Autism Spectrum Disorders: Early Detection, Intervention, Education, and Psychopharmacological Management

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 48, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 506-516

  Bryson, Susan E ^a,d   Rogers, Sally J ^b   Fombonne, Eric ^c  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MONTREAL CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d IWK HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Autism; Autistic spectrum disorders; Early detection; Early intervention; Early screening; Education; Intensive behavioural intervention; Psychopharmacological management

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONIDINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DIMETHYLGLYCINE; DONEPEZIL; FLUVOXAMINE; GUANFACINE; HALOPERIDOL; METHYLPHENIDATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; RISPERIDONE; SECRETIN;

APPETITE DISORDER; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CHILD; CONSTIPATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DROWSINESS; DYSTONIA; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EDUCATION; FATIGUE; HUMAN; LONG QT SYNDROME; NAUSEA; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SKILL; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREMOR; URINE RETENTION;

EID: 0142136822     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674370304800802     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 1943;2:217-50.
2. Bettleheim B. The empty fortress: infantile autism and the birth of the self. New York: Plenum Press; 1967.
3. Lotter V. Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: II. Some characteristics of the parents and children. Soc Psychiatry 1967;4:163-73.
4. Rutter M, Greenfield D, Lockyer L. A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. II. Social and behavioural outcome. Br J Psychiatry 1967;113:1183-99.
5. Rimland B. Infantile autism. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1964.
6. Rutter M. Concepts of autism: a review of research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1968;9:1-25.
7. Schopler E. Parents of psychotic children as scapegoats. J Contemp Psychother 1971;4:17-22.
8. Wing JK. Early childhood autism: clinical, educational and social aspects. London: Pergamon Press; 1966.
9. Hermelin B, O'Connor N. Psychological experiments with autistic children. London: Pergamon Press; 1970.
10. Schopler E, Brehm S, Kinsbourne M, Reichler R. Effect of treatment structure on development in autistic children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971;24:416-21.
11. Schopler E, Olley J. Comprehensive educational services for autistic children. The TEACCH model. In: Reynolds C, Gutkin T, editors. The handbook of school psychology. New York: Wiley; 1982. p 629-43.
12. Wing L, Gould J. Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. J Autism Dev Disord 1979;9:11-29.
13. Wing L, Attwood A. Syndromes of autism and atypical development. In: Cohen DJ, Donnellan AM, editors. Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1987. p 3-19.
14. Bryson SE. Epidemiology of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1996;26:165-7.
15. Bryson SE. Epidemiology of autism: overview and issues outstanding. In: Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, editors. Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1997. p 41-6.
16. Gillberg C, Wing L. Autism: not an extremely rare disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;99:399-406.
17. Tidmarsh L, Volkmar FR. Diagnosis and epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:517-25.
18. Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children. JAMA 2001;285:3093-9.
19. Le Couteur A, Rutter M, Lord C. Autism Diagnostic Interview: a standard investigator-based instrument. J Autism Dev Disord 1989;19:363-87.
20. Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 1994;22:563-81.
21. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH, Leventhat BL, DiLavore PC, and others. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2000;30:205-23.
22. Lord C, Risi S. Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in young children. In: Wetherby AM, Prizant BM, editors. Autism spectrum disorders: a transactional developmental perspective. London: Paul H Brookes; 2001. p 11-30.
23. Howlin P, Moore A. Diagnosis in autism: a survey of over 1200 patients in the UK. Autism 1997;1:135-62.
24. Siegel B, Pliner C, Eschler J, Elliott GR. How children with autism are diagnosed: difficulties in identification of children with multiple developmental delays. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1988;9:199-204.
25. Dawson G, Osterling J. Early intervention in autism: effectiveness and common elements of current approaches. In: Guralnick MJ, editor. The effectiveness of early intervention. Baltimore (MD): Paul H Brook; 1997. p 307-26.
26. Rogers SJ. Empirically supported comprehensive treatment for young children with autism. J Clin Child Psychol 1998;27:167-78.
27. Gillberg C, Ehlers S, Schaumann H, Jakobsson G, Dahlgren SO, Lindblom R, and others. Autism under age 3 years: a clinical study of 28 cases referred for autistic symptoms in infancy. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990;31:921-34.
