The production and exchange of marine shell prestige goods

Journal of Archaeological Research

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 243-277

  Trubitt, Mary Beth D ^a  

^a HENDERSON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Craft production; Exchange systems; Marine shell; Prestige goods

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; CRAFT PRODUCTION; ECONOMIC ACTIVITY; GOODS EXCHANGE;

EID: 0141503160     PISSN: 10590161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025028814962     Document Type: Article

References (237)

1. Allen, J., Holdaway, S., and Fullagar, R. (1997). Identifying specialisation, production and exchange in the archaeological record: The case of shell bead manufacture on Motupore Island, Papua. Archaeology in Oceania 32: 13-38.
2. Ames, K. M. (1995). Chiefly power and household production on the Northwest Coast. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. M. (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum, New York, pp. 155-187.
3. Andrews, E. W., IV. (1969). The Archaeological Use and Distribution of Mollusca in the Maya Lowlands, Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.
4. Arnold, J. E. (1987a). Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California, University of California Press, Berkeley.
5. Arnold, J. E. (1987b). Technology and economy: Microblade core production from the Channel Islands. In Johnson, J. K., and Morrow, C. A. (eds.), Organization of Core Technology. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 207-237.
6. Arnold, J. E. (1992). Cultural disruption and the political economy in Channel Islands prehistory. In Jones, T. L. (ed.), Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, Vol. 10, Center for Archaeological Research at Davis, University of California, Davis, pp. 129-144.
7. Arnold, J. E., and Graesch, A. P. (2001). The evolution of specialized shellworking among the Island Chumash. In Arnold, J. E. (ed.), The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 71-112.
8. Arnold, J. E., and Munns, A. (1994). Independent or attached specialization: The organization of shell bead production in California. Journal of Field Archaeology 21: 473-489.
9. Bar-Yosef, D. E. (1991). Changes in the selection of marine shells from the Natufian to the Neolithic. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Valla, F. R. (eds.), The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Archaeological Series 1, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 629-636.
10. Bayman, J. M. (1992). The circulation of exotics in a Tucson Basin platform mound community. In Lange, R. C., and Germick, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Salado Conference, Globe, Arizona, 1992, Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix, pp. 31-37.
11. Bayman, J. M. (1996). Shell ornament consumption in a classic Hohokam platform mound community center. Journal of Field Archaeology 23: 403-420.
12. Bennyhoff, J. A., and Hughes, R. E. (1987). Shell bead and ornament exchange networks between California and the western Great Basin. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 64: 79-175.
13. Biscione, R., Durante, S., and Tosi, M. (1981). Conchiglie: II commercio e la lavorazione delle conchiglie marine nel Medio Oriente dal IV al II millennio A.C., Museo Nazionale d'Arte Orientale, Rome.
14. Blanton, R. E., Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., and Finsten, L. M. (1993). Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
15. Blitz, J. H. (1993). Ancient Chiefdoms of the Tombigbee, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
16. Bradley, R. J. (1993). Marine shell exchange in northwest Mexico and the southwest. In Ericson, J. E., and Baugh, T. G. (eds.), The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange, Plenum, New York, pp. 121-151.
17. Bradley, R. J. (2000). Networks of shell ornament exchange: A critical assessment of prestige economies in the North American Southwest. In Hegmon, M. (ed.), The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond, Proceedings of the 1996 Southwest Symposium, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, pp. 167-187.
18. Brain, J. P., and Phillips, P. (1996). Shell Gorgets: Styles of the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Southeast, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
19. Brown, J. A. (1983). Spiro exchange connections revealed by sources of imported raw materials. In Wyckoff, D. G., and Hofman, J. L. (eds.), Southeastern Natives and Their Pasts: A Collection of Papers Honoring Dr. Robert E. Bell, Oklahoma Archeological Survey Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 11, and Cross Timbers Heritage Association Contribution No. 2, Norman, OK, pp. 129-162.
20. Brown, J. A. (1989). On style divisions of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: A revisionist perspective. In Galloway, P. (ed.), The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 183-204.
21. Brown, J. A. (1996). The Spiro Ceremonial Center: The Archaeology of Arkansas Valley Caddoan Culture in Eastern Oklahoma, Memoirs No. 29, of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
22. Brown, J., and Kelly, J. (2000). Cahokia and the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. In Ahler, S. R. (ed.), Mounds, Modoc, and Mesoamerica: Papers in Honor of Melvin L. Fowler, Scientific Papers Series Vol. XXVIII, Illinois State Museum Springfield, IL, pp. 469-510.
