Recent advances in drug therapy for atrial fibrillation

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

Volumn 14, Issue 9 SUPPL., 2003, Pages

  Wijffels, Maurits C E F ^a   Crijns, Harry J G M ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Antiarrhythmic drug; Atrial fibrillation; Electrical remodeling; Ion channels

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; ALMOKALANT; AMBASILIDE; AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; AZIMILIDE; BEPRIDIL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; CIBENZOLINE; DIGITALIS; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; ENALAPRIL; FLECAINIDE; IBUTILIDE; PILSICAINIDE; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; QUINIDINE; SOTALOL; TECADENOSON; TEDISAMIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVERSION; CHRONOTROPISM; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROL SYSTEM; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DETERIORATION; DOG; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; GOAT; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART ATRIUM PACING; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART PROARRHYTHMIA; HEART RATE; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG TOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REENTRY TACHYCARDIA; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; SINUS BRADYCARDIA; SINUS RHYTHM; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; SWINE; THYROID DISEASE; TORSADE DES POINTES;

EID: 0141613041     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.14.s9.20.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (127)

1. Garrey WE: The nature of fibrillation contraction of the heart; its relation to tissue mass and form. Am J Physiol 1914;33:397-414.
2. Lewis T, Drury AN, Iliescu CC: A demonstration of circus movement in clinical fibrillation of the auricles. Heart 1921;8:361-379.
3. Engelmann TW: Über den einfluss der systole auf die motorische leitung in der herzkammer, mit bemerkungen zur theorie allorhythmischer herzstörungen. Arch Ges Physiol 1896;62:543.
4. Scherf D: Studies on auricular tachycardia caused by aconitine administration. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1947;64:233-239.
5. Moe GK: On the multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1962;140:183-188.
6. Allessie MA, Lammers WJEP, Bonke FIM, Hollen SJ: Experimental evaluation of Moe's multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. In Zipes DP, Jalife J, eds: Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmias. Volume 1. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1985, pp. 265-275.
7. Konings KTS, Kirchhof CJHJ, Smeets JLRM, Wellens HJJ, Penn OC, Allessie MA: High-density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation 1994;89:1665-1680.
8. Cox JL, Canavan TE, Schuessler RB, Cain ME, Lindsay BD, Stone CM, Smith PK, Corr PB, Boineau JP: The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. II. Intra-operative electrophysiologic mapping and description of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:406-426.
9. Smeets JLRM, Allessie MA, Lammers WJEP, Bonke FIM, Hollen SJ: The wavelength of the cardiac impulse and reentrant arrhythmias in isolated rabbit atrium. The role of heart rate, autonomic transmitters, temperature, and potassium. Circ Res 1986;58:96-108.
10. Rensma PL, Allessie MA, Lammers WJEP, Bonke FIM, Schalij MJ: Length of excitation wave and susceptibility to reentrant atrial arrhythmias in normal conscious dogs. Circ Res 1988;62:395-410.
11. Wijffels MCEF, Kirchhof CJHJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA: Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation 1995;92:1954-1968.
12. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Jones DL, Guiraudon CM: Chronic rapid atrial pacing: Structural, functional and electrophysiologic characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1995;91:1588-1595.
13. Yue L, Feng J, Gaspo R, Li GR, Wang Z. Nattel S: Ionic remodeling underlying action potential changes in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1997;81:512-525.
14. Ausma J, Wijffels M, Thone F, Wouters L, Allessie MA, Borgers M: Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 1997;96:3157-3163.
15. Kirchhof CJHJ, Wijffels M, Brugada J, Planellas J, Allessie MA: Mode of action of a new class IC drug (ORG 7797) against atrial fibrillation in conscious dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17:116-124.
16. Wang Z, Page PL, Nattel S: Mechanism of flecainide's antiarrhythmic action in experimental atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1992;71:271-287.
17. Wang J, Bourne GW, Wang Z, Villemaire C, Talajic M, Nattel S: Comparative mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug action in experimental atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1993;88:1030-1044.
18. Wijffels MCEF, Dorland R, Mast F, Allessie MA: Widening of the excitable gap during pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in the goat. Effects of cibenzoline, hydroquinidine, flecainide and d-sotalol. Circulation 2000;102:260-267.
