Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) A link between coagulation and fibrinolysis

Clinical Laboratory

Volumn 49, Issue 9-10, 2003, Pages 475-486

  Antovic, Jovan P ^a,b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 LEIDEN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B; CHOLESTEROL; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; ENZYME PRECURSOR; LIPID; THROMBIN ACTIVATABLE FIBRINOLYSIS INHIBITOR;

ANIMAL CELL; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BLOOD CLOTTING; CHROMOSOME 13Q; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DNA ISOLATION; DOG; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME INACTIVATION; ENZYME PURIFICATION; ENZYME STRUCTURE; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; EXON; FIBRINOLYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GUINEA PIG; HAMSTER; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSECT; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; RAT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; SWINE;

ANIMALS; BLOOD COAGULATION; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE U; ENZYME PRECURSORS; FIBRINOLYSIS; HUMANS; TERMINOLOGY;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CAVIA PORCELLUS; CRICETINAE; INSECTA; SUS SCROFA;

EID: 0142028103     PISSN: 14336510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Hendriks D, Scharpe S, van Sande M, Lommaert MP. A labile enzyme in fresh human serum interferes with the assay of carboxypeptidase N. Clin Chem. 1989; 35: 177.
2. Campbell W, Okada H. An arginine specific carboxypeptidase generated in blood during coagulation or inflammation which is unrelated to carboxypeptidase N or its subunits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 162:933-9.
3. Bajzar L, Manuel R, Nesheim ME. Purification and characterization of TAFI, a thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 14477-84.
4. Eaton DL, Malloy BE, Tsai SP, Henzel W, Drayna D. Isolation, molecular cloning, and partial characterization of a novel carboxypetidase B from human plasma. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 21833-8.
5. Kluft C. Hallmark discoveries on TAFI date back to 1968. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86: 719.
6. Helle I. Fibrinolysis and coagulation. Effect of calcium and of coagulation on the lysis of fibrin clots. Scand J Haematol. 1968; suppl 4: 1-46.
7. Hendriks D, Scharpe S, van Sande M, Lommaert MP. Characterisation of a carboxypeptidase in human serum distinct from carboxypeptidase N. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1989; 27: 277-85.
8. Antovic J, Schulman S, Eelde A, Blombäck M. Total thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) antigen and pro-TAFI in patients with hemophilia A. Haemophilia 2001; 7: 557-60.
9. Bajzar L, Nesheim ME, Tracy PB. The profibrinolytic effect of activated protein C in clots formed from plasma is TAFI-dependent. Blood 1996; 88: 2093-100.
10. Mosnier LO, von dem Borne PA, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Plasma TAFI levels influence the clot lysis time in healthy individuals in the presence of an intact intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 1998; 80: 829-35.
11. Wang W, Hendriks DF, Scharpe SS. Carboxypeptidase U, a plasma carboxypeptidase with high affinity for plasminogen. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 15937-44.
12. Mosnier LO, Buijtenhuijs P, Marx PF, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Identification of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in human platelets. Blood. 2003;101:4844-6
13. Schatteman KA, Goossens FJ, Scharpe SS, Hendriks DF. Activation of plasma procarboxypeptidase U in different mammalian species points to a conserved pathway of inhibition of fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost. 1999; 82: 1718-21.
14. Marx PF, Wagenaar GT, Reijerkerk A, Tiekstra MJ, van Rossum AG, Gebbink MF, Meijers JC. Characterization of mouse thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 83: 297-303.
15. Kato T, Akatsu H, Sato T, Matsuo S, Yamamoto T, Campbell W, Hotta N, Okada N, Okada H. Molecular cloning and partial characterization of rat procarboxypeptidase R and carboxypeptidase N. Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 44: 719-28.
16. Boffa MB, Wang W, Bajzar L, Nesheim ME. Plasma and recombinant thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and activated TAFI compared with respect to glycosylation, thrombin/thrombomodulin-dependent activation, thermal stability, and enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 2127-35.