28. Rogers SJ, DiLalla DL. Age of symptom onset in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:863-72.
29. Baranek GT. Autism during infancy: a retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviours at 9-12 months of age. J Autism Dev Disord 1999;29:213-24.
30. Osterling J, Dawson G. Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home video tapes. J Autism Dev Disord 1994;24:247-57.
31. Dawson G, Osterling J, Meltzoff AN. Case study of the development of an infant with autism from birth to 2 years of age. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2000;21:299-313.
32. Baron-Cohen S, Allen J, Gillberg C. Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack and the CHAT. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:839-943.
33. Bristol-Power M, Spinella G. Research on screening and diagnosis in autism: a work in progress. J Autism Dev Disord 1999;29:435-8.
34. Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Ashwal S, Baranek GT, Cook EH Jr, Dawson G, and others. Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2000;55:468-79.
35. Zwaigenbaum L. Early behavioural markers predicting social-communication impairments in young siblings of children with autism. Paper symposium presented at the Society for Research in Child Development; April 2003; Tampa (FL).
36. Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson SE, Brian J, McDermott C, Rombough V, Szatmari P, and others. Developmental findings in 12-month old siblings of children with autism. Pediatr Res 2002;2667:abstract.
37. Charmon T. Progress in screening and surveillance for autism spectrum disorders. Paper presented at the International Meeting for Autism Rsearch; November, 2002; Orlando (FL).
38. Robins DL, Fein D, Barton ML, Green JA. The Modified-Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: an initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2001;31:131-44.
39. Stone WL, Coonrod EE, Ousley OY. Brief report: screening tool for autism in two-year-olds (STAT): development and preliminary data. J Autism Dev Disord 2000;30:607-12.
40. Siegel B. Early screening and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders: The Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test (PDDST). Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development; April, 2001; Minneapolis (MN).
41. Willemsen-Swinkels SHN, Buitelaar JK, Dietz C, Van Daalen E, Van Engeland H. Screening instrument for the early detection of autism at 14 months. Presentation at the Society for Research in Child Development; April, 2001; Minneapolis (MN).
42. Baird G, Charman T, Baron-Cohen S, Cox A, Swettenham J, Wheelwright S, A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: a 6-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:694-702.
43. Baron-Cohen S, Cox A, Baird G, Swettenham J, Nightingale N, Morgan K, and others. Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:158-63.
44. Cox A, Klein K, Charman T, Baird G, Baron-Cohen S, Swettenham J, and others. Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999;40:719-32.
45. Bryson SE, Rombough V, McDermott C, Wainwright A, Szatmari P, Zwaigenbaum L. Autism Observation Scale for Infants: scale development and preliminary reliability data. Poster presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research; November 2001; San Diego (CA).
46. Schreibman L. Autism. Newbury (CA): Sage; 1988.
47. Koegel LK, Koegel RL, Harrower JK, Carter CM. Piovital response intervention I: overview of approach. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 1999;24:174-85.
48. Guralnick MJ. The effectiveness of early intervention. Baltimore (MD): Brookes; 1997.
49. Rogers SJ, Lewis H. An effective day treatment model for young children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:207-14.
50. Hoyson M, Jamieson B, Strain PS. Individualized group instruction of normally developing and autistic-like children: the LEAP curriculum model. Journal of the Division of Early Childhood 1984;8:157-72.
51. Harris SL, Handleman JS, Gordon R, Kristoff B, Fuentes F. Changes in cognitive and language fucntioning of preschool children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1991;21:281-90.
52. Fenske EC, Zalenski S, Krantz PJ, McClannahan LE. Age at intervention and treatment outcome for autistic children in a comprehensive intervention program. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities 1985;5:49-58.
53. Birnbrauer JS, Leach DJ. The Murdoch early intervention program after 2 years. Behaviour Change 1993;10:63-74.
54. National Research Council. Educating children with autism. In: Lord C, McGee JP, editors. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2001.
55. Ozonoff S, Cathcart K. Effectiveness of a home program intervention for young children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1998;28:25-32.
56. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, Bashford A, Lansing M, Marcus LM. Psycho-Educational Profile-Revised. Austin (TX): Pro-Ed; 1990.
57. Rogers SJ, Hall T, Osaki D, Reaven J, Herbison J. The Denver Model: a comprehensive, integrated educational approach to young children with autism and their families. In: Handleman JS, Harris SL, editors. Preschool education programs for children with autism. 2nd ed. Austin (TX): Pro-Ed; 2000. p 95-113.
58. Rogers SJ, Herbison J, Lewis H, Pantone J, Reis K. An approach for enhancing the symbolic, communicative, and interpersonal functioning of young children with autism and severe emotional handicaps. Journal of the Division of Early Childhood 1986;10:135-48.
59. Rogers SJ, DiLalla D. A comparative study of the effects of a developmentally based instructional model on young children with autism and young children with other disorders of behavior and development. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 1991;11:29-48.
60. Rogers SJ, Lewis HC, Reis K. An effective procedure for training early special education teams to implement a model program. Journal of the Division of Early Childhood 1987;11:180-8.
61. Strain PS, Kohler FW, Goldstein H. Learning experiences, an alternative program: Peer-mediated interventions for young children with autism. In: Hibbs E, Jensen P, editors. Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders. Washington (DC): American Pediatric Association; 1996. p 573-86.
62. Greenspan SI, Weider S. The child with special needs: intellectual and emotional growth. Reading (MA): Addison Wesley Longman; 1998. p 121-31.
63. McGee GG, Morrier MJ, Daly T. An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 1999;24:133-46.
64. Lovaas IO. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987;55:3-9.
65. McEachin JJ, Smith T, Lovaas IO. Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. Am J Ment Retard 1993;97:359-72.
66. Lovaas IO. Teaching developmentally disabled children: the me book. Baltimore (MD):University Park Press; 1981.
67. Jocelyn LJ, Casiro OG, Beattie D, Bow J, Kneisz J. Treatment of children with autism: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a caregiver-based intervention program in community day-care centers. Dev Behav Pediatr 1998;19:326-34.
68. Salt J, Shemilt J, Sellars V, Boyd S, Coulson T, McCool S. The Scottish Centre for Autism preschool treatment programme. II: the results of a controlled treatment outcome study. Autism 2002;6:33-46.
69. Smith T, Groen AD, Wynn JW. Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder. Am J Ment Retard 2002;105:269-85.
70. Eikeseth S, Smith T, Jahr E, Eldevik S. Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to 7-year-old children with autism: a 1-year comparison controlled study. Behav Modif 2002;26:49-68.
71. Howlin P. Practitioner review: psychological and educational treatments for autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998;39:307-22.
72. Bryson SE. Our most vulnerable citizens: needs of and service models for people with autism. Toronto (ON): Autism Society Ontario; 1991.
73. Wolfensberger W. Normalization: the principle of normalization in human services. Toronto (ON): National Institute on Mental Retardation; 1972.
74. Wetherby A, Prizant B. Enhancing language and communication development in autism: assessment and intervention guidelines. In: Berkell Zager D, editor. Autism: identification, education and treatment. Mahwah (NJ): Lawerence Erlbaum Associates; 1999. p 141-74.
75. Mesibov GB. Formal and informal measures on the effectiveness of TEACCH programme. Autism 1997;1:25-35.
76. Carr EG, Horner RH, Turnbull AP, Marquis D, Magito-McLaughlin ML, McAtee ML, and others. Positive behaviour support for people with developmental disabilities. Washington (DC): American Association on Mental Retardation Monograph Series; 1999.
77. Gray C, Garand J. Social stories: improving responses of students with autism with accurate social information. Focus on Autistic Behavior 1993;8:1-10.
78. Strain PS, Kohler FW, Storey K, Danko CD. Teaching preschoolers with autism to self-monitor their social interactions. Journal of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders 1994;2:78-88.
79. Schreibman L. Intensive behavioral/psychoeducational treatments for autism: research needs and future directions. J Autism Dev Disord 2000;30:373-8.
80. Baker BL, Brightman AJ. Steps to independence: teaching everyday skills to children with special needs. 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): Paul H Brooks; 1997.
