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The number, location, and dates of field work for each forest site were as follows: 1, Kribi (2°43′N, 9°52′E), 6 to 9 October 1990 and 1 to 4 July 1993; 2, Ndibi (3°46′N, 12°12′E), 28 July to 20 October 1990; 3, Zoebefame (2°39′N, 13°23′E), 27 to 29 September 1990 and 9 to 15 June 1993; 4, Bobo Camp (2°39′N, 13°28′E) 15 to 20 June 1993; 5, Nkwouak (3°52′N, 13°18′E), 7 to 8 August 1990 and 29 June to 2 July 1993; and 6, Lac Lobeke (2°18′N, 15°45′E), 25 to 29 June 1993. Those for each ecotone site were as follows: 7, Tibati (6°30′N, 12°35′E), 26 to 29 August 1990 and 5 to 10 July 1995; 8, Ngaoundaba Ranch (7°08′N, 13°41′E), 19 to 23 May 1995; 9, Wakwa, (7°16′N, 13°31′E), 21 to 23 August 1990 and 29 June to 4 July 1995; 10, Bétaré Oya (5°34′N, 14°05′E), 11 to 13 August 1990 and 5 to 8 May 1995; 11, Meiganga (6°31′N, 14°18′E), 15 to 19 August 1990 and 10 to 14 May 1995; and 12, Djohong (6°50′N, 14°42′E), 15 to 17 May 1995.
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Ecotone-forest differences are greater than a third of the interspecific differences in wing length and a fifth of those in mass. When between-species differences in tarsus length, upper mandible length, and weight were contrasted by means of principal components analysis, the results were similar. Using the difference in mean character size between species and between ecotone and forest populations of A. virens, we calculated principal components using a correlation matrix. Forest-ecotone comparisons of A. virens were greater than 2 and 11 of the interspecific comparisons, along PC1 and PC2, respectively.
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We thank the government of the Republic of Cameroon for permission to conduct the field research; J. Endler, M. Kirkpatrick, S. MacLane, C. Mortiz, M. Orr, S. Palumbi, E. Routman, C. Schneider, M. Slatkin, M. Turelli, B. Van Valkenburgh, and J. Carothers for helpful discussion and comments; and B. Larison, D. McNiven, R. Fotso, K. Whitney, M. Kimura, M. Fogiel, T. Robson, R. Zebell, and E. Taylor for assistance with field and laboratory work. The research was supported by the National Geographic Society, NERC grant GR3/8551′A′, the World Wildlife Fund, Royal Society grant 571310.V703, and NSF grant BSR 88-17336.
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