Pathophysiological changes in the elderly

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 163-177

  Tonner, Peter H ^a   Kampen, Joerg ^a   Scholz, Jens ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Ageing; Demographic changes; Geriatric anaesthesia; Organ function reserve

Indexed keywords

DRUG RECEPTOR; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; PANCURONIUM; REMIFENTANIL;

AGE; AGED; AGING; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; FATALITY; GERIATRIC ANESTHESIA; GERIATRIC CARE; GERIATRIC SURGERY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LOCOMOTION; LUNG FUNCTION; METABOLIC PARAMETERS; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL RISK; WORKLOAD; ANESTHESIA; FEMALE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

AGED; AGING; ANESTHESIA; DEMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALE;

EID: 0141835065     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1521-6896(03)00010-7     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Schneider E.L. Aging in the third Millennium Science 283 1999 796-797
2. World Health Organization The World Health Report : Life in the 21st Century-a Vision for All 1998 World Health Organization Geneva
3. Rooke G.A. Reves G. Rosow C. Anesthesiology and geriatric medicine Anesthesiology 96 2002 2-4
4. US Bureau of Census Statistical Abstracts of the United States 13th edn 1993 Department of Commerce Washington, DC
5. Day J.C. Population of the United States by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995 to 2050 Current Population Report, Bureau of the Census p.25 US Printing Office Washington, DC 1996
6. Veering B.T. Management of anaesthesia in elderly patients Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 12 1999 333-336
7. Klopfenstein C.E. Herrmann F.R. Michel J.P. et al The influence of an ageing surgical population on the anaesthesia workload: a ten-year survey Anaesthesia and Analgesia 86 1998 1165-1170
8. Clergue F. Auroy Y. Pequinot F. et al French survey of anaesthesia in 1996 Anesthesiology 91 1999 1509-1520
9. Musunuru V.S. The geriatric patient In: Stoelting R.K. & Dierdorf S.F.(eds.) Anaesthesia and Co-existing Disease 1983 Churchill Livingstone New York
10. Burns-Cox N. Campbell W.B. Van Nimmen B.A.J. et al Surgical care and outcome for patients in their nineties British Journal of Surgery 84 1997 496-498
11. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
12. Kazmers A. Perkins A.J. Jacobs L.A. Outcomes after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in those > than 80 years of age. Recent Veterans Affairs experience Annals of Vascular Surgery 12 1998 106-112
13. Rooke G.A. Freund P.R. Jacobson A.F. Hemodynamic response and change in organ blood volume during spinal anaesthesia in elderly men with cardiac disease Anaesthesia and Analgesia 85 1997 99-105
14. Lim H.H. Ho K.M. Choi W.Y. et al. The use of intravenous atropine after a saline infusion in the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension in the elderly Anaesthesia and Analgesia 91 2000 1203-1206
15. Polanczyk C.A. Marcantonio E. Goldman E. et al. Impact of age on perioperative complications and length of stay in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Annals of Internal Medicine 134 2001 637-643
16. Thomas D.R. Ritchie C.S. Preoperative assessment of older adults Journal of the American Geriatric Society 43 1995 811-821
17. Rady M.Y. Ryan T. Starr N.J. Perioperative determinants of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery Critical Care Medicine 26 1998 225-235
18. Mangano D.T. Perioperative cardiac morbidity Anesthesiology 72 1990 153-184
19. Priebe H.J. The aged cardiovascular risk patient British Journal of Anaesthesia 86 2001 897-898
20. Lakatta E.G. Changes in cardiovascular function with aging European Heart Journal 11 supplement C 1990 22-29
21. Olivetti G. Melissari M. Capasso J.M. Anversa P. Cardiomyopathy of the aging human heart. Myocyte loss and reactive cellular hypertrophy Circulation Research 68 1991 1560-1568
22. Lakatta E.G. Cardiovascular aging research: the next horizons Journal of the American Geriatric Society 47 1999 613-625
23. Gardin J.M. Arnold A.M. Bild E.D. et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study American Journal of Cardiology 82 1998 345-351
