Leonardo's Constraint: Two Opaque Objects Cannot Be Seen in the Same Direction

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Volumn 132, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 253-265

  Ono, Hiroshi ^a,b   Lillakas, Linda ^a   Grove, Philip M ^a,c   Suzuki, Masahiro ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b ADVANCED TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EYE FIXATION; HISTORY; ITALY; PAINTING; PHYSIOLOGY; VISION;

DEPTH PERCEPTION; FIXATION, OCULAR; HISTORY, 15TH CENTURY; ITALY; PAINTINGS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 0141755316     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.253     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Alberti, L. B. (1966). On painting (J. R. Spencer, Trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1435)
2. Anderson, B. L. (1994, January). The role of partial occlusion in stereopsis. Nature, 367, 365-368.
3. Anderson, B. L., & Nakayama, K. (1994). Toward a general theory of stereopsis: Binocular matching, occluding contours, and fusion. Psychological Review, 101, 414-445.
4. Blake, R. (2003). Reconciling rival interpretations of binocular rivalry. In L. Harris & M. Jenkin (Eds.), Levels of perception (pp. 101-126). New York: Springer-Verlag.
5. Boring, E. G. (1942). Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. New York: Appleton-Century.
6. Cavanagh, P. (1992). Multiple analyses of orientation in the visual system. In S. M. Kosslyn & R. A. Andersen (Eds.), Frontiers in cognitive neuroscience (pp. 52-61). Cambridge, MA; MIT Press.
7. Coren, S. (1969). The influence of optical aberrations on the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion. Perception & Psychophysics, 6, 185-186.
8. Day, R. H., & Knuth, H. (1982). The contributions of F. C. Mueller-Lyer. Perception, 10, 126-146.
9. Drobnis, B. J., & Lawson R. B. (1976). The Poggendorff illusion in stereoscopic space. Perception and Motor Skills, 42, 15-18.
10. Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
11. Foley, J. M., & Richards, M. (1972). Effects of voluntary eye movement and convergence on the binocular appreciation of depth. Perception & Psychophysics, 11, 423-427.
12. Gillam, B., Blackburn, S., & Nakayama, K. (1999). Stereopsis based on monocular gaps: Metrical coding of depth and slant without matching contours. Vision Research, 39, 493-502.
13. Gillam, B., & Borsting, E. (1988). The role of monocular regions in stereoscopic displays. Perception, 17, 603-608.
14. Gregory, R. L. (1963, August). Distortion of space as inappropriate constancy scaling. Nature, 199, 678-680.
15. Grove, P. M., Gillam, B. J., & Ono, H. (2002). Content and context of monocular regions determine perceived depth in random dot, unpaired background and phantom stereograms, Vision Research, 42, 1859-1870.
16. Grove, P. M., & Ono, H. (1999). Ecologically invalid monocular texture leads to longer perceptual latencies in random dot stereograms, Perception, 28, 627-640.
17. Gyoba, J. (1978), The Poggendorff illusion under stereopsis. Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 37, 94-101.
18. Haber, R. N. (1979). Leonardo: Our first theorist on the perception of pictures. In C. F. Nodine & D. F. Fisher (Eds.), Perception and pictorial representation (pp. 84-99). New York: Praeger Publishers.
19. Häkkinen, J., & Nyman, G. (1997). Occlusion constraints and stereoscopic slant. Perception, 26, 29-38.
20. Hering, E. (1942). Spatial sense and movements of the eye (C. A. Radde, Trans). Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Optometry. (Original work published 1879)
21. Howard, I. P. (1995). Depth from binocular rivalry without spatial disparity. Perception, 24, 67-74.
22. Howard, I. P. (2002). Seeing in depth: Vol. 1. Basic mechanisms. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: I Porteous.
23. Howard, I. P., & Rogers, B. J. (2002) Seeing in depth: Vol. 2. Depth perception. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: I Porteous.
24. Howard, I. P., & Wade, N. J. (1996). Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision. Perception, 25, 1189-1201.
25. Julesz, B. (1971). Foundations of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Kanizsa, G. (1979). Organization in vision. New York: Praeger.
27. Kemp, M. (Ed.). (1989). Leonardo on painting. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
28. Lawson, R. B., & Gulick, W. L. (1967). Stereopsis and anomalous countour. Vision Research, 7, 271-297.
29. Le Conte, J. (1881). Sight: An exposition of the principles of monocular and binocular vision. New York: Appleton.
30. Linnell, K. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1999). A new interpretation of amodal compression. Perception, 28(Suppl.), 119.
31. Liu, C. H., & Kennedy, J. M. (1995). Misalignment effects in 3-D versions of Poggendorff displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 409-415.
32. Loomis, J. M., Philbeck, J. W., & Zahorik, P. (2002). Dissociation between location and shape in visual space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1202-1212.