23. Brown, J. A., Kerber, R. A., and Winters, H. D. (1990). Trade and the evolution of exchange relations at the beginning of the Mississippian period. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 251-280.
24. Brumfiel, E. M., and Earle, T. K. (1987). Specialization, exchange, and complex societies: An introduction. In Brumfiel, E. M., and Earle, T. K. (eds.), Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-9.
25. Campbell, S. F. (1983). Attaining rank: A classification of kula shell valuables. In Leach, J. W., and Leach, E. (eds.). The Kula: New Perspectives on Massim Exchange, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 229-248.
26. Carlson, G. F. (1997). A preliminary survey of marine shell artifacts from prehistoric archeological sites in Nebraska. Central Plains Archeology 5: 11-47.
27. Ceci, L. (1982). The value of wampum among the New York Iroquois: A case study in artifact analysis. Journal of Anthropological Research 38: 97-107.
28. Ceci, L. (1989). Tracing wampum's origins: Shell bead evidence from archaeological sites in western and coastal New York. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 63-80.
29. Claassen, C. (1989). Sourcing marine shell artifacts. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 17-23.
30. Claassen, C. (1998). Shells, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
31. Claassen, C., and Sigmann, S. (1993). Sourcing Busycon Artifacts of the eastern United States. American Antiquity 58: 333-347.
32. Clark, J. E. (1995). Craft specialization as an archaeological category. Research in Economic Anthropology 16: 267-294.
33. Clark, J. E., and Blake, M. (1994). The power of prestige: Competitive generosity and the emergence of rank societies in lowland Mesoamerica. In Brumfiel, E. M., and Fox, J. W. (eds.), Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, pp. 17-30.
34. Clark, J. E., and Parry, W. J. (1990). Craft specialization and cultural complexity. In Isaac, B. L. (ed.), Research in Economic Anthropology, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 289-346.
35. Cobb, C. R. (1993). Archaeological approaches to the political economy of nonstratified societies. In Schiffer, M. B. (ed.), Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 5, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 43-100.
36. Connell, J. (1977). The Bougainville connection: Changes in the economic context of shell money production in Malaita. Oceania 48: 81-101.
37. Costin, C. L. (1991). Craft specialization: Issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. In Schiffer, M. B. (ed.). Archaeological Method and Theory, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1-56.
38. Costin, C. L. (1998). Introduction: Craft and social identity. In Costin, C. L., and Wright, R. P. (eds.), Craft and Social Identity, Archeological Papers No. 8, American Anthropological Association Arlington, VA, pp. 3-16.
39. Costin, C. L. (2001). Craft production systems. In Feinman, G. M., and Price, T. D. (eds.), Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 273-327.
40. Dales, G. F., and Kenoyer, J. M. (1977). Shell working at ancient Balakot, Pakistan. Expedition 19: 13-19.
41. Dalton, G. (1977). Aboriginal economies in stateless societies. In Earle, T. K., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.), Exchange Systems in Prehistory, Academic Press, New York, pp. 191-212.
42. Dalton, D. M. (1996). The aesthetic of the sublime: An interpretation of Rawa shell valuable symbolism. American Ethnologist 23: 393-415.
43. D'Altroy, T. N., and Earle, T. K. (1985). Staple finance, wealth finance, and storage in the Inka political economy. Current Anthropology 26: 187-206.
44. Davis, N. (1989). Conservation of archaeological shell artifacts. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 13-16.
45. DeMarrais, E., Castillo, L. J., and Earle, T. (1996). Ideology, materialization, and power strategies. Current Anthropology 37: 15-31.
46. Di Peso, C. C. (1974). Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca, Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, AZ.
47. Dixon, J. E., Cann, J. R., and Renfrew, C. (1972). Obsidian and the origins of trade. In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (ed.), Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 80-88.
48. Dreiss, M. L. (1994). Marine and freshwater shell artifacts. In Ricklis, R. A. (ed.), Aboriginal Life and Culture on the Upper Texas Coast: Archaeology at the Mitchell Ridge Site, 4IGV66, Coastal Archaeological Research, Corpis Christi, TX, pp. 417-445.
49. Dupré, G., and Rey, P.-P. (1973). Reflections on the pertinence of a theory of the history of exchange. Economy and Society 2: 131-163.
50. Durante, S. (1979). Marine shells from Balakot, Shahr-i Sokhta and Tepe Yahya: Their significance for trade and technology in ancient Indo-Iran. In Taddei, M. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1977, Instituto Universitario Orientale, Naples, pp. 317-344.
