Comparative induction of liver EROD and BaPMO activities in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) by benzo[a]pyrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: A laboratory study

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 377-400

  Bonacci, S ^a   Corsi, I ^a   Chiea, R ^a   Regoli, F ^b   Focardi, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anguilla anguilla; BaPMO; Biomarkers; Dioxins; EROD; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Indexed keywords

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PYRENE;

ANGUILLA ANGUILLA; BAPMO; BENZO(A)PYRENE; DIOXIN; ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES; EROD; EROD INDUCTION; EUROPEAN EEL ANGUILLA ANGUILLA; LABORATORY STUDIES; TETRACHLORODIBENZO P DIOXINS;

BIOMARKERS;

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; ETHOXYRESORUFIN DEETHYLASE; UNSPECIFIC MONOOXYGENASE;

ANIMAL TISSUE; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EEL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME INDUCTION; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; NONHUMAN; WATER POLLUTANT;

EID: 0242331166     PISSN: 10406638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. A. Goksøyr and L. Förlin, The Cytochrome P-450 System in Fish, Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Monitoring, Aquat. Toxicol. 22 (1992):287-312.
2. J. W. Farrington, E. D. Goldberg, R. W. Risebrought, J. H. Martin, and V. T. Bowen, U.S. "Mussel Watch" 1976-1978: An Overview of the Trace Metal, DDE, PCB, Hydrocarbon and Artificial Nuclide Data, Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 (1983):490-496.
3. C. J. Dawe, Implications of Aquatic Animal Health for Human Health, Environ. Health Perspect. 86 (1990):245-255.
4. M. E. Hahn, Biomarkers and Bioassays for Detecting Dioxin-like Compounds in the Marine Environment, Sci. Total Environ. 289 (2002):49-69.
5. R. van der Oost, F.-J. van Shooten, F. Ariese, H. Heida, K. Satumalay, and N. P. E. Vermeulen, Bioaccumulation, Biotransformation and DNA Binding of PAHs in Feral Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Exposed to Polluted Sediments: A Field Survey, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 (1994):859-870.
6. S. Safe and D. Phil, Polychlorinated Biphenils (PCBs), Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Related Compounds: Environmental and Mechanistic Consideration Which Support the Development of Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs), Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21 (1990):51-88.
7. H. H. Soclo, P. Garrigues, and M. Ewald, Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in costal Marine sediments: Case Studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) Areas, Mar. Poll. Bull. 40 (2000):387-396.
8. A. E. McElroy, J. W. Farrington, and J. M. Teal, Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment, in Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment, ed. U. Varanasi (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989).
9. K. T. Benlahchen, A. Chaoui, H. Budzinski, J. Bellocq, and P. Garrigues, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in some Mediterranean Coastal Sediments, Mar. Poll. Bull. 34 (1997):298-305.
10. P. Baumard, H. Budzinski, and P. Garrigues, PAHs in Arcachon Bay, France: Origin and Biomonitoring with Caged Organisms, Mar. Poll. Bull. 36 (1998):577-586.
11. L. E. Sverdrup, P. H. Krogh, T. Nielson, C. Kjær, and J. Stenersen, Toxicity of Eight Polycyclic Aromatic (Trifolium pratense), Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Mustard (Synapsya alba), Chemosphere, in press.
12. A. J. Hendriks, H. Pieters, and J. de Boer, Accumulation of Metals, Polycyclic (Halogenated) Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Biocides in Zebra Mussel and Eel from the Rhine and Meuse Rivers, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 (1998):1885-1898.
13. M. Pacheco and M. A. Santos, Induction of Liver EROD and Erythrocytic Nuclear Abnormalities by Cyclophosphamide and PAHs in Anguilla anguilla L, Environ. Saf. 40 (1998):71-76.
14. W. E. Hawkins, W. W. Walker, R. M. Overstreet, T. F. Lytle, and J. Lytle, Dose-Related Carcinogenic Effects of Water-Borne Benzo(a)pyrene on Livers of Two Small Fish Species, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 16 (1988):219-231.
15. W. E. Hawkins, W. W. Walker, R. M. Overstreet, J. S. Lytle, and T. F. Lytle, Carcinogenic Effects of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Japanese Medaka and Guppy in Waterborne Exposures, Sci. Total Environ. 94 (1990):155-167.
