    Chakraborty, A.K.2    Hayashi, Y.3
  • 18
    • 0008382604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation of the melanocortin-1 receptor in the UV control of pigmentation
    • Suzuki, I., Im. S., Tada, A. et al. Participation of the melanocortin-1 receptor in the UV control of pigmentation. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 4, 329-344 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. , vol.4 , pp. 329-344
    • Suzuki, I.1    Im, S.2    Tada, A.3
  • 19
    • 0006908982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in skin-whitening agents in Japan
    • Tanaka, Y. and Masuda, M. Trends in skin-whitening agents in Japan. Oleochemicals 9, 306-314 (1998).
    • (1998) Oleochemicals , vol.9 , pp. 306-314
    • Tanaka, Y.1    Masuda, M.2
  • 20
    • 0027516759 scopus 로고
    • Influence of inflammatory mediators and cytokines on human melanocyte function
    • Morelli, J.G. and Norris, D.A. Influence of inflammatory mediators and cytokines on human melanocyte function. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 191S-195S (1993).
    • (1993) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.100
    • Morelli, J.G.1    Norris, D.A.2
  • 21
    • 0031844198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelin-1 is a paracrine growth factor that modulates melanogenesis of human melanocytes and participates in their responses to ultraviolet radiation
    • Tada, A., Suzuki, I., Im, S. et al. Endothelin-1 is a paracrine growth factor that modulates melanogenesis of human melanocytes and participates in their responses to ultraviolet radiation. Cell Growth Diff. 9, 575-584 (1998).
    • (1998) Cell Growth Diff. , vol.9 , pp. 575-584
    • Tada, A.1    Suzuki, I.2    Im, S.3
  • 22
    • 0242475452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La tyrosinase est l'enzyme clé de la mélanogenèse
    • Bertolotto, C. and Ballotti, R. La tyrosinase est l'enzyme clé de la mélanogenèse. Cosmétologie 24, 20-22 (1999).
    • (1999) Cosmétologie , vol.24 , pp. 20-22
    • Bertolotto, C.1    Ballotti, R.2
  • 23
    • 0028219514 scopus 로고
    • Proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides are synthesized released human keratinocytes
    • Schauer, E., Trautinger, F., Köck, A. et al. Proopiomelanocortin- derived peptides are synthesized released human keratinocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2258-2262 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.93 , pp. 2258-2262
    • Schauer, E.1    Trautinger, F.2    Köck, A.3
  • 24
    • 0034583409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of melanocortins in skin homeostasis
    • Böhm, M. and Luger, T.A. The role of melanocortins in skin homeostasis. Horm. Res. 54, 287-293 (2000).
    • (2000) Horm. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 287-293
    • Böhm, M.1    Luger, T.A.2
  • 25
    • 0029863304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of melanotropic hormones to the melanocortin receptor MC1R on human melanocytes stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis
    • Suzuki, I., Cone, R.D., Im, S. et al. Binding of melanotropic hormones to the melanocortin receptor MC1R on human melanocytes stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis. Endocrinology 137, 1627-1633 (1996).
    • (1996) Endocrinology , vol.137 , pp. 1627-1633
    • Suzuki, I.1    Cone, R.D.2    Im, S.3
  • 26
    • 0034564570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The melanocortin-1 receptor is a key regulator of human cutaneous pigmentation
    • Abdel-Malek, Z., Scott, M.C., Suzuki, I. et al. The melanocortin-1 receptor is a key regulator of human cutaneous pigmentation. Pigment Cell Res. 13 (Suppl. 8), 156S-1562S (2000).
    • (2000) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.13 , Issue.8 SUPPL.
    • Abdel-Malek, Z.1    Scott, M.C.2    Suzuki, I.3
  • 27
    • 0030970586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agouti signaling protein inhibits melanogenesis and the response of human melanocytes to α-melanotropin
    • Suzuki, I.,Tada, A., Ollmann, M.M. et al. Agouti signaling protein inhibits melanogenesis and the response of human melanocytes to α-melanotropin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 108, 838-842 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.108 , pp. 838-842
    • Suzuki, I.1    Tada, A.2    Ollmann, M.M.3
  • 28
    • 0030203758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of agouti signal protein and melanocyte stimulating hormone to regulate melanin formation in mammals
    • Furumura, M., Sakai, C. and Abdel-Malek, Z. The interaction of agouti signal protein and melanocyte stimulating hormone to regulate melanin formation in mammals. Pigment Cell Res. 9, 191-203 (1996).