24. Klein A.L. Leung D.Y. Murray R.D. et al. Effects of age and physiologic variables on right ventricular dynamics in normal subjects American Journal of Cardiology 84 1999 440-448
25. Amar D. Hao Z. Leung D.H.Y. et al. Older age is the strongest predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation Anesthesiology 96 2002 352-356
26. Alexander K.P. Peterson E.D. Durham M.P.H. Coronary artery bypass grafting in the elderly American Heart Journal 134 1997 856-864
27. Wong D.T. Ballard J.L. Killeen J.D. Carotid endarterectomy and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: are these reasonable treatments for patients over age 80 American Journal of Surgery 64 1998 998-1001
28. Kolh P. Kerzmann A. Lahaye L. et al. Cardiac surgery in octogenarians-peri-operative outcome and long-term results European Heart Journal 22 2001 1235-1243
29. Kudoh A. Katagai H. Takazawa T. Endocrine response to surgical stress in three patients over 100 yr Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 48 2001 340-343
30. White M. Roden R. Minobe W. et al. Age-related changes in beta-adrenergic neuroeffector systems in the human heart Circulation 90 1994 1225-1238
31. van Zwieten P.A. Pharmacological backgrounds of hypertension in the elderly Blood Pressure 4 1995 15-20
32. Montamat S.C. Davies A.O. Physiological response to isoproterenol and coupling of beta-adrenergic receptors in young and elderly human subjects Journal of Gerontology 44 1989 M100-M105
33. Fitzgerald D. Doyle V. Kelly J.G. OMalley K.O. Cardiac sensitivity to isoprenaline, lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors and age Clinical Science 66 1984 697-699
34. Heinsimer J.A. Lefkowitz R.J. The impact of aging on adrenergic receptor function: clinical and biochemical aspects Journal of the American Geriatric Society 33 1986 184-188
35. Feldman R.D. Tan C.M. Chorazyczewski J. G-protein alterations in hypertension and aging Hypertension 25 1995 725-732
36. Colangelo P.M. Blouin R.A. Steinmetz J.E. et al. Age and beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity to S(-) and R,S (+/-)-propranolol in humans Clinical Pharmacological Therapy 51 1992 549-554
37. Vestal R.E. Wood A.J.J. Shand D.G. Reduced beta-adrenoceptor sensivity in the elderly Clinical Pharmacological Therapy 26 1979 181-186
38. Taylor J.A. Hayano J. Seals D.R. Lesser vagal withdrawal during isometric exercise with age Journal of Applied Physiology 79 1995 805-811
39. Ebert T.J. Morgan B.J. Barney J.R. et al. Effects of aging on baroreflex regulation of sympathetic activity in humans Journal of Applied Physiology 263 1992 H798-H803
40. Kuo T.B.J. Lin Yang C.H. Li C.L. et al. Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate Journal of Applied Physiology 277 1999 H2233-H2239
41. Hopkins M.G. Spina R.J. Ehsani A.A. Enhanced beta-adrenergic-mediated cardiovascular response in endurance athletes Journal of Applied Physiology 80 1996 516-521
42. Spina R.J. Ogawa T. Kohrt W.M. et al. Differences in cardiovascular adaptations to endurance exercise training between older men and women Journal of Applied Physiology 75 1993 849-855
43. Spina R.J. Rashid S. Davilla-Roman V.G. Ehsani A.A. Adaptations in beta-adrenergic cardiovascular responses to training in older women Journal of Applied Physiology 89 2000 2300-2305
44. Ng A.V. Callister R. Johnson D.G. Seals D.R. Endurance exercise training is associated with elevated basal sympathetic nerve activity in healthy older humans Journal of Applied Physiology 77 1994 1366-1374
45. Yernault J.C. DeTroyer A. Rodenstein D. Sex and age differences in intrathoracic airways mechanics in normal man Journal of Applied Physiology 46 1979 556-564
46. Berry R.B. Pai U.P. Fairshter R.D. Effect of age on changes in flow rates and airway conductance after a deep breath Journal of Applied Physiology 69 1990 635-643
47. Muravchick S. Anaesthesia for the elderly In: Miller R.D.(Ed.) Anesthesia 5th edn 2000 Churchill Livingstone Philadelphia
48. Janssens J.P. Pache J.C. Nicod L.P. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing European Respiration Journal 13 1999 197-205
49. Wahba W.M. Body build and preoperative arterial oxygen tensions Canadian Anaesthesiological Society Journal 22 1975 653-658
50. Auerbach O. Hammond E.C. Garfinkel L. Thickening of walls of arterioles and small arteries in relation to age and smoking habits New England Journal of Medicine 278 1968 980-984