16. S. R. Wild, M. L. Berrow, and K. C. Jones, The Persistence of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sewage Sludge Amended Agricultural Soils, Environ. Pollut. 72 (1991):141-151.
17. S. Boleas, C. Fernandez, J. Beyer, J. V. Tarazona, and A. Goksøyr, Accumulation and Effects of Benzo(a)pyrene on Cytochrome P450 1A in Waterborne Exposed and Intraperitoneal Injected Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), Mar. Environ. Res. 46 (1998):17-20.
18. P. F. Landrum and J. A. Robbins, Bioavailability of Sediment-Associated Contaminants to Benthic Invertebrates, in Sediments: Chemistry and Toxicity of In-place Pollutants, Chap. 8, eds. R. Baudo, J. P. Giesy, and H. Muntau (Boca Raton, FL, USA, Lewis Publishers, 1990), 237-263.
19. G. Witt, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Sediment of the Baltic Sea, Mar. Poll. Bull. 31 (1995):237-248.
20. J. P. Connonly and C. J. Petersen, A Thermodynamic-Based Evaluation of Organic Chemical Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 (1988):99-103.
21. P. Lemaire, A. Mathieu, S. Carrière, J. F. Narbonne, M. Lafaurie, and J. Giudicelli, Hepatic Biotransformation Enzymes in Aquaculture European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Kinetic Parameter and Induction with Benzo(a)pyrene, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 103 (1992):847-853.
22. G. McKay, Dioxin Characterisation, Formation and Minimisation During Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration: Review, Chem. Eng. J. 86 (2002):343-368.
23. J. W. Chen, T. Harner, K.-W. Schramm, X. Quan, X. Y. Xue, W. Z. Wu, and A. Kettrup, Quantitative Relationships between Molecular Structures, Environmental Temperatures and Octanol-Air Partition Coefficients of PCDD/Fs, Sci. Total Environ. 300 (2002):155-166.
24. H. Kuramochi, M. Ohsako, K. Maeda, and S. Sakai, Prediction of Physico-Chemical Properties for PCDDs/DFs using UNIFAC Model with an Alternative Approximation for Group Assignment, Chemosphere 49 (2002):135-142.
25. H. Hektoen, A. Bernhoft, K. Ingebrigtsen, J. U. Skaare, and A. Goksøyr, Response of Hepatic Xenobiotics Metabolising Enzymes in Rainbow Trout (Onchrhynchus mykiss) and Cod (Gadus morhua) to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), Aquat. Toxicol. 28 (1994):97-106.
26. D. Herzke, R. Thiel, W. D. Rotard, and D. Neubert, Kinetics and Organotropy of Some Polyfluorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PFDD/PFDF) in Rats, Life Sciences 71 (2002):1475-1486.
27. H. Fiedler, Sources of PCDD/PCDF and Impact on the Environment, Chemosphere 32 (1996):55-64.
28. C. Padrón Sanz, Z. Sosa Ferrera, and J. J. Santana Rodríguez, Extraction and Preconcentration of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins using the Cloud-Point Methodology Application to Their Determination in Water Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Anal. Chemical Acta. 470 (2002):205-214.
29. R. R. Bumb, W. B. Crummett, S. S. Cutie, J. R. Gledhill, R. H. Hummel, R. O. Kagel, L. L. Lamparski, E. V. Luoma, D. L. Miller, T. J. Nestrick, L. A. Shadoff, R. H. Stehl, and J. S. Woods, Trace Chemistries of Fire: A Source of Chlorinated Dioxins, Science 210 (1980):385-390.
30. C. L. Fletcher and W. A. McKay, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the Aquatic Environment - A Literature Review, Chemosphere 26 (1993):1041-1069.
31. R. van der Oost, E. Vindimian, P. J. Van den Brink, K. Satumalay, H. Heida, and N. P. E. Vermeulen, Biomonitoring Aquatic Pollution with Feral Eel (Anguilla anguilla). III. Statistical Analyses of Relationships between Contaminant Exposure and Biomarkers, Aquat. Toxicol. 39 (1997):45-75.
32. R. van der Oost, J. Beyer, and N. P. E. Vermeulen, Fish Bioaccumulation and Biomarkers in Environmental Risk Assessment: A Review, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 13 (2003):57-149.
33. J. B. Pearce and L. A. Despres-Patanjo, A Review of Monitoring Strategies and Assessments of Estuarine Pollution, Aquat. Toxicol. 11 (1988):323-343.
