Diabesity: An inflammatory metabolic condition

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1120-1130

  Schmidt, Maria Inês ^a   Duncan, Bruce Bartholow ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Cytokines; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETOGENESIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; OBESITY; PANCREAS INSUFFICIENCY; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCIENCE;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; OBESITY; STRESS;

EID: 0142029561     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2003.174     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Narayan KM, Bowman BA, Engelgau ME. Prevention of type 2 diabetes. Br Med J 2001; 323:63-4.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:1414-31.
3. WHO Expert Committee on Nutrition and Health. Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Nutrition and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.
4. Astrup A, Finer N. Redefining type 2 diabetes: 'diabesity' or 'obesity' dependent diabetes mellitus'? Obes Rev 2000; 1:57-9.
5. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:115-26.
6. Jarrett RJ, Shipley MJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: putative association via common antecedents; further evidence from the Whitehall Study. Diabetologia 1988; 31:737-40.
7. Stern MP. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The "common soil" hypothesis. Diabetes 1995; 44:369-74.
8. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR, Lindberg G, Savage PJ, Offenbacher S, et al. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353: 1649-52.
9. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Offenbacher S, Wu KK, Savage PJ, Heiss G. Factor VIII and other hemostasis variables are related to incident diabetes in adults - the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:767-72.
10. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI. Inflamação como processo patogenético comum em diabete melito tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares. Rev Bras Hipert 1999; 6:244-54.
11. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI. Chronic activation of the innate immune system may underlie the metabolic syndrome. Sao Paulo Mad J 2001; 119:122-7.
12. Pickup JC, Crook MA. Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia 1998; 41: 1241-8.
13. Lindsay RS, Krakoff J, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Gamma globulin levels predict type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Diabetes 2001; 50:1598-603.
14. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Assoc 2001; 286:327-34.
15. Barzilay JI, Abraham L, Heckbert SR, Cushman M, Kuller LH, Resnick HE, et al. The relation of markers of inflammation to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes 2001; 50:2384-9.
16. Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Caslake MJ, Gaw A, Ford I, Lowe GD, et al. C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Diabetes 2002; 51:1596-600.
17. Ford ES. Leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and diabetes incidence in a national sample of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155:57-64.
18. Nakanishi N, Yoshida H, Matsuo Y, Suzuki K, Tatara K. White blood-cell count and the risk of impaired fasting glucose or type II diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetologia 2002; 45:42-8.
19. Festa A, D'Agostino R, Jr., Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes 2002; 51:1131-7.
20. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Lindsay RS, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA. High white blood cell count is associated with a worsening of insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51:455-61.
21. Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL, Matsuzawa Y, Tanaka S, Tataranni PA, et al. Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 2002; 360:57-8.
22. Han TS, Sattar N, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Lean ME, Haffner SM. Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:2016-21.
23. Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003; 52:812-7.
24. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D, Vigo A, et al. Low-grade systemic inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes 2003; 52:1799-805.
25. Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, et al. Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2003; 361:226-8.
26. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001; 103: 1813-8.
27. Lindberg G, Lundblad A, Gullberg B, Nilsson-Ehle P, Hanson BS. Serum total sialic acid and sialoprotein concentration in relation to coronary heart disease risk markers. Atherosclerosis 1993; 103:123-9.
28. Lindberg G, Eklund GA, Gullberg B, Rastam L. Serum sialic acid concentration and cardiovascular mortality. Br Med J 1991; 302:143-6.
29. Saito I, Folsom AR, Brancati FL, Duncan BB, Chambless LE, McGovern PG. Nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease incidence among persons with diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:81-91.
30. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D. NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of acute-phase reactants and interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X. Diabetologia 1997; 40:1286-92.
31. Yudkin JS. Is insulin vasculotoxic? Diabetologia 1997; 40:S140-S146.
32. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CDA, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: association with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:972-8.
33. Festa A, D'Agostino R, Jr., Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 2000; 102:42-7.
34. Sriharan M, Reichelt AJ, Opperman ML, Duncan BB, Mengue SS, Crook MA, et al. Total sialic acid and associated elements of the metabolic syndrome in women with and without previous gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1331-5.
35. Ford ES, Galuska DA, Gillespie C, Will JC, Giles WH, Dietz WH. C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Pediatr 2001; 138:486-92.
36. Engstrom G, Janzon L, Berglund G, Lind P, Stavenow L, Hedblad B, et al. Blood pressure increase and incidence of hypertension in relation to inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:2054-8.
37. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Carpenter M, Heiss G, et al. Fibrinogen, other putative markers of inflammation and weight gain in middle-aged adults. The ARIC Study. Obesity Res 2000; 8:279-86.
38. Fearon DT, Locksley RM. The instructive role of innate immnity in the acquired immune response. Science 1996; 272:50-3.
39. Kushner I, Mackiewicz A. The acute phase response: an overview. In: Mackiewicz A, Kushner I, Baumann H, editors. Acute phase proteins: molecular biology, biochemistry, and clinical applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993:4-19.
40. Hotamisligil GS. Mechanisms of TNF-α induced insulin resistance. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999; 107:119-25.
