Ethnic Conflict and Democratic Consolidation in Taiwan: Dissolving the Logic of Nation-State and Democratic Policies

Issues and Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 77-93

  Chang, Yu Tzung ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Conflict displacement; Crosscutting; Cultural consolidation; Democratic consolidation; Democratic policy; Ethnic conflict; Nationalizing state policies; Unidimensionality

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242382500     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Larry Diamond, "Is the Third Wave Over?" Journal of Democracy 7, no 3 (July 1996): 20.
2. Hung-mao Tien and Yun-han Chu, "Taiwan's Democratic Political Reforms, Institutional Change and Power Realignment," in Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific in the 1990s, ed. Gary Klintworth (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 2-3; Yun-han Chu, "Taiwan's Unique Challenges," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 3 (July 1996): 69-71.
3. Hung-mao Tien and Yun-han Chu, "Taiwan's Democratic Political Reforms, Institutional Change and Power Realignment," in Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific in the 1990s, ed. Gary Klintworth (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 2-3; Yun-han Chu, "Taiwan's Unique Challenges," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 3 (July 1996): 69-71.
4. Samuel P. Huntington, "Democracy for the Long Haul," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 10.
5. On the building of overlapping consensus in a pluralistic society, see John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), part 1.
6. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1950), 269.
7. Terry Lynn Karl, "The Hybrid Regimes of Central America," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 3 (July 1995): 73.
8. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23, no. 1 (October 1990): 2.
9. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes," in Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective, ed. Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), 18.
10. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, Issues in Democratic Consolidation, 62-70.
11. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, "Toward Consolidated Democracy," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 16.
12. Leonardo Morlino, "Consolidation and Party Government in Southern Europe," International Political Science Review 16, no. 2 (April 1995): 161-62.
13. Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995), 21-25.
14. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 19-26.
15. Michael Burton, John Higley, and Richard Gunther, "Introduction: Elite Transformation and Democratic Regime," in Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, ed. John Higley and Richard Gunther (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 20-35.
16. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (London: Polity Press, 1992), 46-47.
17. From the point of view of substantive content, Gabriel A. Almond classifies political culture into three categories: system culture, process culture, and policy culture. The system culture of a nation consists of the distributions of attitudes toward the national community, the regime, and the authorities. These include the sense of national identity, attitudes toward the legitimacy of the regime and its various institutions, and attitudes toward the legitimacy and effectiveness of the individual political incumbents. The process culture of a nation includes attitudes toward the self in politics (e.g., parochial-subject-participant), and attitudes toward other political actors (e.g., trust, cooperative competence, hostility). Policy culture consists of the distribution of preferences regarding the outputs and outcomes of politics, the ordered among different groupings of such political values as welfare, security, and liberty. See Gabriel A. Almond, "The Intellectual History of the Civic Culture Concept," in The Civic Culture Revisited, ed. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba (Boston: Little Brown, 1980), 27-28; and Gabriel A. Almond, A Discipline Divided (New Bury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1990), 153.
18. From the point of view of substantive content, Gabriel A. Almond classifies political culture into three categories: system culture, process culture, and policy culture. The system culture of a nation consists of the distributions of attitudes toward the national community, the regime, and the authorities. These include the sense of national identity, attitudes toward the legitimacy of the regime and its various institutions, and attitudes toward the legitimacy and effectiveness of the individual political incumbents. The process culture of a nation includes attitudes toward the self in politics (e.g., parochial-subject-participant), and attitudes toward other political actors (e.g., trust, cooperative competence, hostility). Policy culture consists of the distribution of preferences regarding the outputs and outcomes of politics, the ordered among different groupings of such political values as welfare, security, and liberty. See Gabriel A. Almond, "The Intellectual History of the Civic Culture Concept," in The Civic Culture Revisited, ed. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba (Boston: Little Brown, 1980), 27-28; and Gabriel A. Almond, A Discipline Divided (New Bury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1990), 153.