    • (1996) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.9 , pp. 191-203
    • Furumura, M.1    Sakai, C.2    Abdel-Malek, Z.3
  • 29
    • 0034049758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histamine induces melanogenesis and morphologic changes by protein kinase A activation via H2 receptors in human normal melanocytes
    • Yoshida, M., Takahashi, Y. and Inoue, S. Histamine induces melanogenesis and morphologic changes by protein kinase A activation via H2 receptors in human normal melanocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114, 334-342 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.114 , pp. 334-342
    • Yoshida, M.1    Takahashi, Y.2    Inoue, S.3
  • 30
    • 1842289216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide produced by ultraviolet-irradiated keratinocytes stimulates melanogenesis
    • Roméro-Graillet, C., Aberdam, E., Clément, M. et al. Nitric oxide produced by ultraviolet-irradiated keratinocytes stimulates melanogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 635-642 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.99 , pp. 635-642
    • Roméro-Graillet, C.1    Aberdam, E.2    Clément, M.3
  • 31
    • 0025504369 scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase C and linoleic acid-induced inhibition of melanogenesis
    • Ando, H., Oka, M., Mishima, Y. and Ichihashi, M. Protein kinase C and linoleic acid-induced inhibition of melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Res. 3, 2000-2006 (1990).
    • (1990) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.3 , pp. 2000-2006
    • Ando, H.1    Oka, M.2    Mishima, Y.3    Ichihashi, M.4
  • 32
    • 0032800215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible involvement of proteolytic degradation of tyrosinase in the regulatory effect of fatty acids on melanogenesis
    • Ando, H., Funasaka, Y., Oka, M. et al. Possible involvement of proteolytic degradation of tyrosinase in the regulatory effect of fatty acids on melanogenesis. J. Lipid Res. 40, 1312-1316 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Lipid Res. , vol.40 , pp. 1312-1316
    • Ando, H.1    Funasaka, Y.2    Oka, M.3
  • 33
    • 0242392145 scopus 로고
    • Méthodes d'objectivation des effets des agents dépigmentants chez l'homme
    • Montastier, C., Nguyen, Q.L. and Giacomoni, P. Méthodes d'objectivation des effets des agents dépigmentants chez l'homme. J. Med. Esthet. Chir. Dermatol. 22, 93-103 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Med. Esthet. Chir. Dermatol. , vol.22 , pp. 93-103
    • Montastier, C.1    Nguyen, Q.L.2    Giacomoni, P.3
  • 34
    • 0033151675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A standardized protocol for assessing regulators of pigmentation
    • Virador, V.M., Kobayashi, N., Matsunaga, J. et al. A standardized protocol for assessing regulators of pigmentation. Anal. Biochem. 270, 207-219 (1999).
    • (1999) Anal. Biochem. , vol.270 , pp. 207-219
    • Virador, V.M.1    Kobayashi, N.2    Matsunaga, J.3
  • 35
    • 0016263305 scopus 로고
    • Purification and properties of tyrosinase inhibitor from mushrooms
    • Madhosingh, C. and Sundberg, L. Purification and properties of tyrosinase inhibitor from mushrooms. FEBS Lett. 49, 156-158 (1974).
    • (1974) FEBS Lett. , vol.49 , pp. 156-158
    • Madhosingh, C.1    Sundberg, L.2
  • 36
    • 0029867957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of diethylaminoethyl-cellulose membrane filters in a bioassay to quantify melanin synthesis
    • Schmidt, R., Krien, P. and Régnier, M. The use of diethylaminoethyl-cellulose membrane filters in a bioassay to quantify melanin synthesis. Anal. Biochem. 235, 113-118 (1996).
    • (1996) Anal. Biochem. , vol.235 , pp. 113-118
    • Schmidt, R.1    Krien, P.2    Régnier, M.3
  • 37
    • 0030950478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of pigment skin reconstructs in the study of pigment modifiers
    • Bessou, S., Pain, C. and Taïeb, A. Use of pigment skin reconstructs in the study of pigment modifiers. Arch. Dermatol. 133, 331-336 (1997).
    • (1997) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.133 , pp. 331-336
    • Bessou, S.1    Pain, C.2    Taïeb, A.3
  • 38
    • 0033217682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keratinocyte-melanocyte co-cultures and pigmented reconstructed human epidermis, models to study modulation of melanogenesis
    • Régnier, M., Duval, C., Galey, J.B. et al. Keratinocyte- melanocyte co-cultures and pigmented reconstructed human epidermis, models to study modulation of melanogenesis. Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 969-980 (1999).