19. Duytschaever M, Mast F, Killian M, Blaauw Y, Wijffels M, Allessie M: Methods for determining the refractory period and excitable gap during persistent atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 2001;104:957-962.
20. Kawase A, Ikeda T, Nakazawa K, Ashihara T, Namba T, Kubota T, Sugi K, Hirai H. Widening of the excitable gap and enlargement of the core of reentry during atrial fibrillation with a pure sodium channel blocker in canine atria. Circulation 2003;107:905-910.
21. Danse PW, Garratt CJ, Allessie MA: Flecainide widens the excitable gap at pivot points of premature turning wavefronts in rabbit ventricular myocardium. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:1010-1017.
22. Chen SA, Hsieh MH, Tai CT, Tsai CF, Prakash VS, Yu WC, Hsu TL, Ding YA, Chang MS: Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins. Electrophysiological effects of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1999;100:1879-1886.
23. Hocini M, Ho SY, Kawara T, Linnenbank AC, Potse M, Shah D, Jaïs P, Janse MJ, Haïssaguerre M, Bakker de JMT: Electrical conduction in canine pulmonary veins. Electrophysiological and anatomic correlation. Circulation 2002;105:2442-2448.
24. Jaïs P, Hocini M, Macle L, Choi KJ, Deisenhofer I, Weerasooriya R, Shah DC, Garrigue S, Raybaud F, Scavee C, LeMetayer P, Clementy J, Haissaguerre M: Distinctive electrophysiological properties of pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;106:2479-2485.
25. Coumel P, Attuel P, Lavallee J, Flammang D, Leclercq JF, Slama R: Syndrome d'arythmie auriculaire d'origine vagale. Arch Mal Coeur 1978;71:645-656.
26. Coumel P: Autonomic arrhythmogenic factors in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In Olsson SB, Allessie MA, Campbell RWF, eds: Atrial Fibrillation. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Vol. 1. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co., 1994, pp. 171-185.
27. Jaïs P, Haïssaguerre M, Shah D, Chouairi S, Gencel L, Hocini M, Clémenty J: A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1997;95:572-576.
28. Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, Garrigue S, Le Mouroux A, Le Metayer P, Clémenty J: Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659-666.
29. Shah DC, Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Mélèze H, Yamane T, Deisenhofer I, Garrigue S, Clémenty J: Curative catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in 200 patients: Strategy for presentation ranging from sustained atrial fibrillation to no arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;24:1541-1558.
30. Goya M, Ouyang F, Ernst S, Volkmer M, Antz M, Kuck KH: Electroanatomic mapping and catheter ablation of breakthroughs from the right atrium to the superior vena cava in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;106:1317-1320.
31. Hwang C, Karagueuzian HS, Chen PS: Idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation induced by a focal discharge mechanism in the left superior pulmonary vein: possible roles of the ligament of Marshall. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:636-648.
32. Kumagai K, Yasuda T, Tojo H, Noguchi H, Matsumoto N, Nakashima H, Gondo N, Saku K: Role of rapid focal activation in the maintenance of atrial fibrillation originating from the pulmonary veins. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:1823-1827.
33. Wu WJ, Ong JJC, Chang CM, Doshi RN, Yashima M, Huang HLA, Fishbein MC, Ting CT, Karagueuzian HS, Chen PS: Pulmonary veins and ligament of Marshall as sources of rapid activations in a canine model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;103:1157-1163.
34. Oral H, Knight BP, Özaydin M, Chugh A, Lai SW, Scharf C, Hassan S, Greenstein R, Hart JD, Pelosi F Jr, Strickberger SA, Morady F: Segmental ostial ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation. Feasibility and mechanistic insights. Circulation 2002;106:1256-1262.
35. Pappone C, Rosanio S, Oreto G, et al: Circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia. A new anatomic approach for curing atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102:2619-2628.
36. Oral H, Knight BP, Tada H, et al: Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;105:1077-1081.
37. Doshi RN, Wu TJ, Yashima M, Kim YH, Ong JJC, Cao JM, Hwang C, Yashar P, Fishbein MC, Karagueuzian HS, Chen PS: Relation between ligament of Marshall and adrenergic atrial tachyarrhythmia. Circulation 1999;100:876-883.