19. Tse-min Lin, Yun-han Chu, and Melvin Hinich, "A Spatial Model of Political Competition in Taiwan," World Politics 48, no. 4 (July 1996): 453-56.
20. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 86-99.
21. Larry Diamond, "Causes and Effects," in Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, ed. Larry Diamond (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992), 422-26.
22. Linz and Stepan, "Toward Consolidated Democracy," 23.
23. For the impact of democratization on economic development, see Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Karen L. Remmer, "New Theoretical Perspective on Democratization," Comparative Politics 28, no. 1 (October 1995): 103-22; Omar G. Encarnacion, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," ibid., no. 4 (July 1996): 477-92; and Cheng-tian Kuo, "A Structuralist View of Democratization and Economic Development in East Asia" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 1996).
24. For the impact of democratization on economic development, see Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Karen L. Remmer, "New Theoretical Perspective on Democratization," Comparative Politics 28, no. 1 (October 1995): 103-22; Omar G. Encarnacion, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," ibid., no. 4 (July 1996): 477-92; and Cheng-tian Kuo, "A Structuralist View of Democratization and Economic Development in East Asia" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 1996).
25. For the impact of democratization on economic development, see Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Karen L. Remmer, "New Theoretical Perspective on Democratization," Comparative Politics 28, no. 1 (October 1995): 103-22; Omar G. Encarnacion, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," ibid., no. 4 (July 1996): 477-92; and Cheng-tian Kuo, "A Structuralist View of Democratization and Economic Development in East Asia" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 1996).
26. For the impact of democratization on economic development, see Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Karen L. Remmer, "New Theoretical Perspective on Democratization," Comparative Politics 28, no. 1 (October 1995): 103-22; Omar G. Encarnacion, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," ibid., no. 4 (July 1996): 477-92; and Cheng-tian Kuo, "A Structuralist View of Democratization and Economic Development in East Asia" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 1996).
27. Huntington, "Democracy for the Long Haul," 6.
28. Elmer E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press, 1960), 71.
29. For the background and essence of Taiwan's ethnic conflicts, see Wu Nai-te, "A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and national identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 27-52; Chang Mao-kuei, "Place of Origin and Nationalism," ibid., 233-78; and Chao Kang, "New or Old Nationalism?" Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan (Taiwan: Radical Quarterly in Social Studies) (Taipei), no. 21 (January 1996): 1-72. For the study of the political theories on ethnic conflict, see the following two papers presented at the Symposium on Taiwan's Democratization Beyond the Twentieth Century held in Taipei on July 7-8, 1996: Chiang Yi-hua, "National Identity under the Free and Democratic System" and Hsiao Kao-yan, "National Identity, Nationalism, and Constitutional Democracy: The Development and Reflections of Contemporary Political Philosophy."
30. For the background and essence of Taiwan's ethnic conflicts, see Wu Nai-te, "A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and national identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 27-52; Chang Mao-kuei, "Place of Origin and Nationalism," ibid., 233-78; and Chao Kang, "New or Old Nationalism?" Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan (Taiwan: Radical Quarterly in Social Studies) (Taipei), no. 21 (January 1996): 1-72. For the study of the political theories on ethnic conflict, see the following two papers presented at the Symposium on Taiwan's Democratization Beyond the Twentieth Century held in Taipei on July 7-8, 1996: Chiang Yi-hua, "National Identity under the Free and Democratic System" and Hsiao Kao-yan, "National Identity, Nationalism, and Constitutional Democracy: The Development and Reflections of Contemporary Political Philosophy."
31. For the background and essence of Taiwan's ethnic conflicts, see Wu Nai-te, "A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and national identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 27-52; Chang Mao-kuei, "Place of Origin and Nationalism," ibid., 233-78; and Chao Kang, "New or Old Nationalism?" Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan (Taiwan: Radical Quarterly in Social Studies) (Taipei), no. 21 (January 1996): 1-72. For the study of the political theories on ethnic conflict, see the following two papers presented at the Symposium on Taiwan's Democratization Beyond the Twentieth Century held in Taipei on July 7-8, 1996: Chiang Yi-hua, "National Identity under the Free and Democratic System" and Hsiao Kao-yan, "National Identity, Nationalism, and Constitutional Democracy: The Development and Reflections of Contemporary Political Philosophy."