41. Marette A. Mediators of cytokine-incluced insulin resistance in obesity and other inflammatory settings. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002; 5:377-83.
42. Khovidhunkit W, Memon RA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins. J Infect Dis 2000; 181 Suppl 3:S462-S472.
43. Trayhurn P, Beattie JH. Physiological role of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue as an endocrine and secretory organ. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60:329-39.
44. Cousin B, Munoz O, Andre M, Fontanilles AM, Dani C, Cousin JL, et al. A role for preadipocytes as macrophage-like cells. FASEB J 1999; 13:305-12.
45. Ravussin E, Smith SR. Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 967:363-78.
46. Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, et al. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 2002; 8:731-7.
47. Janke J, Engeli S, Gorzelniak K, Luft FC, Sharma AM. Mature adipocytes inhibit in vitro differentiation of human preadipocytes via angiotensin type 1 receptors. Diabetes 2002; 51:1699-707.
48. Sharma AM, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, Engeli S, Luft FC. Angiotensin blockade prevents type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension 2002; 40:609-11.
49. Gerhold DL, Liu F, Jiang G, Li Z, Xu J, Lu M, et al. Gene expression profile of adipocyte differentiation and its regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. Endocrinology 2002; 143:2106-18.
50. Ling PR, Bistrian BR, Mendez B, Istfan NW. Effects of systemic infusions of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 on glucose metabolism in the rat: relationship to endogenous glucose production and peripheral tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism 1994; 43:279-84.
51. Kapur S, Bedard S, Marcotte B, Cote CH, Marette A. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle: a novel role for nitric oxide as a modulator of insulin action. Diabetes 1997; 46:1691-700.
52. Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray DL, Spiegelman BM. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes: central role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1543-9.
53. Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 1996; 271:665-8.
54. Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, Li ZW, Karin M, et al. Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of Ikkbeta. Science 2001; 293:1673-7.
55. Kim JK, Kim YJ, Fillmore JJ, Chen Y, Moore I, Lee J, et al. Prevention of fat-induced insulin resistance by salicylate. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:437-46.
56. Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, et al. A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 2002; 420:333-6.
57. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. The metabolic syndrome - a neuroendocrine disorder? Br J Nutr 2000; 83 Suppl 1:S49-S57.
58. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in visceral obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24 Suppl 2:S80-S85.
59. Sandhu MS, Heald AH, Gibson JM, Cruickshank JK, Dunger DB, Wareham NJ. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and development of glucose intolerance: a prospective observational study. Lancet 2002; 359:1740-5.
60. Reichlin S. Neuroendocrinolgy. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, editors. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1998: 165-248.
61. Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P. The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia 2002; 45:924-30.
62. Dandona P, Weinstock R, Thusu K, Abdel-Rahman E, Aljada A, Wadden T. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in sera of obese patients: fall with weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:2907-10.
63. Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P, Ghanim H, Hamouda W, Assian E, et al. Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3257-65.
64. Longnecker MP, Daniels JL. Environmental contaminants as etiologic factors for diabetes. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109 Suppl 6:871-6.
65. Longnecker MP, Michalek JE. Serum dioxin level in relation to diabetes mellitus among Air Force veterans with background levels of exposure. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 44-8.
66. Kern PA, Dicker-Brown A, Said ST, Kennedy R, Fonseca VA. The stimulation of tumor necrosis factor and inhibition of glucose transport and lipoprotein lipase in adipose cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Metabolism 2002; 51:65-8.
67. Cranmer M, Louie S, Kennedy RH, Kern PA, Fonseca VA. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Toxicol Sci 2000; 56:431-6.
68. Godfrey KM, Barker DJ. Fetal nutrition and adult disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1344S-52S.
69. Phillips DI, Barker DJ, Fall CH, Seckl JR, Whorwood CB, Wood PJ, et al. Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations: a link between low birth weight and the insulin resistance syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:757-60.
70. Mehta SH, Brancati FL, Sulkowski MS, Strathdee SA, Szklo M, Thomas DL. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:592-9.
71. Dhurandhar NV, Whigham LD, Abbott DH, Schultz-Darken NJ, Israel BA, Bradley SM, et al. Human adenovirus Ad-36 promotes weight gain in male rhesus and marmoset monkeys. J Nutr 2002; 132:3155-60.
72. Dhurandhar NV. Infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin. J Nutr 2001; 131:2794S-7S.
73. Das UN. Is insulin an antiinflammatory molecule? Nutrition 2001; 17:409-13.
74. Malmberg K. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. Br Med J 1997; 314:1512-5.
75. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359-67.
76. Fath-Ordoubadi F, Beatt KJ. Glucose-insulin-potassium therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: an overview of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Circulation 1997; 96:1152-6.
77. Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Shimomura K, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Takahashi M, et al. Role of adipocytokines on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in visceral obesity. Intern Med 1999; 38:202-6.
78. Campos SP, Baumann H. Insulin is a prominent modulator of the cytokine-stimulated expression of acute-phase plasma protein genes. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:1789-992.
79. Melidonis A, Stefanidis A, Tournis S, Manoussakis S, Handanis S, Zairis M, et al. The role of strict metabolic control by insulin infusion on fibrinolytic profile during an acute coronary event in diabetic patients. Clin Cardiol 2000; 23:160-4.
80. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation 2002; 106:2067-72.
81. Vlassara H, Cai W, Crandall J, Goldberg T, Oberstein R, Dardaine V, et al. Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:15596-601.