17. Zhao L, Morser J, Bajzar L, Nesheim M, Nagashima M. Identification and characterization of two thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor isoforms. Thromb Haemost. 1998; 80: 949-55.
18. Broze GJ Jr, Higuchi DA. Coagulation-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis: role of carboxypeptidase-U and the premature lysis of clots from hemophilic plasma. Blood 1996; 88: 3815-23.
19. Marx PF, Hackeng TM, Dawson PE, Griffin JH, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Inactivation of active thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor takes place by a process that involves conformational instability rather than proteolytic cleavage. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 12410-5.
20. Boffa MB, Reid TS, Joo E, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML. Characterization of the gene encoding human TAFI (thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor; plasma procarboxypeptidase B). Biochemistry 1999; 38: 6547-58.
21. Tsai SP, Drayna D. The gene encoding human plasma carboxypeptidase R (CPB2) resides on chromosome 13. Genomics 1992; 14: 549-50.
22. Vanhoof G, Wauters J, Schatteman K, Hendriks D, Goossens F, Bossuyt P, Scharpe S. The gene for human carboxypeptidase U (CPU) - a proposed novel regulator of plasminogen activation - maps to 13q14.11. Genomics 1996; 38: 454-5.
23. Sato T, Miwa T, Akatsu H, Matsukawa N, Obata K, Okada N, Campbell W, Okada H. Pro-carboxypeptidase R is an acute phase protein in the mouse, whereas carboxypeptidase N is not. J Immunol. 2000; 165: 1053-8.
24. Silveira A, Schatteman K, Goossens F, Moor E, Scharpe S, Stromqvist M, Hendriks D, Hamsten A. Plasma procarboxypeptidase U in men with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84:364-8.
25. Boffa MB, Hamill JD, Maret D, Brown D, Scott ML, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML. Acute phase mediators modulate TAFI gene expression in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 9250-7.
26. Nagashima M, Yin ZF, Broze GJ Jr, Morser J. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) deficient mice. Front Biosci. 2002; 7: d556-68.
27. Nagashima M, Yin ZF, Zhao L, White K, Zhu Y, Lasky N, Halks-Miller M, Broze GJ Jr, Fay WP, Morser J. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) deficiency is compatible with murine life. J Clin Invest. 2002; 109: 101-10.
28. Morange PE, Aillaud MF, Nicaud V, Henry M, Juhan-Vague I. Ala147Thr and C+1542G polymorphisms in the TAFI gene are not associated with a higher risk of venous thrombosis in FV Leiden carriers. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86:1583-4.
29. Henry M, Aubert H, Morange PE, Nanni I, Alessi MC, Tiret L, Juhan-Vague I. Identification of polymorphisms in the promoter and the 3′ region of the TAFI gene: evidence that plasma TAFI antigen levels are strongly genetically controlled. Blood 2001; 97: 2053-8.
30. Franco RF, Fagundes MG, Meijers JC, Reitsma PH, Lourenco D, Morelli V, Maffei FH, Ferrari IC, Piccinato CE, Silva WA Jr, Zago MA. Identification of polymorphisms in the 5′-untranslated region of the TAFI gene: relationship with plasma TAFI levels and risk of venous thrombosis. Haematologica. 2001; 86: 510-7.
31. Brouwers GJ, Vos HL, Leebeek FW, Bulk S, Schneider M, Boffa M, Koschinsky M, van Tilburg NH, Nesheim ME, Bertina RM, Gomez-Garcia EB. A novel, possibly functional, single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region of the thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) gene is also associated with TAFI levels. Blood 2001; 98: 1992-3.
32. Schneider M, Boffa M, Stewart R, Rahman M, Koschinsky M, Nesheim M. Two naturally occurring variants of TAFI (Thr-325 and Ile-325) differ substantially with respect to thermal stability and antifibrinolytic activity of the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 1021-30.