38. De Bakker, Hocini M, Ho SY: Basic and clinical electrophysiology of pulmonary vein ectopy. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:287-294.
39. Yamane T, Shah DC, Jaïs P, Hocini M, Peng JT, Deisenhofer I, Clémenty J, Haïssaguerre M: Dilation as a marker of pulmonary veins initiating atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2002;6:245-249.
40. Tse HF, Lau CP, Ayers GM: Incidence and modes of onset of early reinitiation of atrial fibrillation after successful internal cardioversion, and its prevention by intravenous sotalol. Heart 1999;82:319-324.
41. Timmermans C, Rodriguez LM, Smeets JL, Wellens HJ: Immediate reinitiation of atrial fibrillation following internal atrial defibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:122-128.
42. Menozzi C, Brignole M, Gianfranchi L, Lolli G, Oddone D, Gaggioli G, Bottoni N: Radiofrequency catheter ablation and modulation of atrioventricular conduction in patients with atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:2143-2149.
43. Zhuang S, Zhang Y, Mowrey KA, Li J, Tabata T, Wallick DW, Popovic ZB, Grimm RA, Natale A, Mazgalev TN: Ventricular rate control by selective vagal stimulation is superior to rhythm regularization by atrioventricular nodal ablation and pacing during atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;106:1853-1858.
44. Packer M: Current role of beta-adrenergic blockers in the management of chronic heart failure. Am J Med 2001;110:81S-94S.
45. Farshi R, Kistner D, Sarma JSM, Longmate JA, Singh BN: Ventricular rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation during daily activity and programmed exercise: A crossover open-label study of five drug regimens. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:304-310.
46. Borgeat A, Goy JJ, Maendly R, et al: Flecainide versus quinidine for conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:496-498.
47. Reisinger J, Gatterer E, Heinze G, et al: Prospective comparison of flecainide versus sotalol for immediate cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1450-1454.
48. Crijns HJGM, Van Gelder IC, van Gilst WH, Hillege H, Gosselink M, Lie KI: Serial antiarrhythmic drug treatment to maintain sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion for chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:335-341.
49. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJGM, van Gilst WH, Verwer R, Lie KI: Prediction of uneventful cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm from direct-current electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:41-46.
50. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJGM, Tieleman RG, Brügemann J, De Kam PJ, Gosselink ATM, Verheugt FWA, Lie KI: Chronic atrial fibrillation. Success of serial cardioversion therapy and safety of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Meal 1996;156:2585-2592.
51. Crijns HJGM, van Wijk LM, van Gilst WH, Kingma HJ, Van Gelder IC, Lie KI: Acute conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: clinical efficacy of flecainide acetate. Comparison of two regimes. Eur Heart J 1988;9:634-638.
52. Fuster V, Ryden LE, et al: ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1266i-IXX.
53. Madrid AH, Moro C, Marín-Huerta E, Mestre JL, Novo L, Costa A: Comparison of flecainide and procainamide in cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1127-1131.
54. Martinez-Marcos FJ, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Ortega-Caprio A, Fernandez-Gomez JM, Santos JM, Camacho C: Comparison of intravenous flecainide, propafenone, and amiodarone for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:950-953.
55. Castro A, Bianconi L, Santini M: New antiarrhythmic drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:249-259.
56. Bianconi L, Castro A, Dinelli M, Alboni P, Pappalardo A, Richiardi E, Santini M, for the Italian Intravenous Dofetilide Study Group: Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1265-1273.
57. Channer KS: Current management of symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Drugs 2001;61:1425-1437.
58. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators: Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide and placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 1991;324:781-788.
59. Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, Connolly S, Eisenberg MJ, Green M, Kus T, Lambert J, Dubuc M, Gagné P, Nattel S, Thibault B, for the Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2000;342:913-920.
60. Derakhchan K, Villemaire C, Talajic M, Nattel S: The class III antiarrhythmic drugs dofetilide and sotalol prevent AF induction by atrial premature complexes at doses that fail to terminate AF. Cardiovasc Res 2000;50:75084.
61. Norgaard BL, Wachtell K, Christensen PD, Madsen B, Johansen JB, Christiansen EH, Graff O, Simonsen EH, and the Danish Dofetilide in Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter Study Group: Efficacy and safety of intravenously administered dofetilide in acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J 1999;137:1062-1069.