    • (1999) Cell. Mol. Biol. , vol.45 , pp. 969-980
    • Régnier, M.1    Duval, C.2    Galey, J.B.3
  • 39
    • 0029741098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for measurement of skin colour and erythema
    • Fullerton, A., Fischer, T., Lahti, A. et al. Guidelines for measurement of skin colour and erythema. Contact Dermatitis 31, 1-10 (1996).
    • (1996) Contact Dermatitis , vol.31 , pp. 1-10
    • Fullerton, A.1    Fischer, T.2    Lahti, A.3
  • 41
  • 42
    • 0028330111 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometric and tristimulus colorimetric measurements of skin color
    • Takiwaki, H., Overgaard, L. and Serup, J. Comparison of narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometric and tristimulus colorimetric measurements of skin color. Skin Pharmacol. 7, 217-225 (1994).
    • (1994) Skin Pharmacol. , vol.7 , pp. 217-225
    • Takiwaki, H.1    Overgaard, L.2    Serup, J.3
  • 44
    • 0001441927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narrow-band spectrophotometry and tristimulus colorimetry for the assessment of skin colour
    • Piérard, G.E. Narrow-band spectrophotometry and tristimulus colorimetry for the assessment of skin colour. Gior. Int. Dermatol. Ped. 8, 193-196 (1996).
    • (1996) Gior. Int. Dermatol. Ped. , vol.8 , pp. 193-196
    • Piérard, G.E.1
  • 45
    • 0032956045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remittance spectroscopy mapping of human skin in vivo
    • Karamfilov, Th., Weichold, S., Karte, K. et al. Remittance spectroscopy mapping of human skin in vivo. Skin Res. Technol. 5, 49-52 (1999).
    • (1999) Skin Res. Technol. , vol.5 , pp. 49-52
    • Karamfilov, Th.1    Weichold, S.2    Karte, K.3
  • 46
    • 0034426861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo spectroscopy in dermatology, methods and new fields of application
    • Liebold, K., Fassler, D., Schmidt, W.D. et al. In vivo spectroscopy in dermatology, methods and new fields of application. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Vener. 14, 1-4 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Vener. , vol.14 , pp. 1-4
    • Liebold, K.1    Fassler, D.2    Schmidt, W.D.3
  • 47
  • 48
    • 0031058508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluorescence photography in the evaluation of hyperpigmentation in photodamaged skin
    • Kollias, N., Gillies, R., Cohen-Goihman, C., Phillips, S.B. et al. Fluorescence photography in the evaluation of hyperpigmentation in photodamaged skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 36, 226-230 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , vol.36 , pp. 226-230
    • Kollias, N.1    Gillies, R.2    Cohen-Goihman, C.3    Phillips, S.B.4
  • 49
    • 0036088244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women
    • Hermanns, J.F., Petit, L., Piérard-Franchimont, C. et al. Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women. Dermatology 204, 281-286 (2002).
    • (2002) Dermatology , vol.204 , pp. 281-286
    • Hermanns, J.F.1    Petit, L.2    Piérard-Franchimont, C.3
  • 50
    • 0141650730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytic quantification of solar lentigines lightening by a 2% hydroquinone-cyclodextrin formulation
    • in press
    • Petit, L. and Piérard, G.E. Analytic quantification of solar lentigines lightening by a 2% hydroquinone-cyclodextrin formulation. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Vener. (in press).
    • J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Vener.
    • Petit, L.1    Piérard, G.E.2
  • 51
    • 0023882897 scopus 로고
    • The validity and practicality of sunreactive skin types I through VI
    • Fitzpatrick, T.B. The validity and practicality of sunreactive skin types I through VI. Arch. Dermatol. 124, 869-871 (1988).
    • (1988) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.124 , pp. 869-871
    • Fitzpatrick, T.B.1
  • 52
    • 0036290722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of a high-resolution digital imaging system for the objective and quantitative assessment of hyperpigmented spots on the face
    • Miyamoto, K., Takiwaki, H., Hillebrand, G. et al. Utilization of a high-resolution digital imaging system for the objective and quantitative assessment of hyperpigmented spots on the face. Skin Res. Technol. 8, 73-77 (2002).
    • (2002) Skin Res. Technol. , vol.8 , pp. 73-77
    • Miyamoto, K.1    Takiwaki, H.2    Hillebrand, G.3
  • 53
    • 0036854627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a digital imaging system for objective measurement off hyperpigmented spots on the face
    • Miyamoto, K., Takiwaki, H., Hillebrand, G.G. and Arase, S. Development of a digital imaging system for objective measurement off hyperpigmented spots on the face. Skin Res. Technol. 8, 227-235 (2002).