33. Morange PE, Henry M, Frere C, Juhan-Vague I. Thr325IIe, polymorphism of the TAFI gene does not influence the risk of myocardial infarction. Blood 2002; 99: 1878-9.
34. Mao SS, Cooper CM, Wood T, Shafer JA, Gardell SJ. Characterization of plasmin mediated activation of plasma procarboxypetidase B - modulation by glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 35046-52.
35. Bajzar L, Morser J, Nesheim M. TAFI, or plasma procarboxy-peptidase B, couples the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades through the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 16603-8.
36. Bouma BN, Marx PF, Mosnier LO, Meijers JCM. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, plasma procarboxypeptidase B, procarboxypeptidase R, procarboxypeptidase U). Thromb Res. 2001; 101: 329-54.
37. Marx PF, Dawson PE, Bouma BN, Meijers JC. Plasmin-mediated activation and inactivation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Biochemistry 2002; 41: 6688-96.
38. Leurs J, Wissing BM, Nerme V, Schatteman K, Björquist P, Hendriks D. Different mechanisms contribute to the biphasic pattern of carboxypeptidase U TAFIa) generation during in vitro clot lysis in human plasma. Thromb Haemost. 2003; 89: 264-71.
39. Kawamura T, Okada N, Okada H. Elastase from activated human neutrophils activates procarboxypeptidase R. Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 46: 225-30.
40. Boffa MB, Bell R, Stevens WK, Nesheim ME. Roles of thermal instability and proteolytic cleavage in regulation of activated thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275:12868-78.
41. Tan AK, Eaton DL. Activation and characterization of procarboxypeptidase B from human plasma. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 5811-6.
42. Komura H, Shimomura Y, Yumoto M, Katsuya H, Okada N, Okada H. Heat stability of carboxypeptidase R of experimental animals. Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 46: 217-23.
43. Schatteman KA, Goossens FJ, Scharpe SS, Hendriks DF. Proteolytic activation of purified human procarboxypeptidase U. Clin Chim Acta 2000; 292: 25-40.
44. Christensen U. C-terminal lysine residues of fibrinogen fragments essential for binding to plasminogen. FEBS Lett. 1985; 182: 43-6.
45. Miles LA, Dahlberg CM, Plescia J, Felez J, Kato K, Plow EF. Role of cell-surface lysines in plasminogen binding to cells: identification of alpha-enolase as a candidate plasminogen receptor. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 1682-91.
46. Fleury V, Angles-Cano E. Characterization of the binding of plasminogen to fibrin surface: the role of carboxyterminal lysines. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 7630-8.
47. Hoylaerters M, Rijken DC, Lijnen HR, Collen D. Kinetics of the activation of plasminogen by human tissue plasminogen activator. Role of fibrin. J Biol Chem. 1982; 257: 2912-9.
48. Sakharov DV, Rijken DC. Superficial accumulation of plasminogen during plasma clot lysis. Circulation 1995; 92: 1883-90.
49. Sakharov DV, Plow EF, Rijken DC. On the mechanism of the anti-fibrinolytic activity of plasma carboxypeptidase B. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 14477-82.
50. Redlitz A, Tan AK, Eaton DL, Plow EF. Plasma carboxypeptidases as regulators of the plasminogen system. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 2534-8.
51. Wang W, Boffa MB, Bajzar L, Walker JB, Nesheim ME. A study of the mechanism of inhibition of fibrinolysis by activated thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 27176-81.
52. Stewart RJ, Fredenburgh JC, Rischke JA, Bajzar L, Weitz JI. Thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor attenuates (DD)E-mediated stimulation of plasminogen activation by reducing the affinity of (DD)E for tissue plasminogen activator. A potential mechanism for enhancing the fibrin specificity of tissue plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 36612-20.
