The development of the palate - A brief review

European Journal of Anatomy

Volumn 7, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2003, Pages 53-74

  Moxham, Bernard J ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CD44; Hvaluronan; Palatal shelf elevation; Palatogenesis; TGF

Indexed keywords

COLLAGEN TYPE 9; HERMES ANTIGEN; HYALURONIC ACID; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CELL MATURATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; EPITHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GOLGI COMPLEX; HOMEOBOX; HUMAN; MESENCHYME; ORGANOGENESIS; PALATE; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 0142089950     PISSN: 11364890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (141)

1. ABBOTT BD and BIRNBAUM LS (1989). TCDD alters medial epithelial cell differentiation during palatogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 99: 276-286.
2. ABBOTT BD, HILL LG and BIRNBAUM LS (1990). Processes involved in retinoic acid production of small embryonic palatal shelves and limb defects. Teratology, 41: 299-310.
3. AMWAYI P and LUKE DA (1990). Effects of 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine on cell proliferation in the developing mouse palate. Acta Anat, 139: 304-307.
4. ASLING CW, NELSON MH, DOUGHERTY HL, WRIGHT HV and EVANS HM (1960). The development of cleft palate resulting from maternal pterylglutamic (folic) acid deficiency during the latter half of gestation in rats. Surg Gynecol Obs, 111: 19-28.
5. BABIARZ BS, ALLENSPACH AL and ZIMMERMAN EF (1975). Ultrastructural evidence of contractile systems in mouse palates prior to rotation. Dev Biol, 47: 32-44.
6. BABIARZ BS, WEE EL and ZIMMERMAN EF (1979). Palate morphogenesis. III. Changes in cell shape and orientation during shelf elevation. Teratology, 20: 249-278.
7. BEEN W and SONG SHLK (1978). Harelip and cleft palate conditions in chick embryos following local destruction of the mesencephalic neural crest. A preliminary note. Acta Morphol Neer-scand, 16: 245-255.
8. BEN-KHAIAL GS and SHAH RM (1994). Effects of 5-fluorouracil on collagen synthesis in the developing palate of hamster. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 5: 99-104.
9. BERKOVITZ BKB, HOLLAND GR and MOXHAM BJ (2002). Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. Mosby, Edinburgh.
10. BONNER JJ and SLAVKIN HC (1975). Cleft palate susceptibility linked to histocompatibility-2 (H-2) in the mouse. Immunogenetics, 2: 213-218.
11. HER2, promotes human ovarian tumor cell activation. J Biol Chem, 272: 27913-27918.
12. BRINKLEY LL (1980). In vitro studies of palatal shelf elevation. In: Pratt RM, Christiansen RL (eds). Current Research Trends in Prenatal Craniofacial Development. Elsevier, Holland, pp 203-220.
13. BRINKLEY LL and BOOKSTEIN FL (1986). Cell distribution during mouse secondary palate closure. II. Mesenchymal cells. J Embryol Exp Morph, 96: 111-130.
14. BRINKLEY LL and MORRIS-WIMAN J (1984). Role of extracellular matrices in palatal shelf closure. In: Zimmerman EF (ed). Palate Development: Normal and Abnormal Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Academic Press, New York. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 19: 17-36.
15. BRINKLEY LL and MORRIS-WIMAN J (1987). Computer-assisted analysis of hyaluronate distribution during morphogenesis of the mouse secondary palate. Development, 100: 629-636.
16. BRUNET CL, SHARPE PM and FERGUSON MWJ (1995). Inhibition of TGF-β3 (but not TGF-β1 or TGF-β2) activity prevents normal mouse embryonic palate fusion. Int J Dev Biol, 39: 345-355.
17. BULLIET RF and ZIMMERMANN EF (1985). The influence of the epithelium on palate shelf reorientation. J Embryol Exp Morph, 88: 265-279.
18. BURDETT DN, WATERFIELD JD and SHAH RM (1988). Vertical development of the secondary palate in hamster embryos following exposure to 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology, 37: 591-597.
