The effects of intergroup context of evaluation on ambivalence toward the ingroup and the outgroup

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 247-259

  Mucchi Faina, Angelica ^a,c   Costarelli, Sandro ^b   Romoli, Chiara ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142060910     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.71     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Allport GW. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Addison Wesley: Reading, MA.
2. Bargh JA, Chaiken S, Govender R, Pratto F. 1992. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62: 893-912.
3. Barker K. 1994. To be PC or not to be. A social psychological inquiry into political correctness. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 9: 271-281.
4. Bornstein G, Crum L, Wittenbraker J, Harring K, Insko CA, Thibaut J. 1983a. On the measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology 13: 321-350.
5. Bornstein G, Crum L, Wittenbraker J, Harring K, Insko CA, Thibaut J. 1983b. Reply to Turner's comments. European Journal of Social Psychology 13: 369-381.
6. Branthwaite A, Jones JE. 1975. Fairness and discrimination: English vs. Welsh. European Journal of Social Psychology 5: 323-338.
7. Breckler SJ. 1984. A comparison of numerical indexes for measuring attitudinal ambivalence. Educational and Psychological Measurement 54: 350-365.
8. Breckler SJ, Wiggins EC. 1989. Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25: 253-271.
9. Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG. 1994. Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin 115(3): 401-423.
10. Crano WD, Sivacek J. 1984. The influence of incentive-aroused ambivalence on overjustification effects in attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 20: 137-158.
11. Deaux K. 1996. Social identification. In Handbook of Social Psychology, Kruglanski A, Higgins ET (eds). Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ; 777-798.
12. Dovidio JF, Gaertner SL, Isen AM, Rust M, Guerra P. 1998. Positive affect, cognition, and the reduction of intergroup bias. In Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behavior, Sedikides C, Schopler J, Insko CA (eds). Erlbaum: Mahwah/London.
13. Duckitt J. 1992. Psychology and prejudice: An historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist 4: 1182-1193.
14. Eagly AH, Chaiken S. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Harcourt: Fort Worth, TX.
15. Ellemers N. 1993. The influence of socio-structural variables on identity enhancement strategies. European Review of Social Psychology 4: 27-57.
16. Fazio R, Zanna MP, Cooper J. 1977. Dissonance and self-perception: An integrative view of each theory's proper domain of application. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 464-479.
17. Fiske ST. 1998. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. In The Handbook of Social Psychology, Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G (eds). McGraw-Hill: Boston; 357-411.
18. Fiske ST, Ruscher JR. 1995. Negative interdependence and affect: Whence the affect? In Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping, Mackie DM, Hamilton HM (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, CA.
19. Gaertner SL, Dovidio JF. 1986. The aversive form of racism. In Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, Dovidio JF, Gaertner S (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, CA; 61-89.
20. Glick P, Fiske ST. 1996. The Ambivalent Sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70: 491-512.
21. Glick P, Fiske ST. in press. Ambivalent stereotypes as legitimizing ideologies: Differentiating paternalistic and resentful prejudice. In The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice and intergroup relations, Jost JT, Major B (eds). Cambridge University Press: New York.
22. Glick P, Diebold J, Bailey B, Zhu L. 1997. The two faces of Adam: Ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes among women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23: 1324-1334.
23. Haddock G, Zanna MP. 1999. Cognition, affect, and the prediction of social attitudes. European Review of Social Psychology 10: 75-99.
24. Haddock G, Zanna MP, Esses VM. 1993. Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes. The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65: 1105-1118.
25. Jonas K, Diehl M, Bromer P. 1997. Effects of Attitudinal ambivalence on information processing and attitude-intention consistency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33: 190-210.
26. Jost TJ, Burgess D. 2000. Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26: 293-305.
27. Judd CM, Park B, Ryan CS, Brauer M, Kraus S. 1995. Stereotypes and ethnocentrism: Diverging interethnic perceptions of African American and White American youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 460-481.
28. Kaplan KJ. 1972. On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin 77: 361-372.
29. Katz D, Hass RG. 1988. Racial ambivalence and value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55: 893-905.
30. Katz I, Wackenhut J, Hass RG. 1986. Racial ambivalence, value duality, and behavior. In Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, Dovidio JT, Gaertner SL (eds). Academic Press: New York; 35-59.
31. Lavine H, Thomsen CJ, Zanna M, Borgida E. 1998. On the primacy of affect in the determination of attitudes and behavior: The moderating role of affective-cognitive ambivalence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 34: 398-421.