    • (2002) Skin Res. Technol. , vol.8 , pp. 227-235
    • Miyamoto, K.1    Takiwaki, H.2    Hillebrand, G.G.3    Arase, S.4
  • 54
    • 0023579891 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of aging and actinic damages by cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings
    • Piérard-Franchimont, C. and Piérard, G.E. Assessment of aging and actinic damages by cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 9, 500-509 (1987).
    • (1987) Am. J. Dermatopathol. , vol.9 , pp. 500-509
    • Piérard-Franchimont, C.1    Piérard, G.E.2
  • 55
    • 0035078832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical therapies for melasma and disorders of hyperpigmentation
    • Jimbow, K. and Minamitsuji, Y. Topical therapies for melasma and disorders of hyperpigmentation. Dermatol. Ther. 14, 35-45 (2001).
    • (2001) Dermatol. Ther. , vol.14 , pp. 35-45
    • Jimbow, K.1    Minamitsuji, Y.2
  • 56
    • 0016727656 scopus 로고
    • A new formula for depigmenting human skin
    • Kligman, A.M. and Willis, I. A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Arch. Dermatol. 111, 40-48 (1975).
    • (1975) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.111 , pp. 40-48
    • Kligman, A.M.1    Willis, I.2
  • 57
    • 0030004467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions
    • Garcia, A. and Fulton, J.E. The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions. Dermatol. Surg. 22, 443-447 (1996).
    • (1996) Dermatol. Surg. , vol.22 , pp. 443-447
    • Garcia, A.1    Fulton, J.E.2
  • 58
    • 0032903332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid
    • Lim, J.T.E. Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol. Surg. 25, 282-284 (1999).
    • (1999) Dermatol. Surg. , vol.25 , pp. 282-284
    • Lim, J.T.E.1
  • 59
    • 0035729114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New combined treatment of hypermelanosis, analytical studies on efficacy and stability improvement
    • Ferioli, V., Rustichelli, C. Pavesi, G. and Gamberini, G. New combined treatment of hypermelanosis, analytical studies on efficacy and stability improvement. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 23, 333-340 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 333-340
    • Ferioli, V.1    Rustichelli, C.2    Pavesi, G.3    Gamberini, G.4
  • 60
    • 0031689030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human in vivo and in vitro hydroquinone topical bioavailability, metabolism and disposition
    • Wester, R.C., Melendres, J., Hui, X. et al. Human in vivo and in vitro hydroquinone topical bioavailability, metabolism and disposition. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54, 301-317 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , vol.54 , pp. 301-317
    • Wester, R.C.1    Melendres, J.2    Hui, X.3
  • 61
    • 0024234299 scopus 로고
    • Selective cytotoxicity of hydroquinone for melanocyte-derived cells is mediated by tyrosinase activity but independent of melanin content
    • Smith, C.J., O'Hare, K.B. and Allen, J.C. Selective cytotoxicity of hydroquinone for melanocyte-derived cells is mediated by tyrosinase activity but independent of melanin content. Pigment Cell Res. 1, 386-389 (1988).
    • (1988) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.1 , pp. 386-389
    • Smith, C.J.1    O'Hare, K.B.2    Allen, J.C.3
  • 62
    • 0026029609 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of inhibition of melanogenesis by hydroquinone
    • Palumb, A., Dischia, M. and Misuraca, G. Mechanism of inhibition of melanogenesis by hydroquinone. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1073, 85-90 (1991).
    • (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Acta , vol.1073 , pp. 85-90
    • Palumb, A.1    Dischia, M.2    Misuraca, G.3
  • 63
    • 0029082283 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone by cystamine and buthionine sulfoximine
    • Bolognia. J.L., Sodi, S.A., Osber, M.P. and Pawelek, J.M. Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone by cystamine and buthionine sulfoximine. Br. J. Dermatol. 133, 349-357 (1995).
    • (1995) Br. J. Dermatol. , vol.133 , pp. 349-357
    • Bolognia, J.L.1    Sodi, S.A.2    Osber, M.P.3    Pawelek, J.M.4
  • 64
    • 0033022871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The toxicology of hydroquinone-relevance to occupational and environmental exposure
    • De Caprio, A.P. The toxicology of hydroquinone-relevance to occupational and environmental exposure. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 29, 283-230 (1999).