62. Greenbaum RA, Campbell TJ, Charmer KS, Dalrymple HW, Kingma JH, Santini M, Theisen K, Toivonnen LK: Conversion of atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm by dofetilide. The EMERALD (European and Australian Multicenter Evaluative Research on Atrial Fibrillation Dofetilide) study. (Abstract) Circulation 1998;98:I-633.
63. Singh S, Zoble RG, Yellen L, Brodsky MA, Feld GK, Berk M, Billing CB, for the Dofetilide Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. The Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigative Research on Dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation 2000;102:2385-2390.
64. Kober L, Thomsen PEB, Moller M, et al: Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: A randomized trial. Lancet 2000;356:2052-2058.
65. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Keller N, Marchant B, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen CT, for the Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group: Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ventricular function. A Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) substudy. Circulation 2001;104:292-296.
66. Wijffels MCEF, Kirchhof CJHJ, Dorland R, Power J, Allessie MA: Electrical remodeling due to atrial fibrillation in chronically instrumented conscious goats. Roles of neurohumoral changes, ischemia, atrial stretch and high rate of electrical activation. Circulation 1996;96:3710-3720.
67. Yu WC, Lee SH, Tai CT, Tsai CF, Hsieh MH, Chert CC, Ding YA, Chang MS, Chen SA: Reversal of electrical remodeling following cardioversion of long-standing atrial fibrillation in man. Cardiovasc Res 1999;42:470-476.
68. Hobbs WJC, Fynn S, Todd DM, Wolfson P, Galloway M, Garratt CJ: Reversal of electrical remodeling after cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation 2000;101:1145-1151.
69. + current densities and Kv1.5 expression are reduced in chronic human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1997;80:772-781.
70. 2+ currents and human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1999;85:428-436.
71. Bosch RF, Zeng X, Grammer JB, Popovic K, Mewis C, Kühlkamp V: Ionic mechanisms of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 1999;44:121-131.
72. Garratt C, Dorland R, Duytschaever M, Killian M, Mast F, Allessie MA: The lower success rate of pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation of longer duration is due to atrial remodeling. (Abstract) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20(Pt II):1154.
73. Wijffels MCEF, Dorland R, Allessie MA: Pharmacological cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation in the goat by class IA, IC and III drugs: A comparison between hydroquinidine, cibenzoline, flecainide and d-sotalol. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:178-193.
74. Li D, Bénardeau A, Nattel S: Contrasting efficacy of dofetilide in differing experimental models of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102:104-112.
75. Sato T, Mitamura H, Kurita Y, Takeshita A, Shinagawa K, Miyoshi S, Kanki H, Hara M, Ogawa S: Electropharmacologic effects of pilsicainide, a pure sodium channel blocker, on remodeled atrium subjected to chronic rapid atrial pacing. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001;38:812-820.
76. Tse HF, Lau CP: Electrophysiologic actions of dl-sotalol in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2150-2155.
77. Shinagawa K, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Schram G, Nattel S: Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on fibrillation in the remodeled atrium. Insights into the mechanism of the superior efficacy of amiodarone. Circulation 2003;107:1440-1146.
78. Goette A, Honeycutt C, Langberg JJ: Electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Time course and mechanisms. Circulation 1996;94:2968-2974.
79. Tieleman RG, De Langen CDJ, Van Gelder I, De Kam PJ, Grandjean J, Bel KJ, Wijffels MCEF, Allessie MA, Crijns HJGM: Verapamil reduces tachycardia-induced electrical remodeling of the atria. Circulation 1997;95:1945-1953.
80. Daoud EG, Knight BP, Weiss R, Bahu M, Paladino W, Goyal R, Man C, Strickberger SA, Morady F: Effect of verapamil and procainamide on atrial fibrillation-induced electrical remodeling in humans. Circulation 1997;96:1542-1550.
81. Yu WC, Chen SA, Lee SH, Tai CT, Feng AN, Kuo BI, Ding YA, Chang MS: Tachycardia-induced change of atrial refractory period in humans: Rate dependency and effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. Circulation 1998;97:2331-2337.
82. Lee SH, Yu WC, Cheng JJ, Hung CR, Ding YA, Chang MC, Chen SA: Effect of verapamil on long-term tachycardia-induced atrial electrical remodeling. Circulation 2000;101:200-206.