32. For the background and essence of Taiwan's ethnic conflicts, see Wu Nai-te, "A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and national identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 27-52; Chang Mao-kuei, "Place of Origin and Nationalism," ibid., 233-78; and Chao Kang, "New or Old Nationalism?" Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan (Taiwan: Radical Quarterly in Social Studies) (Taipei), no. 21 (January 1996): 1-72. For the study of the political theories on ethnic conflict, see the following two papers presented at the Symposium on Taiwan's Democratization Beyond the Twentieth Century held in Taipei on July 7-8, 1996: Chiang Yi-hua, "National Identity under the Free and Democratic System" and Hsiao Kao-yan, "National Identity, Nationalism, and Constitutional Democracy: The Development and Reflections of Contemporary Political Philosophy."
33. For the background and essence of Taiwan's ethnic conflicts, see Wu Nai-te, "A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and national identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 27-52; Chang Mao-kuei, "Place of Origin and Nationalism," ibid., 233-78; and Chao Kang, "New or Old Nationalism?" Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan (Taiwan: Radical Quarterly in Social Studies) (Taipei), no. 21 (January 1996): 1-72. For the study of the political theories on ethnic conflict, see the following two papers presented at the Symposium on Taiwan's Democratization Beyond the Twentieth Century held in Taipei on July 7-8, 1996: Chiang Yi-hua, "National Identity under the Free and Democratic System" and Hsiao Kao-yan, "National Identity, Nationalism, and Constitutional Democracy: The Development and Reflections of Contemporary Political Philosophy."
34. Wang Pu-chang, "Taiwan's Democracy and Ethnic Politics" (Paper presented at the Symposium on the Building and Consolidation of Taiwan's Democracy sponsored by the Taiwan Study Foundation, Taoyuan, February 1995), 3-7.
35. Linz and Stepan, "Toward Consolidated Democracy," 23-24.
36. Wu Nai-te, "Liberalism and Ethnic Identification," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan (Journal of Taiwan Political Science) (Taipei), no. 1 (1996): 24.
37. After the 1992 and 1995 legislative elections, the Electoral Behavior Study Group of the Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Taiwan University also conducted a questionnaire survey concerning ethnic identity. Although the statistics are somewhat different from those obtained by the Election Study Center of National Chengchi University, the general opinion gathered was largely the same. The questions given by Taiwan University included "Do you identify yourself as Chinese or Taiwanese?" In 1992, 27.2 percent considered themselves Taiwanese and 33.4 percent as Chinese, while 33.8 considered themselves both Taiwanese and Chinese. In the 1995 investigation, however, 35.7 percent of those interviewed regarded themselves as Taiwanese, 20 percent as Chinese and 40.4 percent as both. Those regarding themselves as Taiwanese thus increased by 8 percentage points, while those regarding themselves as Chinese decreased by 13 percentage points.
38. Donald L. Horowitz, "Democracy in Divided Societies," Journal of Democracy 4, no. 4 (October 1993): 29.
39. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), 108-11.
40. Teh-fu Huang and Yu-tzung Chang, "Toward a Three-Party Competition System? - Democratic Consolidation and Changes of the Political Party System in Taiwan," Zhengzhi xuebao (Journal of Political Science) (Taipei) 23 (1994): 197-225.
41. Chu Yun-han, "Party Competition, Conflict Structure, and Democratic Consolidation" (Paper presented at the Symposium on Taiwan's Democratization, Party Politics, and Elections sponsored by the Electoral Behavior Study Group of the Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, July 1994), 2.
42. Ted Gurr and Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994), 10-13.