34. M. C. Fossi, S. Casini, C. Savelli, C. Corbelli, E. Franchi, N. Mattei, J. C. Sanchez-Hernandez, I. Corsi, S. Bamber, and M. H. Depledge, Biomarker Responses at Different Levels of Biological Organisation in Crabs (Carcinus Aestuari) Experimentally Exposed to Benzo(α)pyrene, Chemosphere 40 (2000):861-874.
35. J. B. Pearce, The Effects of Pollution and the Need for Long-Term Monitoring, Helgoländer Wiss. Meeresunters 33 (1980):207-220.
36. D. R. M. Passino, Biochemical Indicators of Stress of Fishes: An Overview, in Contaminant Effects on Fisheries., vol. 16, eds. V. W. Cairns, P. V. Hodson, and J. O. Nriagu (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984).
37. D. Peakall and L. Shugart, Biomarker: Research and Application in the Assessment of Environmental Health (Berlin: Springer, 1993).
38. G. W. Suter, II. Use of Biomarkers in Ecological Risk Assessment. in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, eds. J. R. McCarthy and L. R. Shugart (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1990), 419-428.
39. B. L. Bayne, D. A. Brown, K. Burns, D. R. Dixon, A. Ivanovici, D. A. Livingstone, D. M. Lowe, M. N. Moore, A. R. D. Stebbing, and J. Widdings, The Effects of Stress and Pollution on Marine Animals (New York: Praeger, 1985).
40. J. F. McCarthy and L. R. Shugart, Biological Markers of Environmental Contamination, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, eds. J. F. McCarthy and L. R. Shugart (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publisher, 1990), 3-16.
41. R. Barra, J. C. Sanchez-Hernandez, R. Orrego, O. Parra, and J. F. Gavilan, Bioavailability of PAHs in the Biobio River (Chile): MFO Activity and Biliary Fluorescence in Juvenile, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Chemosphere 45 (2001):439-444.
42. U. Varanasi, W. L. Reichert, J. E. Stein, D. W. Brown, and H. R. Sanborn, Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Benthic Organisms Exposed to Sediment from an Urban Estuary, Environ. Sci. Technol. 19 (1985):836-841.
43. K. Pointet and A. Milliet, PAHs Analysis of Fish Whole Gall Bladders and Livers from the Natural Reserve of Camargue by GC/MS, Chemosphere 40 (2000):293-299.
44. X. Michel, P. Mora, P. Garrigues, H. Budzinski, C. Raoux, and J.-F. Narbonne, Cytochrome P450 Dependent Activities in Mussels and Fish from Coastal Marine Environment: Field Studies on the French Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 18 (2001):307-324.
45. J. F. Payne, L. L. Fancey, A. D. Rahimtula, and E. L. Porter, Review and Perspective of the Use of Mixed-Function Oxygenase Enzymes in Biological Monitoring, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86C (1987):233-245.
46. T. D. Porter and M. J. Coon, Cytochrome P-450: Multiplicity of Isoforms, Substrates, and Catalytic and Regulatory Mechanisms, Biol. Chem. 266 (1991):13469.
47. D. W. Nebert, Proposed Role of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Regulation of Steady State Levels of the Ligands That Effect Growth, Homeostasis, Differentiation, and Neuroendocrine Functions, Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (1991):1203-1214.
48. T. Andersson and L. Förlin, Regulation of the Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System in Fish, Aquat. Toxicol. 4 (1992):1-20.
49. D. F. V. Lewis and J. M. Pratt, The P450 Catalytic Cycle and Oxygenation Mechanism, Drug. Metab. Rev. 30 (1998):739-786.
50. D. R. Nelson, L. Koymans, T. Kamataki, J. J. Stegeman, R. Feyereisen, D. J. Waxman, M. R. Waterman, O. Gotoh, M. J. Coon, R. W. Estabrook, I. C. Gunsalus, and D. W. Nebert, P450 Superfamily: Update on New Sequences, Gene Mapping, Accession Numbers and Nomenclature, Pharmacogenetics 6 (1996):1-42.
51. C. Ioannides and D. V. Parke, The Cytochrome P450 I Gene Family of Microsomal Hemoproteins and Their Role in the Metabolic Activation of Chemicals, Drug Metab. Rev. 22 (1990):1-85.
52. D. E. Ryan and W. Levin, Purification and Characterization of Hepatic Microsomal Cytochrome P-450, Pharmacol. Ther. 45(1990):153-239.