19. BURKITT CL (1990). Insulin-like growth factors affect embryonic mouse palatal cell proliferation and extracellular matrix biosynthesis. J Dent Res, 69: 959.
20. CAMENISCH TD, SPICER AP, BREHM-GIBSON T, BIESTERFELDT J, AUGUSTINE ML, CALABRO A Jr, KUBALAK S, KLEWER SE and MCDONALD JA (2000). Disruption of hyaluronan synthase-2 abrogates normal cardiac morphogenesis and hyaluronan-mediated transformation of epithelium to mesenchyme. J Clin Invest, 106: 349-360.
21. CLEATON-JONES P (1976a). A macroscopic and microscopic study of the development of the rat palate including the soft palate. J Dent Res Assoc S Africa, 31: 9-16.
22. CLEATON-JONES P (1976b). Radioautographic study of mesenchymal cell activity in the secondary palate of the rat. J Dent Res, 55: 437-440.
23. COLEMAN RD (1965). Development of the rat palate. Anat Rec, 151: 107-118.
24. COULY GF, COLTEY PM and LE DOUARIN NM (1992). The developmental fate of the cephalic mesoderm in quail-chick chimeras. Development, 114: 1-15.
25. DE ANGELIS V and NALBANDIAN J (1968). Ultrastructure of mouse and rat palatal processes prior to and during secondray palate formation. Archs Oral Biol, 13: 601-608.
26. DIEWERT VM (1974). A cephalometric study of orofacial structures during secondary palate closure in the rat. Archs Oral Biol, 19: 303-315.
27. DORFMAN A, LEVITT D, SCHWARTZ NB and HO PL (1975). Studies on cartilage differentiation. In: Slavkin HC, Greulich RC (eds). Extracellular Matrix Influences on Gene Expression. Proceedings of the 2nd Santa Catalina Island Colloquium. Academic Press, New York, pp 19-23.
28. EMMANOUIL-NIKOLOUSSI E-N, GORET-NICAISE M, FOROGLOU C, DHEM A, DOUROV N, PERSAUD TVN and THLIVERIS JA (1999). Craniofacial abnormalities induced by retinoic acid: a preliminary histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study. Exp Toxic Pathol, 52: 445-453.
29. EMMANOUIL-NIKOLOUSSI E-N, KATSARMA E, GORET-NICAISE M, DHEM A and FOROGLOU C (2000). All trans retinoic acid interfering with palatal development. Scanning electron microscopical and light microscopical observations on embryonic rat palate. Morphologie, 84: 13-21.
30. FERGUSON MWJ (1978a). Palatal shelf elevation in the Wistar rat fetus. J Anat, 125: 555-577.
31. FERGUSON MWJ (1978b). The teratogenic effects of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine (F.U.D.R.) on the Wistar rat fetus, with particular reference to cleft palate. J Anat, 126: 37-49.
32. FERGUSON MWJ (1981a). The structure and development of the palate in Alligator mississippiensis. Archs Oral Biol, 26: 427-443.
33. FERGUSON MWJ (1981b). The value of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) as a model for research in craniofacial development. J Craniofac Genet Devl Biol, 1: 123-144.
34. FERGUSON MWJ (1984). Craniofacial development in Alligator mississippiensis. In: Ferguson MWJ (ed). The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles. Academic Press, London, pp 223-273.
35. FERGUSON MWJ (1987). Palate development: mechanisms and malformations. Irish J Med Sci, 156: 309-315.
36. FERGUSON MWJ (1988). Palate development. Development. 103 (Suppl): 41-60.
37. FERGUSON MWJ and HONIG LS (1984). Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during vertebrate palatogenesis. In: Zimmerman EF (ed). Palate Development: Normal and Abnormal Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Academic Press, New York. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 19: 137-164.
38. FERGUSON MWJ and HONIG LS (1984). Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during vertebrate palatogenesis. In: Zimmerman EF (ed). Palate Development: Normal and Abnormal Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Academic Press, New York. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 19: 137-164.
39. FERGUSON MWJ, HONIG LS and SLAVKIN HC (1984). Differentiation of cultured palatal shelves from alligator, chick and mouse embryos. Anat Rec, 209: 231-249.