33. Mapp, A. P., Ono, H., & Howard, I. P. (2002). Binocular visual direction. In I. P. Howard & B. J. Rogers (Eds.), Seeing in depth: Vol. II. Depth perception (pp. 85-99). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: I Porteous.
34. Nakamizo, S., Shimono, K., Kondo, M., & Ono, H. (1994). Visual directions of two stimuli in the Panum's limiting case. Perception, 23, 1037-1048.
35. Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (1990). Da Vinci stereopsis: Depth and subjective occluding contours from unpaired image points. Vision Research, 30, 1811-1825.
36. Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (1992, September 4). Experiencing and perceiving visual surfaces. Science, 257, 1357-1363.
37. Ohtsuka, S. (1995a). Perception of direction in three-dimensional space with occlusion. The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Technical Report, 95(165), 31-36.
38. Ohtsuka, S. (1995b). Relationship between error in inclination perception in observing Poggendorff figures and stereopsis. The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Technical Report, 95(165), 24-26.
39. Ohtsuka, S., & Ono, H. (2002). Correct 3-D but illusory 2-D percepts linked to binocularly unpaired regions. In B. Javidi & F. Okano (Eds.), Three-dimensional TV, video, and display: Vol. 4864. Proceedings of SPIE (pp. 167-174). Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press.
40. Ohtsuka, S., & Yano S. (1994). The phenomenon causing the Poggendorff illusion compensates geometrical error in reconstructed 2D image from stereopsis. The Institute of Television Engineers of Japan (ITE) Technical Report, 18-60, 25-30.
41. Ono, H., & Gonda, G. (1978). Apparent movement, eye movement and phoria when two eyes alternate in viewing a stimulus. Perception, 7, 75-83.
42. Ono, H., & Gonda, G. (1997). Apparent motion based on changing phoria. In I. Rock (Ed.), Indirect perception (pp. 265-276). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Ono, H., Lillakas, L., & Mapp, A. P. (2003). The making of the direction sensing system for the Howard eggmobile. In L. Harris & M. Jenkin (Eds.), Levels of perception (pp. 127-147). New York: Springer Verlag.
44. Ono, H., & Mapp, A. P. (1995). A restatement and modification of Wells-Hering's laws of visual direction. Perception, 24, 237-252.
45. Ono, H., Mapp, A. P., & Howard, I. P. (2002). The cyclopean eye in vision: The new and old data continue to hit you right between the eyes. Vision Research 42, 1307-1324.
46. Ono, H., Ohtsuka, S., & Lillakas, L. (1998). The visual system's solution to Leonardo da Vinci's paradox and to the problems created by the solution. Proceeding for the Workshop on Visual Cognition, 1, 125-136.
47. Ono, H., Shimono, K., & Shibuta, K. (1992). Occlusion as a depth cue in Wheatstone-Panum's limiting case. Perception & Psychophysics, 51, 3-13.
48. Ono, H., Wade, N. J., & Lillakas, L. (2002). The pursuit of Leonardo's constraint. Perception, 31, 83-102.
49. Ono, H., & Weber, E. V. (1981). Nonveridical visual direction produced by monocular viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 937-947.
50. Regan, D. (2000). Human perception of objects. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
51. Richards, W. (1970). Stereopsis and stereoblindness. Experimental Brain Research, 10, 380-388.
52. Richter, I. A. (Ed.). (1952). The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
53. Robinson, J. O. (1972). The psychology of visual illusion. London: Hutchinson.
54. Shimojo, S., & Nakayama, K. (1990). Real world occlusion constraints and binocular rivalry. Vision Research, 30, 69-80.
55. Strong, D. S. (1979). Leonardo on the eye. New York: Garland.
56. Takeichi, H., & Nakazawa, H. (1994). Binocular displacement of unpaired region. Perception, 23, 1025-1036.
57. Towne, J. (1870). Physiology of binocular vision: Observations upon the phenomena of the transverse visual plane, with remarks upon the experiments of Ewald Hering. Guy's Hospital Reports, 15, 180-212.
58. Van Ee, R., Banks, M. S., & Bachus, B. T. (1999). Perceived visual direction near an occluder. Vision Research, 39, 4085-4097.
59. Van Ee, R., & Erkelens, C. J. (2000). Is there an interaction between perceived direction and perceived aspect ratio in stereoscopic vision? Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 910-926.
60. Wade, N. J. (1983). Brewster and Wheatstone on vision. London: Academic Press.
61. Wade, N. J., Ono, H., & Lillakas, L. (2001). Leonardo da Vinci's struggles with representations of reality. Leonardo, 34, 231-235.
62. Wells W. C. (1792). An essay upon single vision with two eyes: Together with experiments and observations on several other subjects in optics. London: Cadell.
63. Wenderoth, P. (1980). Alignment errors in Poggendorff-like displays when the variable segment is a dot, a dot series, or a line. Perception & Psychophysics, 27, 505-518.
64. Wheatstone, C. (1838). Contributions to the physiology of vision - Part the first. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 128, 371-394.
65. Zanuttini, L. (1976). A new explanationfor the Poggendorff illusion. Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 29-32.