Shallow cumulus convection: A validation of large-eddy simulation against aircraft and Landsat observations

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 129, Issue 593 PART B, 2003, Pages 2671-2696

  Neggers, R A J ^a   Duynkerke, P G ^b   Rodts, S M A ^b  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aircraft measurements; LES; SCMS

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT; CLOUDS; HEAT CONVECTION; KINETIC ENERGY; THERMODYNAMICS;

CUMULUS CONVECTION;

METEOROLOGY;

AIRBORNE SENSING; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; CUMULUS; LANDSAT; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION;

EID: 0141800105     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1256/qj.02.93     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Albrecht, B. A., Bretherton, C. S., Johnson, D., Schubert, W. H. and Frisch, A. S. 1995 The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment-ASTEX. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 889-904
2. Anthes, R. A. 1977 A cumulus parameterization scheme utilizing a one-dimensional cloud model. Mon. Weather Rev., 105, 270-286
3. Asai, T. and Kasahara, A. 1967 A theoretical study of the compensating downward motions associated with cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 487-496
4. Augstein, E., Riehl, H., Ostapoff, F. and Wagner, V. 1973 Mass and energy transports in an undistrubed Atlantic Trade-wind flow. Mon. Weather Rev., 101, 101-111
5. Barnes, G. M., Fankhauser, J. C. and Browning, W. D. 1996 Evolution of the vertical mass flux and diagnosed net lateral mixing in isolated convective clouds. Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2764-2784
6. Benner, T. C. and Curry, J. A. 1998 Characteristics of small tropical cumulus clouds and their impact on the environment. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28753-28767
7. Betts, A. K. 1975 Parametric interpretation of trade-wind cumulus budget studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1934-1945
8. Brown, A. R. 1999 The sensitivity of large-eddy simulations of shallow cumulus convection to resolution and subgrid model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 469-482
9. Brown, A. R., Chlond, A., Golaz, C., Khairoutdinov, M., Lewellen, D. C., Lock, A. P., MacVean, M. K., Moeng, C.-H., Neggers, R. A. J., Siebesma, A. P. and Stevens, B. 2002 Large-eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus convection over land. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1075-1094
10. Cahalan, R. F. and Joseph, J. H. 1989 Fractal statistics of cloud fields. Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 261-272
11. Cuijpers, J. W. M. and Duynkerke, P. G. 1993 Large-eddy simulation of trade-wind cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3894-3908
12. De Roode, S. R. and Bretherton, C. S. 2003 Mass flux budgets of shallow cumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 137-151
13. De Roode, S. R. and Duynkerke, P. G. 1997 Observed Lagrangian transition of stratocumulus into cumulus during ASTEX: Mean state and turbulence structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2157-2173
14. French, J. R., Vali, G. and Kelly, R. D. 1999 Evolution of small cumulus clouds in Florida: Observations of pulsating growth. Atmos. Res., 52, 143-165
15. Gerber, H., Jensen, J. B., Davis, A. B., Marshak, A. and Wiscombe, W. J. 2001 Spectral density of cloud liquid water content at high frequencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 497-503
16. Grant, A. L. M. and Brown, A. R. 1999 A similarity hypothesis for shallow cumulus transports. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1913-1936
17. Gregory, D. 1997 Sensitivity of general circulation model performance to convective parametrization. In The physics and parameterization of moist atmospheric convection. Ed. R. K. Smith. NATO ASI Series C. 505, Kluwer Academic Publishers
18. Gregory, D. 2001 Estimation of entrainment rate in simple models of convective clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 53-71
19. Heymsfield, A. J., Dye, J. E. and Biter, C. J. 1979 Overestimates of entrainment from wetting of aircraft temperature sensors in cloud. J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 92-94
20. Holland, J. Z. and Rasmusson, E. M. 1973 Measurement of atmospheric mass, energy and momentum budgets over a 500-kilometre square of tropical ocean. Mon. Weather Rev., 101, 44-55