40. FITZPATRICK DR, DENHEZ F, KONDAIAH P and AKHURST RJ (1990). Differential expression of TGF-β isoforms in murine palatogenesis. Development, 109: 585-595.
41. FOREMAN DM, SHARPE PM and FERGUSON MWJ (1991). Comparative biochemistry of mouse and chick secondary palate development in vivo and in vitro with particular emphasis on extracellular matrix molecules and the effects of growth factors on their synthesis. Archs Oral Biol, 36: 457-471.
42. FRASER FC and FAINSTAT TD (1951). Production of congenital defects in the offspring of pregnant mice treated with cortisone. Pediatrics, 8: 527-523.
43. FYFE DM and FERGUSON MWJ (1988). Immunocytochemical localisation of collagen types I-XII, proteoglycans, laminin and fibronectin during mouse secondary palate development. Quoted by Ferguson MWJ (1988).
44. FYFE DM, FERGUSON MWJ and CHIQUET-EHRISMANN R (1988). Tenascin immunolocalisation during palate development in mouse and chicken embryos. Quoted by Ferguson MWJ (1988).
45. GENDRON-MAGUIRE M, MALLO M, ZHANG M and GRIDLEY T (1993). Hoxa-2 mutant mice exhibit homeotic transformation of skeletal elements derived from cranial neural crest. Cell, 75: 1317-1331.
46. GIRARD N, DELPECH A and DELPECH B (1986). Characterization of hyaluronic acid on tissue sections with hyaluronectin. J Histochem Cytochem, 34: 539-541.
47. GRAMMATOPOULOS GA, BELL E, TOOLE L, LUMSDEN A and TUCKER AS (2000). Homeotic transformation of branchial arch identity after Hoxa2 overexpression. Development, 127: 5355-5365.
48. GREENE RM and KOCHHAR DM (1974). Surface coat on the epithelium of developing palatine shelves in the mouse as revealed by electron microscopy. J Embryol Exp Morphol, 31: 683-692.
49. GREENE RM and PRATT RM (1977). Inhibition by diazo-oxonorlucine (DON) of rat palatal glycoprotein synthesis and epithelial cell adhesion in vitro. Exp Cell Res, 105: 27-37.
50. GUNSTON E, EMMANOUIL-NIKOLOUSSI E-N and MOXHAM BJ (unpublished data).
51. HASSELL JR (1975). The development of rat palatal shelves in vitro. An ultrastructural analysis of the inhibition of epithelial cell death and palatal fusion by the epidermal growth factor. Dev Biol, 45: 90-102.
52. HASSELL JR and ORKIN RW (1976). Synthesis and distribution of collagen in the rat palate during shelf elevation. Dev Biol, 49: 80-88.
53. HASSELL JR and PRATT RM (1977). Elevated levels oc cAMP alters the effect of epidermal growth factor in vitro on programmed cell death in the secondary palatal epithelium. Exp Cell Res, 106: 55-62.
54. HAYWARD JR and AVERY JK (1957). A variation in cleft palate. J Oral Surg, 15: 320-324.
55. HUDSON CD and SHAPIRO BL (1973). An autoradiographic study of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in embryonic rat palatal shelf epithelium with reference to the concept of programmed cell death. Archs Oral Biol, 18: 77-84.
56. HUDSON L and HALL R (unpublished data).
57. HUMPHREY T (1969). The relation between fetal mouth opening reflexes and closure of the palate. Am J Anat, 125: 317-344.
58. HUMPHREY T (1971). Development of oral and facial motor mechanisms in human foetuses and their relation to cranio-facial growth. J Dent Res, 50: 1428-1441.
59. INNES PB (1978). The ultrastructure of the mesenchymal element of the palatal shelves of the fetal mouse. J Embryol Exp Morphol, 43: 185-194.
60. INNES PB (1981). The ultrastructure of murine secondary palatal ectomesenchyme during shelf reorientation. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 1: 359-371.
61. INNES PB (1985). The ultrastructural effects of prednisolone on themesenchyme of the palatal shelf in the mouse. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 5: 287-297.
