Understanding Victory Why Political Institutions Matter

International Security

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 168-179

  Reiter, Dan ^a   Stam, Allan C ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141543904     PISSN: 01622889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/016228803322428027     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002); and David A. Lake, "Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War," American Political Science Review, Vol. 86, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 24-37.
2. Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002); and David A. Lake, "Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War," American Political Science Review, Vol. 86, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 24-37.
3. Michael C. Desch, "Democracy and Victory: Why Regime Type Hardly Matters," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Fall 2002), pp. 5-47. Further references to this article appear parenthetically in the text.
4. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
5. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
6. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
7. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
8. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
9. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
10. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
11. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
12. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
13. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability," American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 1995), pp. 841-855 ; Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary Segura, "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 278-300; Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, "Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 1999), pp. 363-387; Christopher F. Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918-94," American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 633-661; D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, "Research Design and Estimator Choices in the Analysis of Interstate Dyads: When Decisions Matter," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (October 2000), pp. 653-685; Brett Ashley Leeds and David R. Davis, "Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interactions, 1953-1978," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 5-21; Dan Reiter and Erik R. Tillman, "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict," Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 2002), pp. 810-826; and Bruce M. Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
14. David H. Clark and William Reed, "A Unified Model of War Onset and Outcomes," Journal of Politics, Vol. 65, No. 1 (February 2003), pp. 69-91; and William Reed and David H. Clark, "War Initiators and War Winners: The Consequences of Linking Theories of Democratic War Success," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 3 (June 2000), pp. 378-395.
15. David H. Clark and William Reed, "A Unified Model of War Onset and Outcomes," Journal of Politics, Vol. 65, No. 1 (February 2003), pp. 69-91; and William Reed and David H. Clark, "War Initiators and War Winners: The Consequences of Linking Theories of Democratic War Success," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 3 (June 2000), pp. 378-395.
16. Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000, 2d ed. (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company, 2002), p. 638.
17. Eric Silver, Begin: A Biography (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), especially p. 229. On Israel meeting its military goals, see Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 230, 306.
18. Eric Silver, Begin: A Biography (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), especially p. 229. On Israel meeting its military goals, see Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 230, 306.
19. Allan C. Stam III, Win, Lose, or Draw: Domestic Politics and the Crucible of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 114-115.
20. D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam III, "The Declining Advantages of Democracy: A Combined Model of War Outcomes and Duration," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 344-366; and Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War, chap. 7.
21. D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam III, "The Declining Advantages of Democracy: A Combined Model of War Outcomes and Duration," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 344-366; and Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War, chap. 7.
22. Keith Jaggers and Ted Robert Gurr, "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 32, No. 4 (November 1995), pp. 469-482.
23. Harry Eckstein, Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 157 (emphasis in original).
24. I b i d.
25. Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War, p. 29, Table 2.1.
26. Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); and Gelpi and Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers?"
27. Reiter and Stam, Democracies at War; Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); and Gelpi and Griesdorf, "Winners or Losers?"
28. Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002); Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); and Risa Brooks, "Institutions at the Domestic/International Nexus: The Political-Military Origins of Strategic Integration, Military Effectiveness, and War," Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2000.
29. Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002); Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); and Risa Brooks, "Institutions at the Domestic/International Nexus: The Political-Military Origins of Strategic Integration, Military Effectiveness, and War," Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2000.
30. Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002); Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); and Risa Brooks, "Institutions at the Domestic/International Nexus: The Political-Military Origins of Strategic Integration, Military Effectiveness, and War," Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2000.
31. Don W. Alexander, "Repercussions of the Breda Variant," French Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring 1974), especially pp. 462-465; John Sloan Brown, "Colonel Trevor N. Dupuy and the Mythos of Wehrmacht Superiority: A Reconsideration," Military Affairs, Vol. 50, No. 1 (January 1986), pp. 16-20; Stephen E. Ambrose, D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994); and Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany - June 7, 1944 - May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).
32. Don W. Alexander, "Repercussions of the Breda Variant," French Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring 1974), especially pp. 462-465; John Sloan Brown, "Colonel Trevor N. Dupuy and the Mythos of Wehrmacht Superiority: A Reconsideration," Military Affairs, Vol. 50, No. 1 (January 1986), pp. 16-20; Stephen E. Ambrose, D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994); and Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany - June 7, 1944 - May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).
33. Don W. Alexander, "Repercussions of the Breda Variant," French Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring 1974), especially pp. 462-465; John Sloan Brown, "Colonel Trevor N. Dupuy and the Mythos of Wehrmacht Superiority: A Reconsideration," Military Affairs, Vol. 50, No. 1 (January 1986), pp. 16-20; Stephen E. Ambrose, D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994); and Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany - June 7, 1944 - May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).
34. Don W. Alexander, "Repercussions of the Breda Variant," French Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring 1974), especially pp. 462-465; John Sloan Brown, "Colonel Trevor N. Dupuy and the Mythos of Wehrmacht Superiority: A Reconsideration," Military Affairs, Vol. 50, No. 1 (January 1986), pp. 16-20; Stephen E. Ambrose, D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994); and Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany - June 7, 1944 - May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).