    • (1999) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.29 , pp. 283-1230
    • De Caprio, A.P.1
  • 65
    • 0022354425 scopus 로고
    • Ochronosis-like pigmentation from hydroquinone bleaching creams in American Blacks
    • Hoshow, R.A., Zimmerman, K.G. and Menter, A. Ochronosis-like pigmentation from hydroquinone bleaching creams in American Blacks. Arch. Dermatol. 121, 105-108 (1985).
    • (1985) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.121 , pp. 105-108
    • Hoshow, R.A.1    Zimmerman, K.G.2    Menter, A.3
  • 68
  • 69
    • 0034900925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options
    • Levin, C.Y. and Maibach, H. Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2, 213-217 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. , vol.2 , pp. 213-217
    • Levin, C.Y.1    Maibach, H.2
  • 70
    • 0242449070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypomelanoses and hypermelanoses
    • (I. M. Freedberg, A. Z. Eisen, K. Wolff, K. F. Austin, L. A. Goldsmith and S. I. Katz, eds), 6th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York
    • Ortonne J.P., Bahadoran P., Fitzpatrick, T.B., Mosher, D.B. and Hori, Y. Hypomelanoses and hypermelanoses. In: Dermatology in General Medicine (I. M. Freedberg, A. Z. Eisen, K. Wolff, K. F. Austin, L. A. Goldsmith and S. I. Katz, eds), 6th edn, pp. 836-880. McGraw-Hill, New York (2003).
    • (2003) Dermatology in General Medicine , pp. 836-880
    • Ortonne, J.P.1    Bahadoran, P.2    Fitzpatrick, T.B.3    Mosher, D.B.4    Hori, Y.5
  • 71
    • 0014801779 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of pigment cell toxicity produced by hydroxyanisole
    • Riley, P.A. Mechanism of pigment cell toxicity produced by hydroxyanisole. J. Pathol. 101, 163-169 (1970).
    • (1970) J. Pathol. , vol.101 , pp. 163-169
    • Riley, P.A.1
  • 72
    • 0026251851 scopus 로고
    • In vitro assessment of the structure activity relationship of tyrosinase dependent cytotoxicity of a series of substituted phenols
    • Naish-Byfleld, S., Cooksey, C.J., Later, A.M., Johnson, C.I. and Riley, P.A. In vitro assessment of the structure activity relationship of tyrosinase dependent cytotoxicity of a series of substituted phenols. Melanoma Res. 1, 273-287 (1991).
    • (1991) Melanoma Res. , vol.1 , pp. 273-287
    • Naish-Byfleld, S.1    Cooksey, C.J.2    Later, A.M.3    Johnson, C.I.4    Riley, P.A.5
  • 73
    • 0027170634 scopus 로고
    • Combination of 4-hydroxyanisole and all-trans-retinoic acid produces synergistic skin depigmentation in swine
    • Nair, X., Parab, P., Suhr, L. andTramposch, K.M. Combination of 4-hydroxyanisole and all-trans-retinoic acid produces synergistic skin depigmentation in swine. J. Invest Dermatol. 101, 145-149 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.101 , pp. 145-149
    • Nair, X.1    Parab, P.2    Suhr, L.3    Tramposch, K.M.4
  • 74
    • 12944305800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of 2% 4-hyroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented spots in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies
    • Fleisher, A.B., Schwartzel, E.H., Colby, S.I. et al. The combination of 2% 4-hyroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented spots in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42, 459-467 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , vol.42 , pp. 459-467
    • Fleisher, A.B.1    Schwartzel, E.H.2    Colby, S.I.3
  • 75
    • 0037641045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone and 4-hydroxyanisole by all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin): The impairment of glutathione-dependent cytoprotection?
    • Kasraee, B., Handjani, F. and Aslani, F.S. Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone and 4-hydroxyanisole by all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin): the impairment of glutathione-dependent cytoprotection? Dermatology 206, 289-291 (2003).
    • (2003) Dermatology , vol.206 , pp. 289-291
    • Kasraee, B.1    Handjani, F.2    Aslani, F.S.3
  • 76
    • 0030076508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arbutin, mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture
    • Maeda, K. and Fukuda, M. Arbutin, mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276, 765-769 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.276 , pp. 765-769
    • Maeda, K.1    Fukuda, M.2
  • 77
    • 0028120825 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of melasma with potent topical corticosteroids
    • Kanwar, A.J., Dhar, S. and Kaur, S. Treatment of melasma with potent topical corticosteroids. Dermatology 188, 170 (1994).