53. Valnickova Z, Enghild JJ: Human procarboxypeptidase U, or thrombin- activable fibrinolysis inhibitor, is a substrate for transglutaminases. J Biol Chem. 1998; 42: 27220-4.
54. Swaisgood CM, Schmitt D, Eaton D, Plow EF. In vivo regulation of plasminogen function by plasma carboxypeptidase B. J Clin Invest. 2002; 110: 1275-82.
55. Muto Y, Suzuki K, Sato E, Ishii H. Carboxypeptidase B inhibitors reduce tissue factor-induced renal microthrombi in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003; 461: 181-9.
56. Chetaille P, Alessi MC, Kouassi D, Morange PE, Juhan-Vague I. Plasma TAFI antigen variations in healthy subjects. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 83: 902-5.
57. Stromqvist M, Schatteman K, Leurs J, Verkerk R, Andersson JO, Johansson T, Scharpe S, Hendriks D. Immunological assay for the determination of procarboxypeptidase U antigen levels in human plasma. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 85: 12-7.
58. Van Tilburg NH, Rosendaal FR, Bertina RM. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and the risk for deep vein thrombosis. Blood 2000; 95: 2855-9.
59. Hendriks D, Wang W, Scharpe S, Lommaert MP, van Sande M. Purification and characterization of a new arginine carboxypeptidase in human serum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990; 1034: 86-92.
60. Schatteman KA, Goossens FJ, Scharpe SS, Neels HM, Hendriks DF. Assay of procarboxypeptidase U, a novel determinant of the fibrinolytic cascade, in human plasma. Clin Chem. 1999; 45: 807-13.
61. Schatteman KA, Goossens FJ, Leurs J, Kasahara Y, Scharpe SS, Hendriks DF. Fast homogeneous assay for plasma procarboxypeptidase U. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001; 39: 806-10.
62. Van Thiel DH, George M, Fareed J. Low levels of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in patients with chronic liver disease. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 85: 667-70.
63. Mosnier LO, Lisman T, van den Berg HM, Nieuwenhuis HK, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. The defective down regulation of fibrinolysis in haemophilia A can be restored by increasing the TAFI plasma concentration. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86: 1035-9.
64. He S, Antovic A, Blombäck M. A simple and rapid laboratory method for determination of haemostasis potential in plasma II. Modifications for use in routine laboratories and research work. Thromb Res. 2001; 103: 355-61.
65. Antovic JP, Rafik Hamad R, Antovic A, Blombäck M, Bremme K. Does thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) contribute to impairment of fibrinolysis in patients with preeclampsia and/or intrauterine fetal growth retardation? Thromb Haemost. 2002; 88:644-7.
66. Antovic JP, Antovic A, He S, Tengborn L, Blomback M. Overall haemostatic potential can be used for estimation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor-dependent fibrinolysis in vivo and for possible follow-up of recombinant factor VIIa treatment in patients with inhibitors to factor VIII. Haemophilia 2002; 8: 781-6.
67. Antovic JP, Yngen M, Östenson CG, Antovic A, Wallen NH, Jorneskog G, Blombäck M. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and hemostatic changes in patients with type I diabetes mellitus with and without microvascular complications Blood Coag Fibrinolys 2003;14:551-6.
68. Greenfield RS, Antovic J, An J, Blombäck M, An SSA. Elevated TAFIa/ai antigen levels are a marker for hyperfibrinolytic state in hemophilia patients. Thrombos Haemost. (suppl) 16th International Congress on Fibrinolysis, Munich, Germany, 2002; S49.
69. Meijers JC, Middeldorp S, Tekelenburg W, van den Ende AE, Tans G, Prins MH, Rosing J, Buller HR, Bouma BN. Increased fibrinolytic activity during use of oral contraceptives is counteracted by an enhanced factor XI-independent down regulation of fibrinolysis: a randomized cross-over study of two low-dose oral contraceptives. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84: 9-14.
