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The Isoquinoline alkaloids
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(a) Larock R.C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 17:1978;27-37 (b) Larock R.C. Solvomercuration-/Demercuration Reactions in Organic Synthesis. 1986;Springer, Berlin. pp 443-504 and 505-521 (c) Larock R.C., Mercury. Abel E.W., Stone F.G.A., Wilkinson G. Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II. Vol. 11:1995;389-459 Elsevier, Oxford, (d) Wilson S.R., Sawicki R.A. J. Org. Chem. 44:1979;330-336 (e) Barluenga J., Jiménez C., Nájera C., Yus M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1981;670-671 (f) Takahata H., Bandoh H., Momose T. Heterocycles. 41:1995;1797-1804 (g) Aida T., Legault R., Dugat D., Durst T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1979;4993-4994 (h) Brown H.C., Geoghegan P.J. Jr. J. Org. Chem. 35:1970;1844-1850.
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(a) Harding K.E., Burks S.R. J. Org. Chem. 46:1981;3920-3922. Harding and Burks found that in their synthesis of 2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine by intramolecular amidomercuration the reaction afforded products with a high trans-selectivity which they postulated could be rationalized in terms of a preference for a chair-like transition state with an equatorial methyl group. We attempted to derive a plausible transition state configuration for our system using Dreiding models but were unable to find a configuration that rationalized the formation of the proposed trans-configuration of our tetrahydroisoquinoline product. Our results would thus support the claim that amidomercuration reactions occur with greater regio- and stereoselectivity than the analogous aminomercuration reaction described in (b) Roussel J., Perie J.J., Laval J.P., Lattes A. Tetrahedron. 28:1972;701-716. However, a related example, (c) Clive D.L.J., Farina V., Singh A., Wong C.K., Kiel W.A., Menchen S.M. J. Org. Chem. 45:1980;2120-2126. describing the cyclofunctionalization of olefinic urethanes using benzeneselenenyl chloride affords products with a 1,3-cis-relationship of the ring substituents in contrast with the trans-relationship described for 8 in our work.
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J. Org. Chem.
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Harding, K.E.1
Burks, S.R.2
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85031061497
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note
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The formation of a mixture of trans- and cis- cyclized products by nucleophilic displacement of mesylate by the amide nitrogen is a consequence of 17 being a mixture of diastereomers.
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note
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Spectroscopic comparison with the pure trans-compound 8 isolated from the amidomercuration reaction proved that trans-1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-isoquinoline was present in the mixture and the peaks for the cis- product were much clearer because of its increased abundance.
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K. Hafner, J.M. Lehn, C.W. Rees, P. von Ragué Schleyer, B.M. Trost, & R. Zahradník. Berlin: Springer. see also pages 20-50 and 51-97. New York: Academic. pp 6-29, 77-92, and 93-109. London: Chapman & Hall. pp 135-147. Weinheim: VCH. pp 1-12
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(a) Õki M. Hafner K., Lehn J.M., Rees C.W., von Ragué Schleyer P., Trost B.M., Zahradník R. The Chemistry of Rotational Isomers. 1993;1-19 Springer, Berlin. see also pages 20-50 and 51-97 (b) Sandström J. Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy. 1982;Academic, New York. pp 6-29, 77-92, and 93-109 (c) Akitt J.W. NMR and Chemistry: An Introduction to Modern NMR Spectroscopy. 3rd ed. 1992;Chapman & Hall, London. pp 135-147 (d) Õki M. Methods in Stereochemical Analysis: Applications of Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry. Vol. 4:1985;VCH, Weinheim. pp 1-12 (e) Kessler H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 9:1970;219-235.
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The Chemistry of Rotational Isomers
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Õki, M.1
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(a) Stewart W.E., Siddall T.H. III. Chem. Rev. 70:1970;517-551 (b) Fraenkel G., Franconi C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82:1960;4478-4483 (c) Gutowsky H.S., Holm C.H. J. Chem. Phys. 25:1956;1228-1234 (d) Rogers M.T., Woodbrey J.C. J. Phys. Chem. 66:1962;540-546 (e) Takeda M., Stejskal E.O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82:1960;25-29.
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Stewart, W.E.1
Siddall T.H. III2
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-1, calculated for signal a in Figure 4, lies on the edge of this range and was not included in the calculation of the average free energy of activation
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-1, calculated for signal a in Figure 4, lies on the edge of this range and was not included in the calculation of the average free energy of activation.
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0014023143
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This was not always easy as the Δδ values did not always tend to a constant over the temperature range used. The coalescence temperature was taken to be the temperature at which the separate signals merged to form a single signal. For a discussion on the limitations of the approach used in this study see:
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This was not always easy as the Δδ values did not always tend to a constant over the temperature range used. The coalescence temperature was taken to be the temperature at which the separate signals merged to form a single signal. For a discussion on the limitations of the approach used in this study see: Allerhand A., Gutowsky H.S., Jonas J., Meinzer R.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88:1966;3185-3194.
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Allerhand, A.1
Gutowsky, H.S.2
Jonas, J.3
Meinzer, R.A.4
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This approach has been shown to afford reliable estimates within specified limits which include that Δδ be larger than 3 Hz for uncoupled systems, and that for coalescing singlets and doublets of different intensities (as in our case), good estimates are achieved as long as Δδ>4 Hz
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(a) Shanan-Atidi H., Bar-Eli K.H. J. Phys. Chem. 74:1970;961-963 (b) Kost D., Carlson E.H., Raban M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1971;656-657. This approach has been shown to afford reliable estimates within specified limits which include that Δδ be larger than 3 Hz for uncoupled systems, and that for coalescing singlets and doublets of different intensities (as in our case), good estimates are achieved as long as Δδ>4 Hz.
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J. Phys. Chem.
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Shanan-Atidi, H.1
Bar-Eli, K.H.2
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Peters K., Peters E.-M., Bringmann G., Keller P.A., Schäffer M.Z. Naturforsch. 50b:1995;1137-1139.
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Peters, K.1
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Keller, P.A.4
Schäffer, M.Z.5
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This included the removal of the benzyl protecting group to decrease the complexity of the system and thereby decrease the computational time required for each modelling calculation
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This included the removal of the benzyl protecting group to decrease the complexity of the system and thereby decrease the computational time required for each modelling calculation.
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85031052938
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® III, Tripos Associates, Inc.
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® III, Tripos Associates, Inc.
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®
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85031063352
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note
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(b) MM+ force field, N.L. Allinger, 1991. (c) Torsional parameters for the bonds N2-C4-Ca-Ca, Ca-C4-N2-C4 and Ca-C4-N2-CO had to be provided (Ca=aromatic carbon, C4=aliphatic carbon, N2=amide nitrogen and CO=carbonyl carbon) and were left unconstrained (i.e. Fourier terms: V1, V2 and V3 were entered as 0.000).
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note
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-1 (cis)].
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40
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0003832495
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-1 was assigned to this rotation. For more information regarding this topic see the following report:
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-1 was assigned to this rotation. For more information regarding this topic see the following report: Wiberg K.B. Acc. Chem. Res. 32:1999;922-929.
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(1970)
The Chemistry of Amides
, vol.24
, pp. 1-72
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Robin, M.B.1
Bovey, F.A.2
Basch, H.3
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1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling work. We are therefore convinced that the doubling evident in the NMR spectra of tetrahydroisoquinoline 8 and 16, is due to the presence of amide rotamers in solution rather than the presence of separate conformers.
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(1997)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.62
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Olefirowicz, E.M.1
Eliel, E.L.2
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