62. ITANO N, SAWAI T, YOSHIDA M, LENAS P, YAMADA Y, IMAGAWA M, SHINOMURA T, HAMAGUCHI M, YOSHIDA Y, OHNUKI Y, MIYAUCHI S, SPICER AP, MCDONALD JA and KIMATA K (1999). Three isoforms of mammalian hyaluronan synthases have distinct enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem, 274: 25085-25092.
63. JELNICK R and DOSTAL M (1974). Morphogenesis of cleft palate induced by exogenous factors VII. Mitotic activity during formation of themouse secondary palate. Folia Morphologica (Praha), 22: 94-101.
64. JOHNSTON MC and SULIK KK (1990). In: Bhaskar SN (ed). Oral Histology and Embryology. Mosby, London, pp 12-16.
65. KAARTINEN V, VOLCKEN JW, SHULER C, WARBURTON D, BU D, HEISTERKAMP N and GROFFEN J (1995). Abnormal lung development and cleft palate in mice lacking TGF-β3 indicates defects of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Nature Genet, 11: 415-421.
66. KNUDSEN TB, BULLEIT RF and ZIMMERMAN EF (1985). Histochemical localisation of glycosaminoglycans during morphogenesis of the secondary palate in mice. Acta Embryol, 173: 137-142.
67. KÖNTGES G and LUMSDEN A (1996). Rhombencephalic neural crest segmentation is preserved throughout craniofacial ontogeny. Development, 122: 3229-3242.
68. KUHN EM, BABIARZ BS, LESSARD JL and ZIMMERMAN EF (1980). Palate morphogenesis I. Immunological and ultrastructural analyses of mouse palate. Teratology, 21: 209-223.
69. KULKARNI AB, HUH C, BECKER D, GEISER A, LYGHT M, FLANDERS KC, ROBERTS AB, SPORN MB, WARD JM and KARLSSON S (1993). Transforming growth factor-β1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90; 770-774.
70. KURIHARA Y, KURIHARA H, SUZUKI H, KODAMA T, MAEMURA K, NAGAI R, ODA H, KUWAKI T, CAO WH, KAMADA N, JISHAGE K, OUCHI Y, AZUMA S, TOYODA Y, ISHIKAWA T, KUMADA M and YAZAKI Y (1994). Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature, 368: 703-710.
71. LARSSON KS (1962). Studies on the closure of the secondary palate, IV. Autoradiographic and histochemical studies of mouse embryos from cortisone-treated mothers. Acta Morph Neerl Scand, 4: 369-386.
72. LARSSON KS, BOSTROM H and CARLSOO S (1959). Studies on the closure of the secondary palate. Exp Cell Res, 16: 379-383.
73. LE DOUARIN NM and KALCHEIM C (1999). The Neural Crest. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
74. LIEB RJ and DE PAOLA DP (1981). Ultrastructural alteration of trypsin-and pancraetin-separated embryonic rabbit palate epithelium and mesenchyme. J Dent Res, 60: 164-170.
75. LOHNES D, MARK M, MENDELSOHN C, DOLLE P, DIERICH A, GORRY P, GANSMULLER A and CHAMBON P (1994). Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development. (1) Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants. Development, 120: 2723-2748.
76. LUKE DA (1984). Epithelial proliferation and development of rugae in relation to palatal shelf elevation in the mouse. J Anat, 138: 251-258.
77. MCKEE CM, PENNO MB, COWMAN M, BURDICK MD, STRIETER RM and BAO C (1996). Hyaluronan (HA) fragments induce chemokine gene expression in alveolar macrophages. J Clin Invest, 98: 2403-2413.
78. MARTIN JF, BRADLEY A and OLSEN EN (1995). The paired-like homeo box gene Mhox is required for early events of skeletogenesis in multiple lineages. Genes Dev, 9: 1237-1249.
79. MARTINEZ-ALVAREZ C, TUDELA C, PEREZ-MIGUELSANZ J, O'KANE S, PUERTA J and FERGUSON MWJ (2000). Medial edge epithelial cell fate during palatal fusion. Development, 220: 343-357.