70. Chabloz P, Reber G, Boehlen F, Hohlfeld P, de Moerloose P. TAFI antigen and D-dimer levels during normal pregnancy and at delivery. Br J Haematol. 2001; 115:150-2.
71. Bajzar L, Fredenburgh JC, Nesheim M. The activated protein C-mediated enhancement of tissue-type plasminogen activator induced fibrinolysis in a cell free system. J Biol Chem. 1990; 265: 16948-54.
72. De Fouw NJ, Haverkate F, Bertina RM. Protein C and fibrinolysis: a link between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990; 281: 235-43.
73. Bajzar L, Kalafatis M, Simioni P, Tracy PB. An antifibrinolytic mechanism describing the prothrombotic effect associated with factor V Leiden. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 22949-52.
74. Nowak-Gottl U, Binder M, Dubbers A, Kehrel B, Koch HG, Veltmann H, Vielhaber H. Arg506 to Gln mutation in the factor V gene causes poor fibrinolytic response in children after venous occlusion. Thromb Haemost. 1997; 78:1115-8.
75. Gresele P, Momi S, Berrettini M, Nenci GG, Schwarz HP, Semeraro N, Colucci M. Activated human protein C prevents thrombin-induced thromboembolism in mice. Evidence that activated protein C reduces intravascular fibrin accumulation through the inhibition of additional thrombin generation. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 667-76.
76. Mosnier LO, Elisen MG, Bouma BN, Meijers JC. Protein C inhibitor regulates the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex in the up- and down-regulation of TAFI activation. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86:1057-64.
77. Mosnier LO, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. The role of protein S in the activation of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and regulation of fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86: 1040-6.
78. Antovic JP, Blombäck M. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) antigen and TAFI activity in patients with APC resistance caused by factor V Leiden mutation. Thromb Res. 2002; 106: 59-62.
79. Kurosawa S, Stearns DJ, Jackson KW, Esmon CT. A 10-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment from the epidermal growth factor homology domain of rabbit thrombomodulin contains the primary thrombin binding site. J Biol Chem. 1988; 263: 5933-6.
80. Kokame K, Zheng X, Sadler JE. Activation of thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor requires epidermal growth factor-like domain 3 of thrombomodulin and is inhibited competitively by protein C. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 12135-9.
81. Wang W, Nagashima M, Schneider M, Morser J, Nesheim M. Elements of the primary structure of thrombomodulin required for efficient thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor activation. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 22942-7.
82. Hall SW, Nagashima M, Zhao L, Morser J, Leung LL. Thrombin interacts with thrombomodulin, protein C, and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor via specific and distinct domains. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 25510-6.
83. Mosnier LO, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Regulation of fibrinolysis in plasma by TAFI and protein C is dependent on the concentration of thrombomodulin. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 85: 5-11.
84. Bajzar L, Nesheim M, Morser J, Tracy PB. Both cellular and soluble forms of thrombomodulin inhibit fibrinolysis by potentiating the activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273:2792-8.
85. Keultars IM, Hamulyak K, Hemker HC, Beguin S. The effect of DDAVP infusion on thrombin generation in platelet rich plasma of von Willebrand type 1 and mild hemophilia A patients. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84: 638-42.
86. Ramström G, Blombäck M. Tooth extractions in hemophiliacs. Int J Oral Surg. 1975; 4: 1-17.
87. Piot B, Sigaud-Fiks M, Huet P, Fressinaud E, Trossaert M, Mercier J. Management of dental extractions in patients with bleeding disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 93: 247-50.
88. Asakai R, Chung DW, Davie EW, Seligsohn U. Factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews in Israel. N Eng J Med. 1991; 325: 153-8.
89. Berliner S, Horowitz I, Martinowitz U, Brenner B, Seligsohn U. Dental surgery in patients with severe factor XI deficiency without plasma replacement. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis 1992; 3: 465-8.
90. Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Activation of factor VII bound to tissue factor: a key early step in the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 6687-91.