83. Fareh S, Bénardeau A, Nattel S: Differential efficacy of L- and T-type calcium channel blockers in preventing tachycardia-induced atrial remodeling in dogs. Cardiovasc Res 2001;49:762-770.
84. Shenasa M, Kus T, Fromer M, LeBlanc RA, Dubuc M, Nadeau R: Effect of intravenous and oral calcium antagonists (diltiazem and verapamil) on sustenance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:403-407.
85. Duytschaever MF, Garratt CJ, Allessie MA: Profibrillatory effects of verapamil but not of digoxin in the goat model of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:1375-1385.
86. Ramanna H, Elvan A, Wittkampf FH, De Bakker JM, Hauer RN, Robles de Medina EO: Increased dispersion and shortened refractoriness caused by verapamil in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1403-1407.
87. Innes GD, Vertesi L, Dillon EC, Metcalfe C: Effectiveness of verapamil-quinidine versus digoxin-quinidine in the emergency department treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 1995;29:126-134.
88. Daoud EG, Hummel JD, Augostini R, Williams S, Kalbfleisch SJ: Effect of verapamil on immediate recurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:1231-1237.
89. De Simone A, Stabile G, Vitale DF, Turco P, Di Stasio M, Petrazzuoli F, Gasparini M, De Matteis C, Rotunno R, Di Napoli T: Pretreatment with verapamil in patients with persistent or chronic atrial fibrillation who underwent electrical cardioversion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:810-814.
90. Villani GQ, Piepoli MF, Terracciano C, Capucci A: Effects of diltiazem pretreatment on direct-current cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: A single-blind, randomized, controlled study. Am Heart J 2000;140:437-443.
91. Van Noord T, van Gelder IC, Tieleman RG, Bosker HA, Tuinenburg AE, Volkers C, Veeger NJGM, Crijns HJGM: VERDICT: The Verapamil versus Digoxin Cardioversion Trial: A randomized study on the role of calcium lowering for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:766-769.
92. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, on behalf of the TRACE study group: Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;100:376-380.
93. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, Gondo N, Ideishi M, Arakawa K: Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;101:2612-2617.
94. +-exchange or angiotensin converting enzyme on atrial tachycardia-induced remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:438-446.
95. Power JM, Beacom GA, Alferness CA, Raman J, Wijffels M, Farish SJ, Burrell LM, Tonkin AM: Susceptibility to atrial fibrillation: A study in an ovine model of pacing-induced early heart failure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:423-435.
96. Li D, Fareh S, Leung TK, Nattel S: Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs. Atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation 1999;100:87-95.
97. Shi Y, Ducharme A, Li D, Gaspo R, Nattel S, Tardif JC: Remodeling of atrial dimensions and emptying function in canine models of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2001;52:217-225.
98. Shinagawa K, Shi YF, Tardif JC, Leung TK, Nattel S: Dynamic nature of atrial fibrillation substrate during development and reversal of heart failure in dogs. Circulation 2002;105:2672-2678.
99. Li D, Shinagawa K, Pang L, Leung TK, Cardin S, Wang Z, Nattel S: Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:2608-2614.
100. Shi Y, Li D, Tardif JC, Nattel S: Enalapril effects on atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation in experimental congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:456-461.
101. Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo JMG, Marin I, Pena G, Bernal E, Rodriguez A, Cano L, Cano JM, Cabeza P, Moro C: Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation. A prospective and randomized study. Circulation 2002;106:331-336.
102. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J: Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): A randomized trial. Lancet 2000;356:1789-1794.
103. Carlsson J, Tebbe U: Rhythm control versus rate control in atrial fibrillation: Results from the STAF pilot study (strategies of treatment of atrial fibrillation). Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24(Pt II):561.
104. The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators: A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-1833.
105. Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al: A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-1840.
106. Kr-blocker almokalant and predictors of conversion of chronic atrial tachyarrhythmias to sinus rhythm. A prospective study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1999;13:329-338.
107. Hester JB, Gibson JK, Buchanan LV, et al: Progress toward the development of a safe and effective agent for treating reentrant cardiac arrhythmias: Synthesis and evaluation of ibutilide analogues with enhanced metabolic stability and diminished proarrhythmic potential. J Med Chem 2001;44:1099-1115.