    • (1994) Dermatology , vol.188 , pp. 170
    • Kanwar, A.J.1    Dhar, S.2    Kaur, S.3
  • 78
    • 0028275007 scopus 로고
    • Complications dermatologiques de l'utilisation cosmétique de produits dépigmentants à Bamako (Mali)
    • Mahé, A., Keita, S. and Bobin. P. Complications dermatologiques de l'utilisation cosmétique de produits dépigmentants à Bamako (Mali). Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 121, 142-146 (1994).
    • (1994) Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. , vol.121 , pp. 142-146
    • Mahé, A.1    Keita, S.2    Bobin, P.3
  • 79
    • 0034927478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dépigmentation cutanée à visée cosmétique. Enquête de prévalence et effets indésirables, dans une population féminine séné galaise
    • Raynaud, E., Cellier, C. and Perret, J.L. Dépigmentation cutanée à visée cosmétique. Enquête de prévalence et effets indésirables, dans une population féminine sénégalaise. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 128, 720-724 (2001).
    • (2001) Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. , vol.128 , pp. 720-724
    • Raynaud, E.1    Cellier, C.2    Perret, J.L.3
  • 81
    • 0027379685 scopus 로고
    • Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma, a vehicle-controlled clinical trial
    • Griffiths, C.E.M., Finkel, L.J., Ditre, C.M. et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma, a vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Br. J. Dermatol. 129, 415-421 (1993).
    • (1993) Br. J. Dermatol. , vol.129 , pp. 415-421
    • Griffiths, C.E.M.1    Finkel, L.J.2    Ditre, C.M.3
  • 82
    • 0028334306 scopus 로고
    • Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients
    • Kimbrough-Green, C.K., Griffiths, C.E.M., Finkel, L.J. et al. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. Arch. Dermatol, 130, 727-733 (1994).
    • (1994) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.130 , pp. 727-733
    • Kimbrough-Green, C.K.1    Griffiths, C.E.M.2    Finkel, L.J.3
  • 84
    • 0029015646 scopus 로고
    • Retinoids inhibit mammalian glutathione transferases
    • Kulkarni, A.A. and Kulkarni, A.P. Retinoids inhibit mammalian glutathione transferases. Cancer Lett. 91, 185-189 (1995).
    • (1995) Cancer Lett. , vol.91 , pp. 185-189
    • Kulkarni, A.A.1    Kulkarni, A.P.2
  • 85
    • 0027183883 scopus 로고
    • The human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 gene: Modulation of expression by retinoic acid and insulin
    • Xia, C., Taylor, J.B., Spencer, S.R. and Ketterer, B. The human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 gene: modulation of expression by retinoic acid and insulin. Biochem. J. 292, 845-850 (1993).
    • (1993) Biochem. J. , vol.292 , pp. 845-850
    • Xia, C.1    Taylor, J.B.2    Spencer, S.R.3    Ketterer, B.4
  • 86
    • 0026488570 scopus 로고
    • Colorimetric assessment of the effects of azelaic acid on light-induced skin pigmentation
    • Duteil, L. and Ortonne, J.P. Colorimetric assessment of the effects of azelaic acid on light-induced skin pigmentation. Photodermat. Photoimmun. Photomed. 9, 67-71 (1992).
    • (1992) Photodermat. Photoimmun. Photomed. , vol.9 , pp. 67-71
    • Duteil, L.1    Ortonne, J.P.2
  • 87
    • 0002757739 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological properties of azelaic acid, a rationale for clinical use
    • Breathnach, A. S. Pharmacological properties of azelaic acid, a rationale for clinical use. Clin. Drug Invest. 10 (Suppl. 2). 27-33 (1995).
    • (1995) Clin. Drug Invest. , vol.10 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 27-33
    • Breathnach, A.S.1
  • 88
    • 0029598778 scopus 로고
    • 20% azelaic acid cream in the topical treatment of melasma, a double-blind comparison with 2% hydroquinone
    • Sivayathorn, A., Verralo-Rowell, V. and Graupe, K. 20% azelaic acid cream in the topical treatment of melasma, a double-blind comparison with 2% hydroquinone. Eur. J. Dermatol 5, 680-684 (1995).
    • (1995) Eur. J. Dermatol. , vol.5 , pp. 680-684
    • Sivayathorn, A.1    Verralo-Rowell, V.2    Graupe, K.3
  • 89
    • 0031758932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients
    • Lowe, N.J., Rizk, D., Grimes, P. et al. Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients. Clin. Ther. 20, 945-959 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Ther. , vol.20 , pp. 945-959
    • Lowe, N.J.1    Rizk, D.2    Grimes, P.3
  • 90
    • 0036974690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid cream monotherapy versus a sequential therapy in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients
    • Sarkar, R., Bhalla, M. and Kanwar, A.J. A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid cream monotherapy versus a sequential therapy in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients. Dermatology 205, 249-254 (2002).