51. Eastman, J. M. (2001). Life courses and gender among late prehistoric Siouan communities. In Eastman. J. M., and Rodning, C. B. (eds.), Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 57-76.
52. Ekholm, K. (1972). Power and Prestige: The Rise and Fall of the Kongo Kingdom, Skriv Service AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
53. Ekholm, K. (1977). External exchange and the transformation of central African social systems. In Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. J. (eds.), The Evolution of Social Systems, Duckworth, London, pp. 115-136.
54. Erickson, K. (1990). Marine shell utilization in the Plateau culture area. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 24: 91-144.
55. Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. (1993). Shell-ornament production in Ejutla: Implications for highland-coastal interaction in ancient Oaxaca. Ancient Mesoamerica 4: 103-119.
56. Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. (2000). High-intensity household-scale production in ancient Mesoamerica: A perspective from Ejutla. Oaxaca. In Feinman, G. M., and Manzanilla, L. (eds.), Cultural Evolution: Contemporary Viewpoints. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 119-142.
57. Fiedel, S. J. (1989). Social implications of ornaments in hunter-gatherer burials. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 189-197.
58. Flannery, K. V., and Winter, M. C. (1976). Analyzing household activities. In Flannery, K. V. (ed.), The Early Mesoamerican Village, Academic Press, New York, pp. 34-47.
59. Fowler, M. L., Rose, J., Vander Leest, B., and Ahler, S. R. (1999). The Mound 72 Area: Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia, Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations No. 54, Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield.
60. Francis, P., Jr. (1982). Experiments with early techniques for making whole shells into beads. Current Anthropology 23: 713-714.
61. Francis, P., Jr. (1989). The manufacture of beads from shell. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 25-35.
62. Frankenstein, S., and Rowlands, M. J. (1978). The internal structure and regional context of early Iron Age society in south-western Germany. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 15: 73-112.
63. Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. J. (1977). Notes towards an epigenetic model of the evolution of "civilisation." In Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. J. (eds.), The Evolution of Social Systems, Duckworth, London, pp. 201-276.
64. Gallay, G., and Mathieu, G. (1988). Grabbeigaben der Bandkeramik von Ensisheim, Dép. Haut-Rhin (Elsaß). Germania 66: 371-389.
65. Gifford, E. W. (1926). Clear Lake Pomo society. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 18: 287-390.
66. Gregory, C. A. (1996). Cowries and conquest: Towards a subalternate quality theory of money. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38: 195-217.
67. Gregory, H. F. (2002). "Talihata pisa achokma": Silver ornaments, a reflection of early pan-Indianism. Paper presented at the 44th Annual Caddo Conference, Nacogdoches, TX.
68. Hale, H. S. (1976). Marine Shells in Midwestern Archaeological Sites and the Determination of Their Most Probable Source, MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
69. Halstead, P. (1993). Spondylus shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini. Greece: Specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation? Antiquity 67: 603-609.
70. Hamell, G. R. (1996). Wampum: Light, white and bright things are good to think. In Van Dongen, A. (ed.), 'One Man's Trash is Another Man's Treasure': The Metamorphosis of the European Utensil in the New World, Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam, pp. 41-51.
71. Hammett, J. E., and Sizemore, B. A. (1989). Shell beads and ornaments: Socioeconomic indicators of the past. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 125-137.
72. Haselgrove, C. (1982), Wealth, prestige and power: The dynamics of late Iron Age political centralisation in south-east England. In Renfrew, C., and Shennan, S. (eds.), Ranking, Resource and Exchange: Aspects of the Archaeology of Early European Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 79-88.
73. Hayden, B. (1998). Practical and prestige technologies: The evolution of material systems. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5: 1-55.
74. Helms, M. W. (1993). Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power, University of Texas Press, Austin.
75. Hill, E. (1998). Death as a rite of passage: The iconography of the Moche burial theme. Antiquity 72: 528-538.
76. Hirth, K. (1992). Interregional exchange as elite behavior: An evolutionary perspective. In Chase, D. Z., and Chase, A. F. (eds.). Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 18-29.
77. Hogendorn, J., and Johnson, M. (1986). The Shell Money of the Slate Trade. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
78. Holley, G. R. (1995). Microliths and the Kunnemann Tract: An assessment of craft production at the Cahokia site. Illinois Archaeology 7: 1-68.
79. Holmes, W. H. (1883). Art in shell of the ancient Americans. In Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1880-1881, Smithsonian Institution. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 179-305.