21. Horst, T. W. and Oncley, S. P. 1995 'Flux-PAM measurement of scalar fluxes using cospectral similarity' Pp. 495-500 in proceedings of the 9th symposium on meteorological measurements and instrumentation, 27-31 March 1995, Charlotte, NC, USA
22. Knight, C. A. and Miller, L. J. 1998 Early radar echoes from small, warm cumulus: Bragg and hydrometeor scattering. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2974-2992
23. Laird, N. F., Ochs III, H. T., Rauber, T. M. and Miller, L. J. 2000 Initial precipitation formation in warm Florida cumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3740-3751
24. Lenschow, D. H. and Pennell, W. T. 1974 On the measurement of in-cloud and wet-bulb temperatures from an aircraft. Mon. Weather Rev., 102, 447-454
25. Militzer, J. M., Michaelis, M. C., Semmer, S. R., Norris, K. S., Horst, T. W., Oncley, S. P., Delany, A. C. and Brock, F. V., 1995 'Development of the prototype PAM III/Flux-PAM surface meteorological station'. Pp. 490-494 in proceedings of the 9th symposium on meteorological measurements and instrumentation, 27-31 March 1995, Charlotte, NC, USA
26. Neggers, R. A. J., Jonker, H. J. J. and Siebesma, A. P. 2003 Statistics of cumulus cloud populations in large-eddy simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1060-1074
27. Nitta, T. and Esbensen, S. 1974 Heat and moisture budget analyses using BOMEX data. Mon. Weather Rev., 102, 17-28
28. Nordeng, T. E. 1994 'Extended versions of the convective parametrization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics'. Tech. Memo. No. 206, ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK
29. Plank, V. G. 1969 The size distributions of cumulus clouds in representative Florida populations. J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 46-67
30. Raga, G. B., Jensen, J. B. and Baker, M. B. 1990 Characteristics of cumulus band clouds off the coast of Hawaii. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 338-355
31. Riehl. H., Yeh, C., Malkus, J. S. and LaSeur, N. E. 1951 The north-east trade of the Pacific Ocean. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 598-626
32. Schumann, U. 1975 Subgrid scale model for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli. J. Comput. Phys., 18, 376-404
33. Schumann, U. and Moeng, C.-H. 1991 Plume budgets in clear and cloudy convective boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1758-1770
34. Siebesma, A. P. and Cuijpers, J. W. M. 1995 Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 650-666
35. Siebesma, A. P. and Jonker, H. J. J. 2000 Anomalous scaling of cumulus cloud boundaries. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 214-217
36. Siebesma, A. P., Bretherton, C. S., Brown, A., Chlond, A., Cuxart, J., Duynkerke, P. G., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Lewellen, D., Moeng, C-H., Stevens, B. and Stevens, D. E. 2003 A large eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1201-1219
37. Simpson, J. and Wiggert, V. 1969 Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 471-489
38. Slingo, J. M., Blackburn, M., Betts, A., Brugge, R., Hoskins, B. J., Miller, M. J., Steenman-Clark, L. and Thurburn, J. 1994 Mean climate and transience in the tropics of the UGAMP GCM: Sensitivity to convective parametrization. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 881-922
39. Stevens, B., Ackerman, A. S., Albrecht, B. A., Brown, A. R., Chlond, A., Cuxart, J., Duynkerke, P. G., Lewellen, D. C., MacVean, M. K., Neggers, R. A. J., Sanchez, E., Siebsema, A. P. and Stevens, D. E. 2001 Simulations of trade-wind cumuli under a strong inversion. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1870-1891
40. Tiedtke, M. 1989 A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parametrization in large-scale models. Mon. Weather Rev., 177, 1779-1800
41. Tiedtke, M., Heckley, W. A. and Slingo, J. 1988 Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: The influence of physical parametrizations on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 639-665
42. Wang, S. and Stevens, B. 2000 Top-hat representation of turbulence statistics in cloud-topped boundary layers: A large-eddy simulation study. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 423-441
43. Warner, J. 1995 The water content of cumuliform clouds. Tellus, 7, 449-457
44. Wielicki, B. A. and Welch, R. M. 1986 Cumulus cloud properties derived using Landsat satellite data. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 261-276
45. Yanai, M., Esbensen, S. and Cho, J. H. 1973 Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627