53. D. W. Nebert and D. R. Nelson, P450 Nomenclature Based on Evolution, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 206, eds. M. R. Waterman and E. F. Johnson (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1991), 3-11.
54. J. E. Huff, J. A. Moore, R. Saracci, and L. Tomatis, Longterm Hazards of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, Environ. Health Perspect. 36 (1980):221-228.
55. D. Schrenk, H.-P. Lipp, H. Brunner, T. Wiesmuller, H. Hagenmaier, and K. W. Bock, Induction of Hepatic P450-Dependent Monooxygenase in Feral Mice from PCDD/PCDF-Contemned Area, Chemosphere 22 (1991):1011-1018.
56. J. R. Bend, Estimation of Induction of Enzymes That Metabolize Xenobiotics In Vitro and In Vivo, in Contaminants in the Environment. A Multidisciplinary Assessment of Risks to Man and Other Organisms, eds. A. Renzoni, N. Mattei, L. Lari, and M. C. Fossi (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1994), 93-101.
57. C. S. Yang and M. J. Coon, in Mammalian Cytochromes P-450, vol. II, ed. G. F. P. Guengerich (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1987), 1-17.
58. F. J. Gonzales and H. V. Geboin, Human Cytochromes P450: Evolution, Catalytic Activities and Interindividual Variations in Expression, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 372 (1991):11.
59. A. V. Klotz, J. J. Stegeman, and C. Walsh, An Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylating Hepatic Cytochrome P-450 from the Marine Fish Stenotomus chrysops, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 226 (1983):578-592.
60. Y. S. Zhang, A. Goksøyr, T. Andersson, and L. Förlin, Initial Purification and Characterization of Hepatic Microsomal Cytochrome P-450 from BNF-Treated Perch (Perca fluviatilis), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 98B (1991):97-103.
61. I. Wirgin, G. L. Kreamer, and S. J. Garte, Genetic Polymorphism of Cytochrome P-450IA in Cancer-Prone Hudson River Tomcod, Aquat. Toxicol. 19 (1991):205-214.
62. L. J. Heillman, Y.-Y. Sheen, S. W. Bigelow, and D. W. Nebert, Trout P-450IA1: cDNA and Deduced Protein Sequence, Expression in Liver, and Evolutionary Significance, DNA 7 (1988):379-387.
63. H. M. Carpenter, L. S. Fredrickson, D. E. Williams, D. R. Buhler, and L. R. Curtis, The Effect of Thermal Acclimation in the Activity of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97C (1990):127-132.
64. B. K.-M. Gadagbui, M. Addy, and A. Goksøyr, Species Characteristics of Hepatic Biotransformation Enzymes in Two Tropical Freshwater Teleosts, Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Mudfish (Clarias anguillaris), Comp. Blochem. Pharmacol. 114C (1996):201-211.
65. K. M. Kleinow, M. J. Melancon, and J. J. Lech, Biotransformation and Induction: Implications forToxicity, Bioaccumulation and Monitoring of Environmental Xenobiotics in Fish, Environ. Health Perspect. 71 (1987):105-119.
66. M. E. J. Van de Weiden, J. Van der Kolk, R. Bleumink, W. Seinen, and M. van der Berg, Concurrence of P4501A1 Induction and Toxic Effects after Administration of a Low Dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquat. Toxicol. 24 (1992):123-142.
67. S. Focardi, C. Leonzio, C. Fossi, R. Bargagli, L. Lari, L. Marsili, S. Casini, and S. Corsolini, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Trace Elements and Mixed Function Oxydases (MFO) Activity in Antarctic Organisms, in Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting on "Antarctic Biology," eds. B. Battaglia et al. (Padova, Italy: Edizioni Universitarie Patavine, Dipartimento di Biologia dell'Università, 26-28 February 1992) 207-226.
68. S. Lemaire-Gony and P. Lemaire, Interactive Effects of Cadmium and Benzo(a)-pyrene on Cellular Structure and Biotransformation Enzymes of the Liver of the European Eel Anguilla anguilla, Aquat. Toxicol. 22 (1992):145-160.
69. S. Hewitt, H. Fenet, and C. Casellas, Induction of EROD Activity in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) by Different Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), Wat. Sci. Tech. 38 (1998):245-252.