80. MATO M, AIKAWA E and KATAHIRA M (1966). Appearance of various types of lysosomes in the epithelium covering lateral palatine shelves during secondary palate formation. Igunma J med Sci, 15: 46-56.
81. MATZUK MM, KUMAR TR and BARDLEY A (1995a). Different phenotypes for mice deficient in either activins or activin receptor type II. Nature, 374: 356-360.
82. MATZUK MM, KUMAR TR, VASSALLI A, BICKENBACH JR, ROOP DR, JAENISCH R and BRADLEY A (1995b). Functional analysis of activins during mammalian development. Nature, 374: 354-356.
83. MATZUK MM, LU N, VOGEL H, SELLHEYER K, ROOP DR and BRADLEY A (1995c). Multiple defects and perinatal death in mice deficient in follistatin. Nature, 374: 360-363.
84. MEIKLE MC (2002). Craniofacial Development, Growth and Evolution. Bateson Publishing, Bressingham.
85. MIETTINEN PJ, CHIN Jr, SHUM L, SLAVKIN HC, SHULER CF, DERYNCK R and WERB Z (1999). Epidermal growth factor receptor function is necessary for normal craniofacial development and palate closure. Nature Genet, 22: 69-73.
86. MO R, FREER AM, ZINYK DL, CRACKOWER MA, MICHAUD J, HENG HH, CHIK KW, SHI XM, TSUI LC, CHENG SH, JOYNER AL and HUI C (1997). Specific and redundant function of Gli2 and Gli3 zinc finger genes in skeletal patterning and development. Development, 124: 113-123.
87. MOHAPATRA S, YANG X, WRIGHT JA, TURLEY EA and GREENBERG AH (1996). Soluble hyaluronan receptor RHAMM induces mitotic arrest by suppressing Cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression. J Exp Med, 183: 1663-1668.
88. MORGAN PR and PRATT RM (1977). Ultrastructure of the expected fusion zone in rat fetuses with diazo-oxo-norleucine (D.O.N.) induced cleft palate. Teratology, 15: 281-290.
89. NANDA R and ROMEO D (1975). Differential cell proliferation of embryonic rat palatal processes as determined by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Cleft Palate J, 12: 436-443.
90. NASRALIAH I and GOLDEN JA (2001). Brain, Eye, and face defects as a result of ectopic localization of Sonic hedgehog protein in the developing rostral neural tube. Teratology, 64: 107-113.
91. NOBLE PW, McKEE CM and HORTON MR (1998). Induction of inflammatory gene expression by low molecular weight hyaluronan fragments in macrophages. In: Laurent TC (ed). The Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications of Hyaluronan and its Derivatives. Portland Press, London, pp 219-225.
92. NODEN DM (1978). The control of avian cephalic neural crest cytodifferentiation. I. Skeletal and connective tissues. Dev Biol, 67: 296-312.
93. ORIOLI D, HENKEMEYER M, LEMKE G, KLEIN R and PAWSON T (1996). Sek4 and nuk receptors cooperate in guidance of commissural axons and in palate formation. EMBO J, 15: 6035-6049.
94. PASQUALETI M, M, ORI M, NARDI I and RIJLI FM (2000). Ectopic Hoxa2 induction after neural crest migration results in homeosis of jaw elements in Xenopus. Development, 127: 5367-5378.
95. PELTON RW, HOGAN BL, MILLER DA and MOSES HL (1990). Differential expression of genes encoding TGF-β1, β2 and β3 during murine palate formation. Dev Biol, 141: 456-460.
96. PETERS H, NEUBUSER A and BALLING R (1997). The role of Pax9 during mouse development. Dev Biol, 186: 333.
97. PRATT RM (1984). Hormones, growth factors and their receptors in normal and abnormal prenatal development. In: Kalter H (ed). Issues and Reviews in Teratology, vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York, pp 189-217.
98. PRATT RM, GOGGINS JF, WILK AL and KING CTG (1973). Acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis in the secondary palate of the developing rat at the time of rotation and fusion. Dev Biol, 32: 230-237.