91. Broze GJ. The role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in revised coagulation cascade. Semin Hematol. 1992; 29: 159-69.
92. Hoffman M, Monroe DM. A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 85: 958-65.
93. Von dem Borne PA, Bajzar L, Meijers JC, Nesheim ME, Bouma BN. Thrombin-mediated activation of factor XI results in a thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis. J Clin Invest. 1997; 99: 2323-7.
94. Rand MD, Lock JB, Van't Veer C, Gaffney DP, Mann KG. Blood clotting in minimally altered whole blood. Blood 1996; 88: 3432-45.
95. Von dem Borne PAK, Meijers JCM, Bouma BN. Feedback activation of factor XI by thrombin in plasma results in additional format of thrombin that protects fibrin clots from fibrinolysis. Blood 1995; 86: 3035-42.
96. Koster T, Blann AD, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR. Role of clotting factor VIII in effect of von Willebrand factor on occurrence of deep vein thrombosis. Lancet 1995; 345: 152-5.
97. Vlieg AV, van der Linden IK; Bertina RM, Rosendaal FR. High levels of factor IX increase the risk of venous thrombosis. Blood 2000; 95: 3678-82.
98. Meijers JC, Tekelenburg WL, Bouma BN, Bertina RM, Rosendaal FR. High levels of coagulation factor XI as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 696-701.
99. Libourel EJ, Bank I, Meinardi JR, Balj -Volkers CP, Koopman K, Van Pampus EC, Prins MH, Buller HR, Van Der Meer J. Cosegregation of thrombophilic disorders in factor V Leiden carriers; the contributions of factor VIII, factor XI, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and lipoprotein(a) to the absolute risk of venous thromboembolism. Haematologica. 2002; 87: 1068-73.
100. Schroeder V, Kucher N, Kohler HP. Role of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2003; 1: 492-3.
101. Juhan-Vague I, Renucci JF, Grimaux M, Morange PE, Gouvernet J, Gourmelin Y, Alessi MC. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor antigen levels and cardiovascular risk factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 2156-61.
102. Juhan-Vague I, Morange PE, Aubert H, Henry M, Aillaud MF, Alessi MC, Samnegard A, Hawe E, Yudkin J, Margaglione M, Di Minno G, Hamsten A, Humphries SE. Plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor antigen concentration and genotype in relation to myocardial infarction in the north and south of Europe. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22: 867-73.
103. Schroeder V, Chatterjee T, Mehta H, Windecker S, Pham T, Devantay N, Meier B, Kohler HP. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) levels in patients with coronary artery disease investigated by angiography. Thromb Haemost. 2002; 88: 1020-5.
104. Morange PE, Juhan-Vague I, Scarabin PY, Alessi MC, Luc G, Arvelier D, Ferrieres J, Amouyel P, Evans A, Ducimetiere P. Association between TAFI antigen and Ala 147Thr polymorphism of the TAFI gene and the angina pectoris incidence. Thromb Haemost. 2003; 89: 554-60.
105. Montaner J, Ribo M, Monasterio J, Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003; 34: 1038-40.
106. Puccetti L, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, Bova G, Cercignani M, Palazzuoli A, Auteri A, Bruni F. Different mechanisms of fibrinolysis impairment among dyslipidemic subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2001; 21: 147-55.
107. Hori Y, Gabazza EC, Yano Y, Katsuki A, Suzuki K, Adachi Y, Sumida Y. Insulin resistance is associated with increased circulating level of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 87: 660-5.
108. Yano Y, Kitagawa N, Gabazza EC, Morioka K, Urakawa H, Tanaka T, Katsuki A, Araki-Sasaki R, Hori Y, Nakatani K, Taguchi O, Sumida Y, Adachi Y. Increased plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88: 736-41.
109. Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Mysliwiec M. Markers of endothelial cell injury and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in nephrotic syndrome. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002; 13: 615-21.