80. Howard, A. V. (1985). A reconstruction of Hohokam interregional shell production and exchange within southwestern Arizona. In Dittert, A. E., Jr., and Dove, D. E. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1983 Hohokam Symposium, Part II, Occasional Paper No. 2, Phoenix Chapter, Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix, pp. 459-472.
81. Hughes, R. E. (1994). Mosaic patterning in prehistoric California-Great Basin exchange. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.), Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum, New York, pp. 363-383.
82. Kelly, J. E. (1991) Cahokia and its role as a gateway center in interregional exchange. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 61-80.
83. Kelly, J. E. (1995). From the Ditch: The Anatomy of a Moorehead Phase House Complex along Kingshighway, St. Clair County, Illinois, Office of Contract Archaeology, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.
84. Kenoyer, J. M. (1985). Shell working at Moenjo-daro, Pakistan. In Schotsman, J. and Taddei, M. (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1983, Papers From the 7th International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor XXIII, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples, pp. 297-344.
85. Kenoyer, J. M. (1997). Trade and technology of the Indus Valley: New insights from Harappa, Pakistan. World Archaeology 29: 262-280.
86. King, C. (1976). Chumash inter-village economic exchange. In Bean, L. J., and Blackburn, T. C. (eds.), Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective. Ballena Press, Socorro, NM, pp. 289-318.
87. King, C. (1978). Protohistoric and historic archeology. In Heizer, R. F. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 58-68.
88. Kneberg, M. (1959). Engraved shell gorgets and their associations. Tennessee Archaeologist 15: 1-39.
89. Laporte, L. (1998). Ornament production centers along the French Atlantic Coast during the late Neolithic. In Milliken, S., and Vidale, M. (eds.), Papers From the EAA Third Annual Meeting at Ravenna 1997, BAR International Series, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 17-23.
90. Leach, J. W. (1983). Introduction. In Leach, J. W., and Leach, E. (eds.), The Kula: New Perspectives on Massim Exchange, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-26.
91. Leach, J. W., and Leach, E. (eds.) (1983). The Kula: New Perspectives on Massim Exchange, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
92. Lewenstein, S. M. (1987). Stone Tool Use at Cerros: The Ethnoarchaeological and Use-Wear Evidence, University of Texas Press, Austin.
93. Lewis, A. B. (1929). Melanesian Shell Money in Field Museum Collections, Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series XIX (I), Chicago.
94. Loeb, E. M. (1926). Pomo folkways. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 19: 149-405.
95. Luer, G., Allerton, D., Hazeltine, D., Hatfield, R., and Hood, D. (1986). Whelk shell tool blanks from Big Mound Key (8CH10), Charlotte County, Florida: With notes on certain whelk shell tools. The Florida Anthropologist 39: 92-124.
96. Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
97. Mason, R. J., and Perino, G. (1961). Microblades at Cahokia, Illinois. American Antiquity 26: 553-557.
98. Massucci, M. (1995). Marine shell bead production and the role of domestic craft activities in the economy of the Guangala phase southwest Ecuador. Latin American Antiquity 6: 70-84.
99. McGuire, R. H. (1985). The role of shell exchange in the explanation of Hohokam prehistory. In Dittert, A. E., Jr., and Dove, D. E. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1983 Hohokam Symposium, Part II. Occasional Paper No. 2, Phoenix Chapter, Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix, pp. 473-482.
100. McGuire, R. H. (1989). The greater southwest as a periphery of Mesoamerica. In Champion, T. C. (ed.), Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 40-66.
101. McGuire, R. H., and Howard, A. V. (1987). The structure and organization of Hohokam shell exchange. The Kiva 52: 113-146.
102. McVicker, D., and Palka, J. W. (2001). A Maya carved shell plaque from Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 12: 175-197.
103. Meillassoux, C. (1978). "The economy" in agricultural self-sustaining societies: A preliminary analysis. In Seddon, D. (ed.), Relations of Production: Marxist Approaches to Economic Anthropology, Frank Cass, London, pp. 127-157.
104. Mester, A. M. (1989). Marine shell symbolism in Andean culture. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 157-167.
105. Michaelides, D. (1995). Cyprus and the Persian Gulf in the Hellenistic and Roman periods: The case of Pinctada margaritifera. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Cyprus and the Sea, Nicosia, 25-26 September, 1993, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, pp. 211-226.
106. Miller, M. A. (1996). The manufacture of cockle shell beads at early Neolithic Franchthi Cave, Greece: A case of craft specialization? Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9: 7-37.
