En route to archimedene: Total synthesis of C3h-symmetric [7]phenylene

Organic Letters

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 549-552

  Bruns, Dirk ^a   Miura, Hirokazu ^a   Vollhardt, K Peter C ^a   Stanger, Amnon ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKENE DERIVATIVE; ALKYNE DERIVATIVE; ARCHIMEDENE; COBALT; NONAYNE; PHENYLENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CATALYSIS; CYCLOISOMERIZATION; HEAT; ISOMER; ISOMERISM; SPECTROSCOPY; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0141786828     PISSN: 15237060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ol027482z     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
2. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
3. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
4. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
5. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
6. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
7. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
8. See, inter alia: (a) De La Vaissière, B.; Fowler, P. W.; Deza, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 376. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 813. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470. (d) Kurita, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Kumahora, H.; Tago, K.; Ozawa, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 188, 181. (e) Kovačević, K.; Graovac, A. Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum. Chem. Symp. 1987, 21, 589. (f) Coulombeau, C.; Rassat, A. J. Chim. Phys. 1987, 84, 875. (g) Fowler, P. W.; Woolrich, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 127, 78. (h) Haymet, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 421.
9. Vollhardt, K. P. C.; Mohler, D. L. In Advances in Strain in Organic Chemistry; Halton, B., Ed.; JAI: London, 1996; pp 121-160.
10. Holmes, D.; Kumaraswamy, S.; Matzger, A. J.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3399.
11. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
12. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
13. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
14. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
15. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
16. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
17. For recent reviews, see: (a) Necula, A.; Scott, L. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2000, 54, 65. (b) Scott, L. T.; Bronstein, H. E.; Preda, D. V.; Ansems, R. B. M.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71, 209. (c) Mehta, G.; Rao, H. S. P. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13325. For most recent work, see, inter alia: (d) Boorum, M. M.; Vasil'ev, Y. V.; Drewello, T.; Scott, L. T. Science 2002, 294, 828. (e) Bronstein, H. E.; Choi, N.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8870. (f) Marcinow, Z.; Grove, D. I.; Rabideau, P. W. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3537. (g) Mehta, G.; Sarma, P. V. V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6557.
18. See, e.g.: (a) Nair, V.; Sethumadhavan, D.; Nair, S. M.; Shanmugam, P.; Treesa, P. M.; Eigendorf, G. K. Synthesis 2002, 1655 and references therein. (b) Quian, W.; Bartberger, M. D.; Pastor, S. J.; Houk, K. N.; Wilkins, C. J.; Rubin, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8333. (c) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Tanaka, T.; Murata, Y. Carbon 2000, 38, 1529. (d) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Murata, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1583. (e) Taylor, R. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1629.
19. See, e.g.: (a) Nair, V.; Sethumadhavan, D.; Nair, S. M.; Shanmugam, P.; Treesa, P. M.; Eigendorf, G. K. Synthesis 2002, 1655 and references therein. (b) Quian, W.; Bartberger, M. D.; Pastor, S. J.; Houk, K. N.; Wilkins, C. J.; Rubin, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8333. (c) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Tanaka, T.; Murata, Y. Carbon 2000, 38, 1529. (d) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Murata, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1583. (e) Taylor, R. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1629.
20. See, e.g.: (a) Nair, V.; Sethumadhavan, D.; Nair, S. M.; Shanmugam, P.; Treesa, P. M.; Eigendorf, G. K. Synthesis 2002, 1655 and references therein. (b) Quian, W.; Bartberger, M. D.; Pastor, S. J.; Houk, K. N.; Wilkins, C. J.; Rubin, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8333. (c) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Tanaka, T.; Murata, Y. Carbon 2000, 38, 1529. (d) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Murata, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1583. (e) Taylor, R. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1629.
21. See, e.g.: (a) Nair, V.; Sethumadhavan, D.; Nair, S. M.; Shanmugam, P.; Treesa, P. M.; Eigendorf, G. K. Synthesis 2002, 1655 and references therein. (b) Quian, W.; Bartberger, M. D.; Pastor, S. J.; Houk, K. N.; Wilkins, C. J.; Rubin, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8333. (c) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Tanaka, T.; Murata, Y. Carbon 2000, 38, 1529. (d) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Murata, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1583. (e) Taylor, R. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1629.