99. PRATT RM and HASSELL JR (1975). Appearance and distribution of carbohydrate rich macromolecules on the epithelial surface of the rat palatal shelf. Dev Biol, 45: 192-198.
100. PRATT RM and KING CTG (1972). Inhibition of collagen crosslinking associated with β-aminopropionitrile-induced cleft palate in the rat. Dev Biol, 27: 322-328.
101. PRATT RM, KIM CS and GROOVE RI (1984). Role of glucocorticoids and epidermal growth factor in normal and abnormal palatal development. Curr Top Dev Biol, 19: 81-101.
102. PRATT RM and MARTIN GR (1975). Epithelial cell death and cyclic AMP increase during palatal development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 72: 874-877.
103. 3 is required for secondary palate fusim. Nat Genet, 11: 409-414.
104. RIJLI FM, MARK M, LAKKARAJU S, DIERICH A, DOLLE P and CHAMBON P (1993). A homtotic transformation is generated in the rostal branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-Z, which acts as a selector gene. Cell, 75: 1333-1349.
105. SADLER TW (2000). Langman's Medical Embryology, eighth edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
106. 2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGG-β knockout phenotype. Development, 124: 2659-2670.
107. SATOKATA I and MAAS R (1994). Msx-1 deficient mice exhibit cleft palate and abnormalities of craniofacial and tooth development. Nat Genet, 6: 348-355.
108. SCHILLING TF, PRINCE V and INGHAM PW (2001). Plasticity in Zebrafish hox expression in the hindbrain and cranial neural crest. Dev Biol, 231: 201-216.
109. SHAH RM (1979). Current concepts on the mechanisms of normal and abnormal secondary palate formation. In: Persaud TVN (ed). Advances in the Study of Birth Defects. Vol. 1. Teratogenic mechanisms. M.T.P. Press Ltd, Lancaster, pp 69-84.
110. SHAH RM (1980). Ultrastructural observations on the development of triamcinolone-induced cleft palate in hamsters. Invest Cell Pathol, 3: 281-294.
111. SHAH RM, ARCADI F, SUEN R and BURDETT DN (1989). Effects of cylcophosphamide on the secondary palate development in Golden Syrian hamster: teratology, morphology and morphometry. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 9: 381-396.
112. SHAH RM, CHEN YP and BURDETT DN (1989). Growth of the secondary palate in the hamster following hydrocortisone treatment: shelf area, cell number and DNA synthesis. Teratology, 40: 173-180.
113. SHAH RM and CRAWFORD BJ (1980). Development of the secondary palate in chick embryo: a light and electron microscopic and histochemical study. Invest Cell Path, 3: 319-328.
114. SHARPE PM and FERGUSON MWJ (1988). Mesenchymal influences on epithelial differentiation in developing systems. J Cell Sci, 10: 195-230.
115. SHARPE PM, BRUNET CL, FOREMAN DM and FERGUSON MWJ (1993). Localisation of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors during mouse palate development and their effects on mouse palate mesencymal cells in vitro. Rouxs Arch Dev Biol, 202: 132-143.
116. SHULL MM, ORMSBY I, KIER AB, PAWLOWSKI S, DIEBOLD RJ, YIN M, ALLEN R, SIDMAN C, PROETZEL G, CALVIN D, ANNUNZIATA N and DOETSCHMAN T (1992). Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor -β, gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature, 359: 639-699.
117. SINGH GD (1991). Studies on the development of the palate. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bristol.
118. SINGH GD and MOXHAM BJ (1993). Cellular activity in the developing palate of the rat assessed by staining of nucleolar organiser regions. J Anat, 182: 163-168.
119. SINGH GD, MOXHAM BJ, LANGLEY MS, WADDINGTON RJ and EMBERY G (1994). Changes in the composition of glycosaminoglycans during normal palatogenesis in the rat. Archs Oral Biol, 39: 401-407.
120. SINGH GD, MOXHAM BJ, LANGLEY MS and EMBERY G (1997). Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis during 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine-induced palatal clefts in the rat. Archs Oral Biol, 42: 355-363.