108. Fischbach PS, Barrett TD, Goyal R, Tran BC, Syed ZA, Hennan JK, Lucchesi BR: Conversion of atrial fibrillation by the experimental antiarrhythmic drug tedisamil in two canine models. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:1138-1144.
109. Nattel S, Yue L, Wang Z: Cardiac ultrarapid delayed rectifiers: A novel potassium current family of functional similarity and molecular diversity. Cell Physiol Biochem 1999;9:217-226.
110. + channel Kv1.5 current. Life Sci 2001;68:2017-2024.
111. Nagasawa H, Fujiki A, Fujikura N, Matsuda T, Yamashita T, Inoue H: Effects of a novel class III antiarrhythmic agent, NIP-142, on canine atrial fibrillation and flutter. Circ J 2002;66:185-191.
112. Nakaya H, Furasawa Y, Ogura T, Tamagawa M, Uemura H: Inhibitory effects of JTV-519, a novel cardioprotective drug on potassium currents and experimental atrial fibrillation in guinea pig hearts. Br J Pharmacol 2000;131:1363-1372.
113. Wirth KJ, Brendel J, Busch AE, Knobloch K: Effect of Kv1.5 channel blockers, S1185 and S20951, on the ERP of the left and right atrium and left atrial vulnerability in pigs in comparison with dofetilide, azimilide and amiodarone. (Abstract) Circulation 2001;104:II-47.
114. KACh, and beta-blockers in pigs. (Abstract) Circulation 2002;106:II-155.
115. to-blocker (AVE0118) in the goat. (Abstract) Circulation 2002;106:II-155.
116. 4 receptor antagonist RS-100302 in experimental atrial flutter and fibrillation. Circulation 1999;100:2010-2017.
117. van Opstal JM, Schoenmakers M, Verduyn SC, de Groot M, Leunissen JDM, van der Hulst FF, Molenschot MMC, Wellens HJJ, Vos MA: Chronic amiodarone evokes no torsade de pointes arrhythmias despite QT lengthening in an animal model of acquired long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2001;104:2722-2727.
118. Wang J, Feng J, Nattel S: Class III antiarrhythmic drug action in experimental atrial fibrillation. Differences in reverse use dependence and effectiveness between d-sotalol and the new antiarrhythmic drug ambasilide. Circulation 1994;90:2032-2040.
119. Nattel S, Liu L, St-Georges D: Effects of the novel antiarrhythmic agent azimilide on experimental atrial fibrillation and atrial electrophysiologic properties. Cardiovasc Res 1998;37:627-635.
120. Pritchett ELC, Page RL, Connolly SJ, Marcello SR, Schnell DJ, Wilkinson WE, and the Azimilide Supraventricular Arrhythmia Program (SVA-3) Investigators: Antiarrhythmic effects of azimilide in atrial fibrillation: efficacy and dose-response. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:794-802.
121. Connolly SJ, Schnell DJ, Page RL, Wilkinson WE, Marcello SR, Pritchett ELC: Dose-response relations of azimilide in the management of symptomatic, recurrent, atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:974-979.
122. Amos GL, Abrahamsson C, Duker G, Hondeghem L, Palmer M, Carlsson L: Potassium and calcium current blocking properties of the novel antiarrhythmic agent H345/52: Implications for proarrhythmic potential. Cardiovasc Res 2001;49:351-360.
123. Faivre JF, Gout B, Landais L, Cheval B, Forest MC, Rouanet S, Nadler G, Bril A: SB-237376, a new antiarrhythmic compound with dual potassium and calcium channel blocking action has improved antiarrhythmic properties. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1998;358:R700.
124. Kobayashi S, Reien Y, Ogura T, Saito T, Masuda Y, Nakaya H: Inhibitory effect of bepridil on hKv1.5 channel current: comparison with amiodarone and E-4031. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;430:149-157.
125. 1-adenosine receptor agonist on heart rate and heart rate variability during permanent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:2459-2464.
126. 1 adenosine receptor agonist (CVT-510) with diltiazem for slowing of AV nodal conduction in guinea pig. Br J Pharmacol 1999;126:137-146.
127. 1 agonist (CVT-510) on atrioventricular nodal conduction in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001;6:237-245.