    • (2002) Dermatology , vol.205 , pp. 249-254
    • Sarkar, R.1    Bhalla, M.2    Kanwar, A.J.3
  • 91
    • 0031760825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azelaic acid and glycolic acid combination therapy for facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients, a clinical comparison with hydroquinone
    • Kakita, L.S. and Lowe, N.J. Azelaic acid and glycolic acid combination therapy for facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients, a clinical comparison with hydroquinone. Clin. Ther. 20, 960-970 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Ther. , vol.20 , pp. 960-970
    • Kakita, L.S.1    Lowe, N.J.2
  • 92
    • 0028597093 scopus 로고
    • Kojic acid, a cosmetic skin whitening agent, is a slow-binding inhibitor of catecholase activity of tyrosinase
    • Cabanes, J., Chazzarra, S. and Garcia-Carmona, F. Kojic acid, a cosmetic skin whitening agent, is a slow-binding inhibitor of catecholase activity of tyrosinase. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46, 982-985 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , vol.46 , pp. 982-985
    • Cabanes, J.1    Chazzarra, S.2    Garcia-Carmona, F.3
  • 93
    • 0032903332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid
    • Lim, J.T. Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol. Surg. 25, 282-284 (1999).
    • (1999) Dermatol. Surg. , vol.25 , pp. 282-284
    • Lim, J.T.1
  • 94
    • 0034912781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and quantitative analysis of kojic acid and arbutine in skin-whitening cosmetics
    • Masse, M.O., Duvallet, V. and Borremans, M. Identification and quantitative analysis of kojic acid and arbutine in skin-whitening cosmetics. Int. Cosmet. Sci. 23, 219-232 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. Cosmet. Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 219-232
    • Masse, M.O.1    Duvallet, V.2    Borremans, M.3
  • 95
    • 0027453615 scopus 로고
    • Effect of L-ascorbic acid on the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase
    • Ros, J.R., Rodriguez-Lopes, J.N. and Garcia-Canovas, F. Effect of L-ascorbic acid on the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase. Biochem. J. 295, 309-312 (1993).
    • (1993) Biochem. J. , vol.295 , pp. 309-312
    • Ros, J.R.1    Rodriguez-Lopes, J.N.2    Garcia-Canovas, F.3
  • 96
    • 13344285332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of magnesium 1-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and invivo
    • Kameyama, K., Sakai, C., Kondoh, S. et al. Inhibitory effect of magnesium 1-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and invivo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 34, 29-33 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , vol.34 , pp. 29-33
    • Kameyama, K.1    Sakai, C.2    Kondoh, S.3
  • 97
    • 0242532775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new cosmeceutical with a skin lightening activity, second note. The combining whitening activity of a hydrosoluble and a liposoluble vitamin C derivative
    • Morganti, P., Fabrizi, G., Morganti, G. and Guarneri, F. A new cosmeceutical with a skin lightening activity, second note. The combining whitening activity of a hydrosoluble and a liposoluble vitamin C derivative. SOFW J. 128, 23-25 (2002).
    • (2002) SOFW J. , vol.128 , pp. 23-25
    • Morganti, P.1    Fabrizi, G.2    Morganti, G.3    Guarneri, F.4
  • 98
    • 0014474935 scopus 로고
    • Studies on L-ascorbic acid derivatives. Part II. L-Ascorbic acid and 3-phosphate and 3-pyrophosphate
    • Nomura, H., Ishiguro, T. and Morimoto, S. Studies on L-ascorbic acid derivatives. Part II. L-Ascorbic acid and 3-phosphate and 3-pyrophosphate. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 17, 381-386 (1989).
    • (1989) Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) , vol.17 , pp. 381-386
    • Nomura, H.1    Ishiguro, T.2    Morimoto, S.3
  • 99
    • 0038316424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin C iontophoresis in melasma
    • Huh, C.H., Seo, K.I., Park, J.Y., Lim, J.G., Eun, H.C. and Park, K.C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin C iontophoresis in melasma. Dermatology 206, 316-320 (2003).
    • (2003) Dermatology , vol.206 , pp. 316-320
    • Huh, C.H.1    Seo, K.I.2    Park, J.Y.3    Lim, J.G.4    Eun, H.C.5    Park, K.C.6
  • 100
    • 0036068103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer
    • Hakozaki, T., Minwalla, L., Zhuang, J. et al. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br. J. Dermatol. 147, 20-31 (2002).