22. See, e.g.: (a) Nair, V.; Sethumadhavan, D.; Nair, S. M.; Shanmugam, P.; Treesa, P. M.; Eigendorf, G. K. Synthesis 2002, 1655 and references therein. (b) Quian, W.; Bartberger, M. D.; Pastor, S. J.; Houk, K. N.; Wilkins, C. J.; Rubin, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8333. (c) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Tanaka, T.; Murata, Y. Carbon 2000, 38, 1529. (d) Komatsu, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Murata, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1583. (e) Taylor, R. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1629.
23. Beckhaus, H.-D.; Faust, R.; Matzger, A. J.; Mohler, D. L.; Rogers, D. W. ; Rüchardt, C.; Sawhney, A. K.; Verevkin, S. P.; Vollhardt, K. P. C.; Wolff, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7819 and references therein.
24. Eickmeier, C.; Holmes, D.; Junga, H.; Matzger, A. J.; Scherhag, F.; Shim, M.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 800.
25. Han, S.; Bond, A. D.; Disch, R. L.; Holmes, D.; Schulman, J. M.; Teat, S. J.; Vollhardt, K. P. C.; Whitener, G. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3223 and references therein.
26. Boese, R.; Matzger, A. J.; Mohler, D. L.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1478.
27. Han, S.; Anderson, D. R.; Bond, A. D.; Chu, H. V.; Disch, R. L.; Holmes, D.; Schulman, J. M.; Teat, S. J.; Vollhardt, K. P. C.; Whitener, G. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3227.
28. (a) Sonoda, M.; Inaba, A.; Itahashi, K.; Tobe, Y. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2419.
29. (b) Tobe, Y.; Kubota, K.; Naemura, K. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 3430.
30. (c) Tovar, J. D.; Jux, N.; Jarrosson, T.; Khan, S. I.; Rubin, Y. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 3432.
31. (d) Anthony, J. E.; Khan, S. I.; Rubin, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 3499.
32. (a) 1-Iodo-2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)benzene: Baxter, P. N. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 4170.
33. (b) 1-Iodo-2-(1-octynyl)benzene was made from 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene; see the Supporting Information.
34. (a) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L.; Jiao, H.; Schleyer, P. v. R. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 8051.
35. (b) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8470.
36. (c) Schulman, J. M.; Disch, R. L. J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 5596.
37. Schleyer, P. v. R.; Maerker, C.; Dransfeld, A.; Jiao, H.; Van E. Hommes, N. J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6317.
38. The problem of the relative stability of these two isomers has a controversial history; see, inter alia: (a) Rajca, A.; Safronov, A.; Rajca, S.; Ross, C. R., II; Stezowski, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7272. (b) Trinajstić, N.; Schmalz, T. G.; Źivković, T. P.; Hite, G. E.; Klein, D. J.; Seitz, W. A. New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 27. (c) Diercks, R.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 266. (d) Berris, B.; Hovakeemian, G.; Lai, Y.-H.; Mestdagh, H.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 5670 and references therein.
39. The problem of the relative stability of these two isomers has a controversial history; see, inter alia: (a) Rajca, A.; Safronov, A.; Rajca, S.; Ross, C. R., II; Stezowski, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7272. (b) Trinajstić, N.; Schmalz, T. G.; Źivković, T. P.; Hite, G. E.; Klein, D. J.; Seitz, W. A. New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 27. (c) Diercks, R.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 266. (d) Berris, B.; Hovakeemian, G.; Lai, Y.-H.; Mestdagh, H.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 5670 and references therein.
40. The problem of the relative stability of these two isomers has a controversial history; see, inter alia: (a) Rajca, A.; Safronov, A.; Rajca, S.; Ross, C. R., II; Stezowski, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7272. (b) Trinajstić, N.; Schmalz, T. G.; Źivković, T. P.; Hite, G. E.; Klein, D. J.; Seitz, W. A. New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 27. (c) Diercks, R.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 266. (d) Berris, B.; Hovakeemian, G.; Lai, Y.-H.; Mestdagh, H.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 5670 and references therein.
41. The problem of the relative stability of these two isomers has a controversial history; see, inter alia: (a) Rajca, A.; Safronov, A.; Rajca, S.; Ross, C. R., II; Stezowski, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7272. (b) Trinajstić, N.; Schmalz, T. G.; Źivković, T. P.; Hite, G. E.; Klein, D. J.; Seitz, W. A. New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 27. (c) Diercks, R.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 266. (d) Berris, B.; Hovakeemian, G.; Lai, Y.-H.; Mestdagh, H.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 5670 and references therein.
42. (a) Ma, J.; Li, S.; Jiang, Y. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 15068.
43. (b) Faust, R.; Glendening, E. D.; Streitwieser, A.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8263.
44. (a) Stanger, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 8277.
45. (b) Stanger, A.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 4879.
46. See, e.g.: Boese, R.; Bläser, D.; Billups, W. E.; Haley, M. M.; Maulitz, A. H.; Mohler, D. L.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 313.