51. Fliser D. Zeier M. Nowack R. Ritz E. Renal functional reserve in healthy elderly people Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3 1993 1371-1377
52. Anderson S. Brenner B.M. Effects of aging on the renal glomerulus American Journal of Medicine 80 1986 435-442
53. Muhlberg W. Platt D. Age dependent changes of the kidneys: pharmacological implications. Gerontology 1999 243-253
54. Ribstein J. DuCailar G. Mimran A. Glucose tolerance and age-associated decline in renal function of hypertensive patients Journal of Hypertension 19 2001 2257-2264
55. Seaman D.S. Adult living donor liver transplantation: current status Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 33 2001 97-106
56. Ettore G.M. Sommacale D. Farges O. et al. Postoperative liver function after elective right hepatectomy in elderly patients British Journal of Surgery 88 2001 73-76
57. Zeeh J. Platt D. The aging liver: structural and functional changes and their consequences for drug treatment in old age Gerontology 48 2002 121-127
58. Fielding R.A. The role of progressive resistance training and nutrition in the preservation of lean body mass in the elderly Journal of the American College of Nutrition 14 1995 587-594
59. Fukugawa N.K. Bandini L.G. Young J.B. Effect of age on body composition and resting metabolic rate Journal of Applied Physiology 22 1990 E233-E238
60. Poehlmann E.T. Goran M.I. Gardner A.W. et al. Determinants of decline in resting metabolic rate in aging females Journal of Applied Physiology 27 1993 E450-E455
61. Poehlmann E.T. Horton E.S. Regulation of energy expenditure in aging humans Annual Review of Nutrition 10 1990 255-275
62. Ravussin E. Bogardus C. Relationship of genetics, age and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure and fuel utilization American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49 1989 968-975
63. Roberts S.B. Fuss P. Heyman M.B. Young V.R. Influence of age on energy requirements American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 1995 1053S-1058S
64. Wilmore D.W. The Metabolic Management of the Critically III pp. 28 1977 Plenum New York
65. Feldmann R.D. Limbird L.E. Nadeau J. et al. Alterations in leukocyte beta-receptor affinity with ageing: a potential explanation for altered beta-adrenergic sensitivity in the elderly New England Journal of Medicine 310 1984 815-819
66. Schwartz R.S. Jaeger L.F. Veith R.C. The importance of body composition to the increase in plasma norepinephrine appearance in elderly men Journal of Gerontology 42 1987 546-551
67. Schwartz R.S. Jaeger L.F. Veith R.C. The thermic effect of feeding in older men: the importance of the sympathetic nervous system Metabolism 39 1990 733-737
68. Lönnkvist F. Nyberg H. Wahrenberg H. Arner P. Catecholamine-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue of the elderly Journal of Clinical Investigation 85 1990 1614-1621
69. Kerckhoffs D.A.J.M. Blaak E.E. van Baak M. Saris W.H.M. Effect of ageing on beta-adrenergically mediated thermogenesis in men Journal of Applied Physiology 274 1998 E1075-E1079
70. Hume R.J. Egdahl R.H. The importance of the brain in the endocrine response to trauma Annals of Surgery 150 1959 697
71. Kehlet H. Brandt M.R. Hansen A.P. Alberti K.G. Effect of epidural analgesia on metabolic profiles during and after surgery British Journal of Surgery 66 1979 534
72. Walsh E.S. Paterson J.L. O'Riordan J.B. et al Effect of high dose fentanyl on the metabolic and endocrine response to cardiac surgery British Journal of Anaesthesiology 53 1981 1155
73. Silverstein J.H. McClesky C.H. Geriatric trauma Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 9 1996 194-197
74. Horan M.A. Aging, injury and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 719 1994 285-290
75. Watters J.M. Moulton S.B. Clancy S.M. et al. Aging exaggerates glucose intolerance following injury Journal of Trauma 37 1994 786-791
76. Brody H. The aging brain Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 137 supplement 1992 40-44
77. Rupp S.M. Castagnoli K.P. Fisher D.M. Miller R.D. Pancuronium and vecuronium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in younger and elderly adults Anesthesiology 67 1987 45-49
78. Doherty T.J. Brown W.F. Age-related changes in the twitch contractile properties of human thenar motor units Journal of Applied Physiology 82 1997 93-101