81. Strain PS, McGee GG, Kohler F. Inclusion of children with autism in early intervention settings. An examination of rationale, myths, and procedures. In: Guralnick MJ, editor. Early childhood inclusion: focus on change. Baltimore (MD): Paul H Brooks; 2001. p 337-64.
82. Campbell M, Anderson LT, Meier M, Cohen IL, Small AM, Samit C, and others. A comparison of haloperidol and behavior therapy and their interaction in autistic children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1978;17:640-55.
83. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Grega DM, Perry R, Small AM, Green WH. Haloperidol in the treatment of infantile autism: effects on learning and behavioral symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1195-202.
84. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Adams P, Small AM, Perry R, Shell J. The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 1989;19:227-39.
85. Perry R, Campbell M, Adams P, Lynch N, Spencer EK, Curren EL, and others. Long-term efficacy of haloperidol in autistic children: continuous versus discontinuous drug administration. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:87-92.
86. Campbell M, Armenteros JL, Malone RP, Adams PB, Eisenberg ZW, Overall JE. Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:835-43.
87. Campbell M, Schopler E, Cueva J, Hallin A. Treatment of autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1996;35:134-43.
88. McDougle CJ, Holmes JP, Carlson DC, Pelton GH, Cohen DJ, Price LH. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:633-41.
89. McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, and others. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med 2002;347:314-21.
90. Anderson GM, Freedman DX, Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, Hoder EL, McPhedran P, and others. Whole blood serotonin in autistic and normal subjects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987;28:885-900.
91. Chugani DC. Role of altered brain serotonin mechanisms in autism. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:S16-S17.
92. Gordon CT, State RC, Nelson JE, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine, desipramine, and placebo in the treatment of autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:441-7.
93. Sanchez LE, Campbell M, Small AM, Cueva JE, Armenteros JL, Adams PB. A pilot study of clomipramine in young autistic children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:537-44.
94. McDougle CJ, Kresch LE, Posey DJ. Repetitive thoughts and behavior in pervasive developmental disorders: treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Autism Dev Disord 2000;30:427-35.
95. Novotny S. Pharmacological treatment of autism: a review. Trends in Evidence-Based Neuropsychiatry 2003;5:43-52.
96. McDougle CJ, Naylor ST, Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, Heninger GR, Price LH. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1001-8.
97. Quintana H, Birmaher B, Stedge D, Lennon S, Freed J, Bridge J, and others. Use of methylphenidate in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 1995;25:283-94.
98. Handen BL, Johnson CR, Lubetsky M. Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autism and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2000;30:24-55.
99. Aman MG, Langworthy KS. Pharmacotherapy for hyperactivity in children with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2000;30:451-9.
100. Jaselskis CA, Cook EH, Jr., Fletcher KE, Leventhal BL. Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:322-7.
101. Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK, Nijhof GJ, van England H. Failure of naltrexone hydrochloride to reduce self-injurious and autistic behavior in mentally retarded adults. Double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:766-73.
102. Kolmen BK, Feldman HM, Handen BL, Janosky JE. Naltrexone in young autistic children: replication study and learning measures. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:1570-8.
103. King BH, Wright DM, Handen BL, Sikich L, Zimmerman AW, McMahon W, and others. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:658-65.
104. Patel NC, Yeh JY, Shepherd MD, Crismon ML. Secretin treatment for autistic disorder: a critical analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:905-14.
105. Owley T, McMahon W, Cook EH, Laulhere T, South M, Mays LZ, and others. Multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine secretin in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:1293-9.
106. Sandler AD, Sutton KA, DeWeese J, Girardi MA, Sheppard V, Bodfish JW. Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1801-6.
107. Unis AS, Munson JA, Rogers SJ, Goldson E, Osterling J, Gabriels R, and others. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine versus synthetic secretin for reducing symptoms of autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:1315-21.
108. McDougle CJ, Posey D. Genetics of childhood disorders: XLIV. Autism, part 3: psychopharmacology of autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:1380-3.
109. Buitelaar JK, Willemsen-Swinkels SH. Medication treatment in subjects with autistic spectrum disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;9:85-97.