Non-alcoholic fatty liver: A common manifestation of a metabolic disorder

QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

Volumn 96, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 699-709

  Malnick, Stevash D H ^a   Beergabel, M ^a   Knobler, H ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ATORVASTATIN; BETAINE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE; THIAZOLIDINE DERIVATIVE; TROGLITAZONE; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIET THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ECHOGRAPHY; FATTY LIVER; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; METABOLIC DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0141890172     PISSN: 14602725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcg120     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55:434-8.
2. Falck-Ytter Y, Younossi ZM, Marchesini G, McCullough AJ. Clinical features and natural history of non-alcoholic steatosis syndromes. Semin Liv Dis 2001; 21:17-26.
3. Lee RG. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients. Hum Pathol 1989; 20:594-8.
4. Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 1990; 11:74-80.
5. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG. Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:1103-9.
6. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:1413-19.
7. Nomura H, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, Kajiyama W, Tani S, Goto M. Prevalence of fatty liver in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Jpn J Med 1988; 27:142-9.
8. Nonomura A, Mizukami Y, Unoura M, Kobayashi K, Takeda Y, Takeda R. Clinicopathologic study of alcohol-like liver disease in non-alcoholics; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1992; 27:521-8.
9. Araujo LM, DeOliveira DA, Nunes DS. Liver and biliary ultrasonography in diabetic and non-diabetic obese women. Diabetes Metab 1998; 24:458-62.
10. Hultcrantz R, Glaumann H, Lindberg G, Nilsson LH. Liver investigation in 149 asymptomatic patients with moderately elevated activities of serum aminotransferases. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21:109-13.
11. Lonardo A, Bellini M, Tartoni P, Tondelli E. The bright liver syndrome: prevalence and determinants of a 'bright' liver echo pattern. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 29:351-6.
12. Ballentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, Croce LS, Brandi G, Sasso F, Cristanini G, Tiribelli C. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:112-17.
13. El-Hassan AY, Ibrahim EM, Al-Mulhim FA, Nabhan AA, Chammas MY. Fatty infiltration of the liver: analysis of prevalence, radiological and clinical features and influence on patient management. Br J Radiol 1992; 65:774-8.
14. Propst A, Propst T, Judmaier G, Vogel W. Prognosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (Letter). Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1607.
15. Hilden M, Christoffersen P, Juhl E, Dalgaard JB. Liver histology in a 'normal' population - examinations of 503 consecutive fatal traffic casualties. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12:593-7.
16. Ground KE. Liver pathology in aircrew. Aviat Space Environ Med 1982; 53:14-18.
17. Coates RA, Halliday ML, Rankin JG, Feinman SV, Fisher MM. Risk of fatty liver infiltration of cirrhosis of the liver in relation to ethanol consumption: a case-control study. Clin Invest Med 1986; 9:26-32.
18. Bird GL, Williams R. Factors determining cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease. Mol Aspects Med 1988; 10:97-105.
19. Becker U, Deis A, Sorensen TI, Gronbaek M, Borch-Johnsen K, Muller CF, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex and age: a prospective population study. Hepatology 1996; 23:1025-9.
20. Naveau S, Giraud V, Borotto E, Aubert A, Capron F, Chaput JC. Excess weight as a risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1997; 25:108-11.
21. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Costa G, Tiribelli C, Manenti F, Sodde M, Saveria Croce L, Sasso F, Pozzato G, Cristianini G, Brandi G. Drinking habits as co-factors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage. The Dionysos Study Group. Gut 1997; 41:845-50.
22. McCullough AJ, Falck-Ytter Y. Body composition and hepatic steatosis as precursors for fibrotic liver disease. Hepatology 1999; 29:1328-30.
23. Rashid M, Roberts EA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:48-53.
24. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1649-57.
25. Luyckx FH, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: association with obesity and insulin resistance and influence of weight loss. Diabetes Metab 2000; 26:98-106.
26. Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of abnormal liver enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1266-71.
27. Powell EE, Searle J, Mortimer R. Steatohepatitis associated with limb lipodystophy. Gastroenterology 1989; 97:1022-4.
28. Hickman IJ, Clouston AD, MacDonald GA, Purdie DM, Prins JB, Ash S, Jonsson JR, Powell EE. Effect of weight reduction on liver histology and biochemistry in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2002; 51:89-94.
29. Assy N, Kaita K, Mymin D, Levy C, Rosser B, Minuk G. Fatty infiltration of liver in hyperlipidemic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:129-34.