70. E. Agradi, R. Baga, F. Cillo, S. Ceradini, and H. Helatai, Environmental Contaminants and Biochemical Response in Eel Exposed to Po River Water, Chemosphere 41 (2000):1555-1562.
71. J. D. Hendricks, T. R. Meyers, D. W. Shelton, J. L. Casteel, and G. S. Bailey, Hepatocarcinogenicity of Benzo[a]pyrene to Rainbow Trout by Dietary Exposure and Intraperitoneal Injection, J. Nat. Cancer. Inst. 74 (1985):839-851.
72. B. Kurelec, S. Britvié, M. Rijavec, W. E. G. Müller, and R. K. Zahn, Benzo(a)-pyrene Monooxygenase Induction in Marine Fish - Molecular Response to Oil Pollution, Mar. Biol. 44 (1977):211-216.
73. M. E. Nava and F. R. Engelhardt, Induction of Mixed Function Oxidases by Petroleum in the American Eel, Anguilla rostrata, Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 11 (1982):141-145.
74. I. Corsi, M. Mariottini, C. Sensini, L. Lancini, and S. Focardi, Cytochrome P450, Acetylcholinesterase and Gonadal Histology for Evaluating Contaminant Exposure Levels in Fishes from a Highly Eutrophic Brackish Ecosystem: The Orbetello Lagoon, Italy, Mar. Poll. Bull. 46 (2003):203-212.
75. J. F. Narbonne, P. Garrigues, D. Ribera, C. Raoux, A. Mathieu, P. Lemaire, J. P. Salaun, and M. Lafaurie, Mixed-Function Oxygenase Enzymes as Tools for Pollution Monitoring: Field Studies on the French Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Comp. Pharmacol. 100 (1991):37-42.
76. R. Bargagli, S. Corsolini, M. C. Fossi, L. Martella, J. C. Sanchez-Hernandez, and S. Focardi, Antarctic Fish Trematomus bernacchii as Biomonitor of Environmental Contaminants at Terra Nova Bay Station (Ross Sea), Mem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res. Spec. Issue 52 (1998):220-229.
77. M. E. Hahn, B. L. Woodward, J. J. Stegeman, and S. W. Kennedy, Rapid Assessment of Induced Cytochrome P4501A Protein and Catalytic Activity in Fish Hepatoma Cells Grown in Multiwell Plates: Response to TCDD, TCDF, and two Planar PCBs, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15 (1996):582-591.
78. J. Brusle, The Eel (Anguilla sp.) and Organic Chemical Pollutants, Sci. Tot. Environ. 102 (1991):1-19.
79. J. Parsons, K. U. Vickers, and Y. Warden, Relationship Between Elver Recruitment and Changes in the Sex Ratio of Silver Eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) Migrating from Lough Neagh, Nothern Ireland, J. Fish Biol. 10 (1977):211-229.
80. P. Larsson, S. Hamrin, and L. Okla, Factors Determining the Uptake of Persistent Pollutants in an Eel Population (Anguilla anguilla L.), Environ. Poll. 69 (1991):39-50.
81. M. Pacheco and M. A. Santos, Biochemical and Genotoxic Responses of Adult Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) to Resin Acids and Pulp Mill Effluent: Laboratory and Fields Experiments, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 42 (1999):81-93.
82. M. D. Burke and R. T. Mayer, Ethoxyresorufin Direct Fluorimetric Assay of a Microsomal O-dealkylation Which is Preferentially Inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene, The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2 (1974):583-588.
83. M. M. Bradford, A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye-Binding, Annals Biochem. 72 (1976):248-254.
84. A. Doyotte, C. L. Mitchelmore, D. Ronisz, J. McEvoy, D. R. Livingstone, and L. D. Peters, Hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase Activity in Eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Thames Estuary and Comparisons with Other United Kingdom Estuaries, Mar. Poll. Bull. 42 (2001):1313-1322.
85. D. M. Y. Cheah, P. F. A. Wright, D. A. Holdway, and J. T. Ahokas, Octopus pallidus Cytochrome P-450: Characterisation and Induction Studies with β-naphthoflavone and Aroclor 1254, Aquat. Toxicol. 33 (1995):201-214.
86. R. Levy and G. R. Herzberg, Effects of a Meal of Fish Oil or Corn Oil on Bile Flow and Composition in Rats Previously Adapted to Diets Containing Fish Oil or Corn Oil, Nutr. Res. 16 (1996):805-816.