79. Bromage P.R. Ageing and epidural dose requirements. Segmental spread and predictability of epidural analgesia in youth and extreme age British Journal of Anaesthesia 41 1969 1016-1022
80. Eger E.L. II Age, minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-awake Anaesthesia and Analgesia 93 2001 947-953
81. Macintyre P.E. Jarvis D.A. Age is the best predictor of postoperative morphine requirements Pain 64 1996 357-364
82. Scott J.C. Stanski D.R. Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age: a simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 240 1987 159-166
83. Minto C.F. Schnider T.W. Egan T.D. et al. Influence of age and gender on the pharmakokinetics pharmakodynamics of remifentanil, I: model development Anesthesiology 86 1997 10-23
84. Schor J.D. Levkoff S.E. Lipsitz L.A. et al. Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly Journal of the American Medical Association 267 1992 827-831
85. Parikh S.S. Chung F. Postoperative delirium in the elderly Anaesthesia and Analgesia 80 1995 1223-1232
86. Lavelle-Jones C. Byrne D.J. Rice P. Cuschieri A. Factors affecting quality of informed consent British Medical Journal 306 1993 885-890
87. Gustafson Y. Beggren D. Banstöm B. et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture Journal of the American Geriatric Society 36 1988 525-530
88. Williams-Russo P. Urquhart R.N. Sharrock N.E. Charison M.E. Postoperative delirium: predictors and prognosis in elderly orthopedic patients Journal of the American Geriatric Society 40 1992 759-767
89. Moller J.T. Cluitmans P. Rasmussen L.S. et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: ISPOCD 1 Study Lancet 351 1998 857-861
90. Dijkstra J.B. van Boxtel M.P.J. Houx P.J. Jolles J. An operation under general anaesthesia is a risk factor for age-related cognitive decline: results from a large cross-sectional population study Journal of the American Geriatric Society 46 1998 1258-1265
91. Newman M.F. Kirchner J.L. Phillips-Bute B. et al. Neurological Outcome Research Group of the Duke Heart Center: longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary artery bypass surgery: perioperative decline predicts long-term (5-year) neurocognitive deterioration New England Journal of Medicine 344 2001 395-402
92. Tessler M.J. Kardash K. Wahba R.M. et al. The performance of spinal anaesthesia is marginally more difficult in the elderly Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine 24 1999 126-130
93. Doherty T.J. Vandervoort A.A. Taylor A.W. Brown W.F. Effects of motor unit losses on strength in older men and women Journal of Applied Physiology 74 1993 868-874
94. Faulkner J.A. Brooks S.V. Zerba E. Skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue in old age: underlying mechanisms Annual Review of Geriatrics and Gerontology 10 1990 147-166
95. Doherty T.J. Brown W.F. The estimated numbers and relative sizes of thenar motor units as selected by multiple point stimulation in young and older adults Muscle and Nerve 16 1993 355-366
96. Campbell M.J. McComas A.J. Petito F. Physiological changes in ageing muscles Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 36 1974 174-182
97. Klein C. Cunningham D.A. Paterson D.H. Taylor A.W. Fatigue and recovery contractile properties of young and elderly men European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 57 1988 684-690
98. McComas A.J. Sica R.E.P. Campbell M.J. Upton A.R.M. Functional compensation in partially denervated muscles Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 34 1971 453-460
99. McComas A.J. Galea V. deBruin H. Motor unit populations in healthy and diseased muscles Physical Therapy 73 1993 868-877
100. Brown W.F. Strong M.J. Snow R.S. Methods for estimating numbers of motor units in biceps-brachialis muscles and losses of motor units with aging Muscle and Nerve 11 1988 423-432
101. Stoelting R.K. Dierdorf S.F. Physiologic changes and disorders unique to aging Anaesthesia and Co-existing Disease 3rd edn 1993 Churchill Livingstone New York
102. Travis K.W. Mihevc N.T. Orkin F.K. Zeitlin G.L. Age and anesthetic practice: a regional perspective Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 11 1999 175-186
103. Eyraud M.Y. Borowsky M.S. Age and pilot performance Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 1985 553-558
104. Katz J.D. Issues of concern for the aging anesthesiologist Anaesthesia and Analgesia 92 2001 1487-1492