121. SOUCHON R (1975). Surface coat of the palatal shelf epithelium during palatogenesis in mouse embryos. Anat Embryol, 147: 133-142.
122. SPERBER GH (2001). Craniofacial Development. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc.
123. SYMONS D and MOXHAM BJ (2002). Ultrastructural characterization of the mesenchyme of the facial processes during development of the rat intermaxillary segment. Conn Tiss Res, 43: 238-244.
124. TAKAGI T, MORIBE H, KONDOH H and HIGASHI Y (1998). Delta EF1, a zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factor, is required for skeleton patterning in multiple lineagis. Development, 125: 21-31.
125. TAKIHARA Y, TOMOTSUNE D, SHIRAI M, KATOH FY, NISHII K, MOTALEB MA, NOMURA M, TSUCHIYA R, FUJITA Y, SHIBATA Y, HIGASHINAKAGAWA T and SHIMADA K (1997). Targeted disruption of the mouse homolog of the Drosophila polyhomeotic gene leads to altered anteroposterior patterning and neural crest defects. Development, 124: 3673-3682.
126. TAN SS and MORRISS-KAY GM (1986). Analysis of cranial neural crest cell migration and early fates in postimplantation rat chimaeras J Embryol Exp Morphol, 98: 21-58.
127. 3 knockout mice. Development, 126: 3869-3879.
128. TERMEER CC, HENNIES J, VOITH U, AHRENS T, WEISS J, PREHM P and SIMON JC (2000). Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan are potent activators of dendritic cells. J Immuno, 165: 1863-1870.
129. THOMAS S (1999). Investigations into aspects of mammalian palatal development. Ph.D. Thesis, Cardiff University.
130. THOMAS S, HALL R and MOXHAM BJ (unpublished data).
131. TISSIER-SETA JP, MUCCHIELLI ML, MARK M, MATTEI MG, GORIDIS C and BRUNT JF (1995). Barx, I., a new mouse homeodomain transcription factor expressed in cranio-facial ectomesenchyme and the stomach. Mech Dev, 51: 3-15.
132. TOOLE BP (2000). Hyaluronan is not just a goo! J Clin Invest, 106: 335-336.
133. TRAINOR P and KRUMLAUF R (2001). Hox genes, neural crest cells and branchial arch patterning. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 13: 698-705.
134. TYLER MS and PRATT RM (1980). Effect of epidermal growth factor on secondary palatal epithelium in vitro: tissue isolation and recombination studies. J Embryol Exp Morphol, 58: 93-106.
135. WALKER BE (1971). Palate morphogenesis in the rabbit. Archs Oral Biol, 16: 275-286.
136. WEE EL, BARBIARZ BS, ZIMMERMAN S and ZIMMERMAN EF (1979). Palate morphogenesis. IV. Effects of serotonin and its antagonists on rotation in embryo culture. J Embryol Exp Morphol, 53: 75-90.
137. WEE EL and ZIMMERMAN EF (1980). Palate morphogenesis. II. Contraction of cytoplasmic processes in ATP-induced palate rotation in glycerinated mouse heads. Teratology, 21: 15-27.
138. WINOGRAD J, REILLY MP, ROE R, LUTZ J, LAUGHNER E, XU X, HU L, ASAKURA T, VAN DER KOLK C, STANDBERG JD and SEMENZA GL (1997). Perinatal lethality and multiple craniofacial malformations in MSX2 transgenic mice. Human Mol Genet, 6: 369-379.
139. YOUNG AV, FEELEY EJE, BENKHAIAL G and SHAH RM (1990). Does the tongue play a role during initial palate development? J Dent Res, 69: 159.
140. ZEILER KB, WEINSTEIN S and GIBSON RD (1964). A study of the morphology and the time of closure of the palate in the albino rat. Archs Oral Biol, 9: 545-554.
141. ZIMMERMAN EF (1979). Palate morphogenesis: role of contractile proteins and neurotransmitters. In: Persaud TVN (ed). Advances in the Study of Birth Defects. Vol. 3. Abnormal embryogenesis, cellular and molecular aspects. M.T.P. Press Ltd, Lancaster, pp 143-159.