87. J. T. Venkatraman and L. Pinnavaia, Effects of Saturated, ω-6 and ω-3 Lipids on Activities of Enzymes Involved in Antioxidant Defence in Normal Rats, Nutr. Res. 18 (1998):341-350.
88. A. M. Mungikar and B. P. Gothoskar, Depression of Mouse Liver Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase Enzymes by Adriamycin, Toxicol. Lett. 29 (1985):17-23.
89. M. L. Haasch, R. Prince, P. J. Wejksnora, K. R. Cooper, and J. J. Lech, Caged and Wild Fish: Induction of Hepatic Cytochrome P-450 (CYP1A1) as an Environmental Biomonitor, Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 12 (1993):885-895.
90. J. M. Rotchell, G. B. Steventon, and D. J. Bird, Catalytic Properties of CYP1A Isoforms in the Liver of an Agnathan (Lampetra fluviatilis) and Two Species of Teleost (Pleuronectes flesus, Anguilla anguilla), Comp. Biochem. Physiol C Comp. Pharmacol. 125 (2000):203-214.
91. J. J. Schlezinger and J. J. Stegeman, Induction of Cytochrome P450 1A in the American Eel by Model Halogenated and Non-Halogenated Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists, Aquat. Toxicol. 50 (2000):375-386.
92. J. M. Rotchell, D. J. Bird, and L. C. Newton, Seasonal Variation in Etoxyresorufin O-Deethylase (EROD) Activity in European Eels Anguilla anguilla and Flounders Pleuronectes flesus from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 190 (1999):263-270.
93. M. Solè, D. Barcélo, and C. Porte, Seasonal Variation of Plasmatic and Hepatic Vitellogenin and EROD Activity in Carp, Cyprinus carpio, in Relation to Sewage Treatment Plants, Aquat. Toxicol. 60 (2002):233-248.
94. J. J. Whyte, R. E. Jung, C. J. Schmitt, and D. E. Tilltitt, Ethoxyresorufin O-Deethylase (EROD) Activity in Fish as a Biomarker of Chemical Exposure, Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 30 (2000):347-570.
95. T. K. Collier and U. Varanasi, Hepatic Activities of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes and Biliary Levels of Xenobiotics in English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) Exposed to Environmental Contaminants, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20 (1991):462-473.
96. H. Fenet, C. Casellas, and J. Bontoux, Hepatic Enzymatic Activities of the European Eel, Anguilla anguilla as a Tool for Biomonitoring Freshwater Streams: Laboratory and Field Caging Studies, Water. Sci. Tech. 33 (1996):321-329.
97. H. Fenet, C. Casellas, and J. Bontoux, Laboratory and Field-Caging Studies on Hepatic Enzymatic Activities in European Eel and Rainbow Trout, Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Saf. 40 (1998):137-143.
98. S. Focardi, M. C. Fossi, L. Lari, S. Casini, C. Leonzio, S. K. Meidel, and M. Nigro, Induction of MFO Activity in the Antarctic Fish, Pagothenia bernacchii: Preliminary Results, Mar. Environ. Res. 39 (1995):97-100.
99. S. A. Plotch, L. C. King, and R. T. Di Giulio, Comparative Time-Course of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA Adduct Formation, and its Relationship to CYP1A Activity in Two Species of Catfish, Mar. Environ. Res. 46 (1998):345-349.
100. J. J. Stegeman and M. E. Hahn, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Monooxygenases: Current Perspectives on Forms, Functions, and Regulation of Cytochrome P450 in Aquatic Species, in Aquatic Toxicology, Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Perspectives, eds. D. C. Malins and G. K. Ostrander (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1994), 87-206.
101. D. R. Livingstone and P. S. Goldfarb, Biomonitoring in the Aquatic Environment: Use of Cytochrome P4501A and Other Molecular Biomarkers in Fish and Mussels, in Environmental Biomonitoring: The Biotechnology Ecotoxicology Interface, Chap. 6, eds. J. M. Lynch and A. Wiseman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 101-129.
102. J. F. Payne, Field Evaluation of Benzopyrene Hydroxylase Induction as a Monitor for Marine Pollution, Science 91 (1976):945-949.
103. R. F. Addison and A. J. Edwards, Hepatic Microsomal Mono-Oxygenase Activity in Flounder Platichthys flesus from Polluted Sites in Langesundfjord and from Mesocosms Experimentally Dosed with Diesel Oil and Copper, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 46 (1988):51-54.