30. Knobler H, Schattner A, Zhornicki T, Malnick SD, Keter D, Sokolovskaya N, Lurie Y, Bass DD. Fatty liver - an additional and treatable feature of the insulin resistance syndrome. QJM 1999; 92:73-9.
31. Saltiel AR. The molecular and physiological basis of the insulin resistance: emerging implications for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:163-4.
32. Jick SS, Stender M, Myers MW. Frequency of liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:2067-71.
33. Casselman WGB, Kaplan A, Bockus HL. Studies of hepatic function in diabetes mellitus, portal cirrhosis and other liver diseases. Am J Med 1955;18:354-84.
34. Leevy CM, Ryan CM, Fineberg JC. Diabetes mellitus and liver dysfunction. Am J Med 1950; 8:290-9.
35. Jaques WE. The incidence of portal cirrhosis and fatty metamorphosis in patients dying with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1953; 249:442-5.
36. Creutzfeldt W, Frerichs H, Sickinger K. Liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. Prog Liver Dis 1970; 3:371-407.
37. Abraham S, Furth EE. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of glycogenated nuclei in liver biopsy specimens: quantitative evaluation of their relationship with diabetes and obesity. Hum Pathol 1994; 25:1063-8.
38. Silverman JF, O'Brien KF, Long S, Leggett N, Khazanie PG, Pories WJ, Norris HT, Caro JF. Liver pathology in morbidly obese patients with and without diabetes. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85:1349-55.
39. Comert B, Mas MR, Erdem H, Dinc A, Saglamkaya U, Cigerim M, Kuzhan O, Unal T, Kocabalkan F. Insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33:353-8.
40. Falchuk KR, Fiske SC, Haggitt RC, Federman M, Trey C. Pericentral hepatic fibrosis and intracellular hyalin in diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1980; 78:535-41.
41. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM, Bianchi G, Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Forlani G, Melchionda N. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999; 107:450-5.
42. Marceau P, Biron S, Hould FS, Marceau S, Simard S, Thung SN, Kral JG. Liver pathology and the metabolic syndrome X in severe obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:1513-7.
43. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, O'Brien PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:91-100.
44. Angulo P. Mechanisms of Disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1221-31.
45. Tarugi P, Lonardo A, Ballarini B, Grisendi A, Pulvirenti M, Bagni A, Calandra S. Fatty liver in heterozygous hypobeta-lipoproteinemia is caused by novel truncated form of apolipoprotein B. Gatroenterology 1996; 111:1125-33.
46. Day CP, Saksena S, Leathart J, Burt A, James O, Daly A. Genetic evidence supporting the two hit model of NASH pathogenesis. Hepatology 2002; 36:382A.
47. Day CP, James OFW. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two 'hits'? Gastroenterology 1998; 114:842-5.
48. Letteron P, Fromenty T, Terris B, Degott C, Pessayre D. Acute and chronic steatosis lead to in vivo lipid peroxidation in mice. J Hepatol 1996; 24:200-8.
49. Weltman MD, Farrell GC, Hall P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Liddle C. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 is increased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1998; 27:128-33.
50. de la Maza MP, Hirsch S, Petermann N, Suazo M, Ugarte G, Bunout D. Changes in microsomal activity in alcoholism and obesity. Alcohol Clin Res 2000; 24:605-10.
51. Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, Rizzo WB, Contos MJ, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Shiffman ML, Clore JN. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1183-92.
52. Pessayre D, Berson A, Fromenty B, Mansouri A. Mitochondria in steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2001; 21:57-69.
53. Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Field J, Bell DR, Gonzalez FJ, Robertson GR. CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1067-75.
54. George DK, Goldwurm S, Macdonald GA, Cowley LL, Walker NI, Ward PJ, Jazwinska EC, Powell LW. increased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis. Gastroenterology 1998; 114:311-18.
55. Lieber CS: Biochemical factors in alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13:136-47.
56. Cope K, Risby T, Diehl AM: Increased gastrointestinal ethanol production in obese mice: Implications for fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1340-7.
57. Nair SN, Cope K, Terence RH, Mae Diehl A. Obesity and female gender increase breath ethanol concentration: Potential implications for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroentrol 2001; 96:1200-4.
58. Yin M, Wheeler MD, Kono H, Bradford BU, Gallucci RM, Luster MI, Thurman RG. Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:942-52.
59. Li Z, Yang S, Lin H, Huang J, Watkins PA, Maer AB, De Simone C, Song X-Y, Diehl AM. Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2003; 37:343-50.
60. Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liv Dis 2001; 21:27-41.
61. Crespo J, Cayon A, Fernandez-Gil P, Hernandez-Guerra M, Mayorga M, Dominguez-Diez A, Fernandez-Escalante JC, Pons-Romero F. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors p55 + p75 in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Hepatology 2001; 34:1158-63.
62. Greenberg AS, McDaniel ML. Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance and β-cell function: potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32(suppl. 3):24-34.
63. Tilg H, Diehl AM. Mechanisms of disease: cytokines in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1467-76.
64. James OFW, Day CP. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A disease of emerging identity and importance. J Hepatol 1998; 29:495-501.
65. Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1999; 30:1356-62.
66. Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Lezzoni JC, Hespenheide EE, Battle EH, Driscoll CJ. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology 2000; 29:664-9.
67. Poonawala A, Nair SP, Thuluvath PJ. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis : A case-control study. Hepatology 2000; 32:689-92.
68. Ong J, Younossi ZM, Reddy V, Price LL, Gramlich T, Mayes J, Boparai N. Cryptogenic cirrhosis and posttransplant non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001; 7:797-801.
69. Peters RL, Gay T, Reynolds TB. Post jejunoileal-bypass hepatic disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1975; 63:318-31.
70. Cairns SR, Kark AE, Peters TJ. Raised hepatic free acids in a patient with acute liver failure after gastric surgery for morbid obesity. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39:647-9.
71. Grimm IS, Schindler W, Haluszka O. Steatohepatitis and fatal hepatic failure after biliopancreatic diversion. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87:775-9.
72. Caldwell SH, Hespenheide EE. Subacute liver failure in obese women. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2065-9.
73. Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, Marchesini G, Brunello F, Carucci P, Musso A, De Paolis P, Capussotti L, Salizzoni M, Rizzetto M. Expanding the natural history of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:134-40.
74. Adinolfi LE, Gambardella M, Anreana A, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Ruggiero G. Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic HCV patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity. Hepatology 2001; 33:1358-64.
75. Sheth SG, Gordon FD, Chopar S. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:137-45.
76. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohol-like liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histopathological comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 1989; 95:1056-62.
77. Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity. An autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology 1990; 12:1106-10.
78. Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Bacon BR, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, O'Neill R, McCullough AJ. Hepatic iron and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 1999; 30:847-50.
79. Tavill AS. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis. Hepatology 2001; 33:1321-8.
80. Quinn SF, Gosnik BB. Characteristic sonographic signs of hepatic fatty infiltration. Am J Roentgenol 1985; 145:753-5.
81. Celle G, Savarino V, Picciotto A, Magnolia MR, Scalabrini P, Dodero M. Is hepatic ultrasonography a valid alternative tool to liver biopsy? Report on 507 cases studies with both techniques. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33:467-71.
82. Siegelman S, Rosen MA. Imaging of hepatic steatosis. Semin Liver Dis 2001; 21:71-80.
83. Graif M, Yanuka M, Baraz M, Blank A, Moshkovitz M, Kessler A, Gilat T, Weiss J, Walach E, Amazeen P, Irving CS. Quantative estimation of attenuation in ultrasound video images: correlation with histology in diffuse liver disease. Invest Radiol 2000; 35:319-24.
84. Saadeh S, Younossi Z, Remer EM, Gramlich T, Ong JP, Hurley M, Mullen KD, Cooper JN, Sheridan MJ. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:745-50.
85. Halvorsen RA, Korobkin M, Ram PC, Thompson WM. CT appearance of focal fatty infiltration of the liver. Am J Roentgenol 1982; 139:277-81.
86. Szczepaniak LS, Babcock EE, Schick F, Dobbins RL, Garg A, Burns DK, McGarry JD, Stein DT. Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy and validation in vivo. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:E977-89.
87. Berasain C, Betés M, Panizo A, Ruiz J, Herrero J I, Civeira, M-P and Prieto J. Pathological and virological findings in patients with persistent hypertransaminesemia of unknown aetiology. Gut 2000; 47:429-35.
88. Skelly MM, James PD, Ryder SD. Findings on liver biopsy to investigate abnormal liver function tests in the absence of diagnostic serology. J Hepatol 2001; 35:195-9.
89. van Leeuwen DJ. Liver biopsy: who should do it and who will turn up in court? Gastroenterology 2002; 97:1285-8.
90. Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F, Bruckert E, Thibault V, Theodorou I, Khalil L, Turpin G, Opolon P, Poynard T. Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:1117-23.
91. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, O'Brian PE. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:91-100.
92. Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:2467-74.
93. Palmer M, Schaffner F. Effect of weight reduction on hepatic abnormalities in overweight patients. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:1408-11.
94. Ueno T, Sugawara H, Sujaku K, Hashimoto O, Tsuji R, Tamaki S, Torimura T, Inuzuka S, Sata M, Tanikawa K. Therapeutic effects of restricted diet and exercise in obese patients with fatty liver. J Hepatol 1997; 27:103-7.
95. Vajro P, Fontanella A, Pema C, Orso G, Tedesco M, DeVincenzo A. Persistent hyperaminotransferasemia resolving after weight reduction in obese children. J Pediatr 1994; 125:239-41.
96. Capron JP, Delamarre M, Dupas JL, Braillon A, Degott C. Fasting in obesity: another cause of liver injury with alcoholic hyaline? Dig Dis Sci 1982; 54:374-7.
97. Luyckx F, Sheen A, Desalve C, Dewe W, Glelen J, Lefebvre P. Effects of gastroplasty on body weight and related biological abnormalities in morbid obesity. Diabetes Metab 1998; 24:355-61.
98. Drenick E, Simmons F, Murphy J. Effect on hepatic morphology of treatment of obesity by fasting, reducing diets, and small bowel bypass. N Engl J Med 1970; 282:829-34.
99. Kolanowski A. A risk benefit assessment of anti-obesity drugs. Drug Saf 1999; 20:119-31.
100. Lin HZ, Yang SQ, Kujhada F, Ronnet G, Diehl AM. Metformin reverses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese leptin-deficient mice. Nat Med 2000; 6:998-1003.
101. Kakuma T, Lee Y, Higa M, Wang ZW, Pan W, Shimomura I, Unger R. Leptin, troglitazone and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in liver and pancreatic islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:8536-41.
102. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, Tomassetti S, Zoli M, Melchionda N. Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet 2001; 358:893-4.
103. Caldwell SH, Hespenheide EE, Redick JA, Iezzoni JC, Battle EH, Sheppard BL. A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:519-25.
104. Kohiroser J, Mathai J, Reicheld J, Banner BF, Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity due to triglitazone: report of two cases and review of adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:272-6.
105. Sanyal AJ, Contos MJ, Sargeant C, Stravitz RT, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Shiffman ML, Mills S. A randomized controlled pilot study of pioglitazone and vitamin E versus vitamin E for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 36:382A.
106. Azuma T, Tomita K, Kato S, Adachi M, Inokuchi S, Kitamura N, Nishimura T, Ishii H. A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone, in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 36:406A.
107. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Bacon BR. Histological improvement in NASH following reduction in insulin resistance with a 48-week treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. Hepatology 2002; 36:379A.
108. Basaranoglu M, Acbay O, Sonsuz A. A controlled trial of gemfibrozil in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 1999; 31:384.
109. Laurin J, Lindor K, Crippin J, Gossard A, Gores G, Ludwig J, Rakela J, McGill D. Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Hepatology 1996; 23:1464-7.
110. Harlander JC, Kwo PY, Cummings OW. Atorvastatin for the treatment of NASH. Gastroenterology 2001; 120A:2767.
111. Lavine J. Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2000; 136:734-8.
112. Manal F, Abdelmalek P, Jorgensen R, Sylvestre P, Lindor K. Betaine for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:A973.
113. Okan A, Astarcioglu H, Sagol O, Altekin E, Astarcioglu I, Gonen O. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on hepatic steatosis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47:2389-97.
114. Kim W, Poterucha J, Porayko M, Dickson E, Stears J, Wiesner R. Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis following liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62:1802-5.
115. Carson K, Washington M, Treem W, Clavien P, Hunt C. Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a liver transplant recipient. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3:174-6.
116. Molloy R, Komorowski R, Varma RR. Recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3:177-8.
117. Baldridge AD, Perezayde AR, Graeme-Cook F, Higgins L, Lavine JE. Idiopathic steatohepatitis in childhood: a multicenter retrospective study. J Pediatr 1995; 127:700-4.
118. Loguercio C, De Girolamo V, de Sio I, Tuccillo C, Ascione A, Baldi F, Budillon G, Cimino L, Di Carlo A, Pia Di Marino M, Morisco F, Picciotto F, Terracciano L, Vecchione R, Verde V, Del Vecchio Blanco C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in an area of southern Italy: main clinical, histological, and pathophysiological aspects. J Hepatol 2001; 35:568-74.