110. Hryszko T, Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Brzosko S, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M. A possible role of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in disturbances of fibrinolytic system in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001; 16: 1692-6.
111. Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Mysliwiec M. Fluvastin therapy affects TAFI concentration in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Int. 2003; 16: 53-7.
112. Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Hryszko T, Mysliwiec M. Simvastatin affects TAFI and thrombomodulin in CAPD patients. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86: 930-1.
113. Hryszko T, Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Brzosko S, Mysliwiec M. Patients on peritoneal dialysis but not on hemodialysis have elevated concentration and activity of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Thromb Res. 2001; 104: 233-8.
114. Aubert H, Frere C, Aillaud MF, Morange PE, Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC. Weak and non-independent association between plasma TAFI antigen levels and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2003; 1: 791-7.
115. Post MS, Hendriks DF, Van Der Mooren MJ, Van Baal WM, Leurs JR, Emeis JJ, Kenemans P, Stehouwer CD. Oral oestradiol/trimegestone replacement reduces procarboxypeptidase U (TAFI): a randomized, placebo- controlled, 12-week study in early postmenopausal women. J Intern Med. 2002; 251: 245-51.
116. Lisman T, Leebeek FW, Mosnier LO, Bouma BN, Meijers JC, Janssen HL, Nieuwenhuis HK, De Groot PG. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor deficiency in cirrhosis is not associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 131-9.
117. Watanabe R, Wada H, Watanabe Y, Sakakura M, Nakasaki T, Mori Y, Nishikawa M, Gabazza EC, Nobori T, Shiku H. Activity and antigen levels of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res. 2001; 104: 1-6.
118. Meijers JC, Oudijk EJ, Mosnier LO, Bos R, Bouma BN, Nieuwenhuis HK, Fijnheer R. Reduced activity of TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2000; 108: 518-23.
119. Lisman T, De Groot PG. Rebuttal to: Effects of heparin on TAFI-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2003; 1: 200-1.
120. Colucci M, Pentimone A, Binetti BM, Cramarossa M, Piro D, Semeraro N. Effect of heparin on TAFI-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis: relative importance of TAFIa generated by clot-bound and fluid phase thrombin. Thromb Haemost. 2002; 88: 282-7.
121. Nagashima H. Studies on the different modes of action of the anticoagulant protease inhibitors DX-9065a and argatroban. II. Effects on fibrinolysis. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 50445-9.
122. Hashimoto M, Yamashita T, Oiwa K, Watanabe S, Giddings JC, Yamamoto J. Enhancement of endogenous plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis by argatroban and APC and its control by TAFI, measured in an arterial thrombolysis model in vivo using rat mesenteric arterioles. Thromb Haemost. 2002; 87:110-3.
123. Mattsson C, Bjorkman JA, Abrahamsson T, Nerme V, Schatteman K, Leurs J, Scharpe S, Hendriks D. Local proCPU (TAFI) activation during thrombolytic treatment in a dog model of coronary artery thrombosis can be inhibited with a direct, small molecule thrombin inhibitor (melagatran). Thromb Haemost. 2002; 87: 557-62.
124. Klement P, Liao P, Bajzar L. A novel approach to arterial thrombolysis. Blood 1999; 94: 2735-43.
125. Nagashima M, Werner M, Wang M, Zhao L, Light DR, Pagila R, Morser J, Verhallen P. An inhibitor of activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor potentiates tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis in a rabbit jugular vein thrombolysis model. Thromb Res. 2000; 98: 333-42.
126. Minnema MC, Friederich PW, Levi M, von dem Borne PA, Mosnier LO, Meijers JC, Biemond BJ, Hack CE, Bouma BN, ten Cate H. Enhancement of rabbit jugular vein thrombolysis by neutralization of factor XI. In vivo evidence for a role of factor XI as an antifibrinolytic factor. J Clin Invest. 1998; 101: 10-4.