32. Linville PW, Fischer GW, Salovey P. 1989. Perceived distributions of the characteriestics of ingroup and outgroup members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 165-188.
33. MacDonald TK, Zanna MP. 1998. Cross-dimension ambivalence toward social groups: Can ambivalence affect intentions to hire feminists? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24: 4, 427-441.
34. Mackie DM, Smith ER. 1998. Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review 105: 499-529.
35. Maio GR, Bell DW, Esses VM. 1996. Ambivalence and persuasion: The processing of messages about immigrant groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 32: 513-536.
36. McConahay JB. 1983. Modern racism and modern discrimination: The effects of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9: 551-558.
37. McConahay JB, Hardee BB, Batts W. 1981. Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution 25: 563-579.
38. McConahay JB, Hough JC Jr. 1976. Simbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues 32: 23-45.
39. Messick DM, Mackie DM. 1989. Intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology 40: 45-51.
40. Monteith MJ. 1993. Self-regulation of prejudiced responses. Implications for progress in prejudice reduction efforts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65: 469-485.
41. Mucchi-Faina A. 2000. Minority influence and ambivalence. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale 15: 65-87.
42. Mullen R, Brown RJ, Smith C. 1992. Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status. An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology 22: 103-122.
43. Mummendey A, Otten S. 1998. Positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination. European Review of Social Psychology 9: 107-143.
44. Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tannenbaum PH. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press: Urbana, IL.
45. Pettigrew TF. 1997. Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23: 173-185.
46. Pettigrew TF, Meertens RW. 1995. Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology 25: 57-75.
47. Phinney JS. 1990. Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review. Psychological Bulletin 108: 499-514.
48. Pomerantz EM, Chaiken S, Tordesillas RS. 1995. Attitude strength and resistance processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 408-419.
49. Scott WA. 1966. Brief report: Measures of cognitive structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1: 391-395.
50. Scott WA. 1969. Structure of natural cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 12: 261-278.
51. Sears DO. 1988. Symbolic racism. In Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy, Katz PA, Taylor DA (eds). Plenum Press: New York; 53-84.
52. Singh R, Mei Choo W, Li Poh L. 1998. Ingroup bias and fair-mindedness as strategies of self-presentation in intergroup perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2: 147-162.
53. Singh R, Yeoh BE, Lim DI, Lim KK. 1997. Cross categorization effects in intergroup discrimination: Adding versus averaging. British Journal of Social Psychology 36: 121-138.
54. Tajfel H, Billig MG, Bundy RP, Flament C. 1971. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology 1: 149-178.
55. Tajfel H, Turner JC. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Austin WG, Worchel S (eds). Brooks/Cole: Monterey, CA.
56. Tetlock PE, Levi A. 1982. Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18: 68-88.
57. Thompson MM, Holmes JG. 1996. Ambivalence in close relationships: Conflicted cognitions as a catalyst for change. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Sorrentino RM, Higgins ET (eds). Guilford: New York; 479-531.
58. Thompson MM, Zanna MR 1995. The conflicted individual: Personality-based and domain-specific antecedents of ambivalent social attitudes. Journal of Personality 63: 259-288.
59. Thompson MM, Zanna MP, Griffin DW. 1995. Let's not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In Attitude Strength: Antecedents and consequences, Petty RE, Krosnick JA (eds). Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ; 361-386.
60. Turner JC. 1983a. Some comments on Bornstein, Crum, Wittenbraker, Harring, Insko, & Thibaut's 'The measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm'. European Journal of Social Psychology 13: 351-367.
61. Turner JC. 1983b. A second reply to ... 'The measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm'. European Journal of Social Psychology 13: 383-387.
62. Turner JC. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell: Oxford.
63. Vescio TK, Hewstone M, Crisp RJ, Rubin JM. 1999. Perceiving and responding to multiply categorizable individuals: Cognitive processes and affective intergroup bias. In Social Identity and Social Cognition, Abrams D, Hogg MA (eds). Blackwell: Oxford; 111-140.
64. Yee MD, Brown R. 1992. Self-evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine. Child Development 63: 619-629.
65. Wenzel M, Mummendey A. 1996. Positive-negative asymmetry of social discrimination: A normative analysis of differential evaluations of ingroup and outgroup on positive and negative attributes. British Journal of Social Psychology 35: 493-507.
66. Zanna MP, Rempel JK. 1988. Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In The Social Psychology of Knowledge, Bar-Tal D, Kruglanski AW (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 315-334.