    • (2002) Br. J. Dermatol. , vol.147 , pp. 20-31
    • Hakozaki, T.1    Minwalla, L.2    Zhuang, J.3
  • 101
    • 0042000719 scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effects of 4-N-butyl-resorcinol on melanogenesis
    • Okubo, T., Oyobikawa, M., Futaki, H. et al The inhibitory effects of 4-N-butyl-resorcinol on melanogenesis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 10, 88-92 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Dermatol. Sci. , vol.10 , pp. 88-92
    • Okubo, T.1    Oyobikawa, M.2    Futaki, H.3
  • 102
    • 0033868470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of glycolic acid on light-induced skin pigmentation in Asian and Caucasian subjects
    • Tsai, T.F., Paul, B.H., Jee, S.H. et al. Effects of glycolic acid on light-induced skin pigmentation in Asian and Caucasian subjects. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, 238-243 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , vol.43 , pp. 238-243
    • Tsai, T.F.1    Paul, B.H.2    Jee, S.H.3
  • 103
    • 0033013808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups
    • Grimes, P.E. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol. Surg. 25, 18-22 (1999).
    • (1999) Dermatol. Surg. , vol.25 , pp. 18-22
    • Grimes, P.E.1
  • 104
    • 0033962062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of hyperpigmentation
    • Pandya, A.G. and Guevara, I.L. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. Dermatol, Clin. 18, 91-98 (2000).
    • (2000) Dermatol. Clin. , vol.18 , pp. 91-98
    • Pandya, A.G.1    Guevara, I.L.2
  • 105
    • 0028287786 scopus 로고
    • Tyrosinase inhibitors for Anacardium occidentale fruits
    • Kubo, I., Kinst-Hori, I. and Yokokawa, Y. Tyrosinase inhibitors for Anacardium occidentale fruits, J. Nat. Prod. 57, 545-551 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Nat. Prod. , vol.57 , pp. 545-551
    • Kubo, I.1    Kinst-Hori, I.2    Yokokawa, Y.3
  • 106
    • 0033879577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ellagic acid on melanogenesis inhibition
    • Shimogaki, H., Tanaka, Y., Tamai, H. and Masuda, M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ellagic acid on melanogenesis inhibition. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 22, 291-303 (2000).
    • (2000) Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 291-303
    • Shimogaki, H.1    Tanaka, Y.2    Tamai, H.3    Masuda, M.4
  • 107
    • 0032562101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxyresveratrol as the potent inhibitor on dopa oxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase
    • Shin, N.H., Ryu, S.Y., Choi, E.J. et al. Oxyresveratrol as the potent inhibitor on dopa oxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243, 801-803 (1998).
    • (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.243 , pp. 801-803
    • Shin, N.H.1    Ryu, S.Y.2    Choi, E.J.3
  • 108
    • 0034043215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resveratrol, an original mechanism on tyrosinase inhibition
    • Bernard, P. and Berthon, J.Y. Resveratrol, an original mechanism on tyrosinase inhibition. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 22, 219-226 (2000).
    • (2000) Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 219-226
    • Bernard, P.1    Berthon, J.Y.2
  • 109
    • 0242617466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of kojic acid and oil-soluble licorice extract on melanogenesis
    • Hoshino, T., Naru, E., Koide, C. et al. Effects of kojic acid and oil-soluble licorice extract on melanogenesis. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Japan 32, 153-159 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Japan , vol.32 , pp. 153-159
    • Hoshino, T.1    Naru, E.2    Koide, C.3
  • 110
    • 0032239708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation
    • Yokota, T., Nishio, H., Kubota, Y. et al. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation, Pigment Cell Res. 11, 355-361 (1998).
    • (1998) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.11 , pp. 355-361
    • Yokota, T.1    Nishio, H.2    Kubota, Y.3
  • 111
    • 0032929466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contact allergy due to oil soluble licorice extracts in cosmetics products
    • Nishioka, K. and Seguchi, T. Contact allergy due to oil soluble licorice extracts in cosmetics products. Contact Dermat. 40, 56 (1999).
    • (1999) Contact Dermat. , vol.40 , pp. 56
    • Nishioka, K.1    Seguchi, T.2
  • 112
    • 0031711547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin
    • Ando, H., Ryu, A., Hashimoto, A. et al. Linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 290, 375-381 (1998).
    • (1998) Arch. Dermatol. Res. , vol.290 , pp. 375-381
    • Ando, H.1    Ryu, A.2    Hashimoto, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.