107. Mills, B. J. (2000). Gender, craft production, and inequality. In Crown, P. L. (ed.), Women and Men in the Prehispanic Southwest: Labor, Power, and Prestige, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 301-343.
108. Milner, G. R. (1998). The Cahokia Chiefdom: The Archaeology of a Mississippian Society, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
109. Moholy-Nagy, H. (1989). Formed shell beads from Tikal, Guatemala. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center Rochester, NY, pp. 139-156.
110. Moholy-Nagy, H. (1995). Shells and society at Tikal, Guatemala. Expedition 37: 3-13.
111. Morse, D. (1975). Report of Excavations at the Zebree Site, 1969, Research Report No. 4, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville.
112. Morse, D. F., and Morse, P. A. (1983). Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley, Academic Press, New York.
113. Muller, J. (1986). Pans and a grain of salt: Mississippian specialization revisited. American Antiquity 51: 405-409.
114. Muller, J. (1987). Salt, chert, and shell: Mississippian exchange and economy. In Brumfiel, E. M., and Earle, T. K. (eds.), Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 10-21.
115. Muller, J. (1989). The Southern Cult. In Galloway, P. (ed.), The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 11-26.
116. Muller, J. (1997). Mississippian Political Economy, Plenum, New York.
117. Ottesen, A. I. (1979). A Preliminary Study of Acquisition of Exotic Raw Materials by Late Woodland and Mississippian Groups. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, New York University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
118. Pauketat, T. R. (1993). Temples for Cahokia Lords: Preston Holder's 1955-1956 Excavations of Kunnemann Mound, Memoirs No. 26, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
119. Pauketat, T. R. (1997). Specialization, political symbols, and the crafty elite of Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology 16: 1-15.
120. Paulsen, A. C. (1974). The thorny oyster and the voice of God: Spondytus and Strombus in Andean prehistory. American Antiquity 39: 597-607.
121. Pearce, L. E. (1993). To whom do they belong?: Cowrie shells in historical archaeology. African-American Archaeology 9: 1-3.
122. Pearson, R. (1990). Chiefly exchange between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi period. Antiquity 84: 912-922.
123. Peregrine, P. (1990). The Evolution of Mississippian Societies in the American Midcontinent From a World-System Perspective, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
124. Peregrine, P. (1991). Some political aspects of craft specialization. World Archaeology 23: 1-11.
125. Peterson, R. R., Jr. (1986). Analysis of shell working traces on experimental and archaeological bladelet drills. Wyoming Archaeologist 29: 97-107.
126. Phillips, P., and Brown, J. A. (1978). Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings From the Craig Mound at Spiro. Oklahoma, Part 1, paperback edn., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.
127. Phillips, P., and Brown, J. A. (1984). Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings From the Craig Mound at Spiro. Oklahoma, Part 2, paperback edn., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University, Cambridge.
128. Pietak, L. M. (1998). Body symbolism and cultural aesthetics: The use of shell beads and ornaments by Delaware and Munsee groups. North American Archaeologist 19: 135-161.
129. Pires-Ferreira, J. W. (1976). Shell and iron-ore mirror exchange in formative Mesoamerica, with comments on other commodities. In Flannery, K. V. (ed.), The Early Mesoamerican Village, Academic Press, New York, pp. 311-328.
130. Pope, M. K. (1989). Microtools from the Black Warrior Valley: Technology, use, and context. Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton.
131. Prentice, G. (1983). Cottage industries: Concepts and implications. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 8: 17-48.
132. Prentice, G. (1987). Marine shells as wealth items in Mississippian societies. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12: 193-223.
133. Reese, D. S. (1980). Industrial exploitation of Murex shells: Purple-dye and lime production at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice). Libyan Studies 11: 79-93.
134. Reese, D. S. (1985). Appendix VIIIA: The Late Bronze Age to Geometric shells from Kition. In Karageorghis, V. Excavations at Kition V, Part II, Department of Antiquities, Nicosia, pp. 340-371.
135. Reese, D. S. (1986). The marine and freshwater shells. In McGovern, P. E. (ed.). The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Central Transjordan: The Baq'ah Valley Project. 1977-1981, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 320-332.
136. Reese, D. S. (1987). Palaikastro shells and Bronze Age purple-dye production in the Mediterranean Basin. The Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens 82: 201-206.
137. Reese, D. S. (1988). A new engraved Tridacna shell from Kish. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 47: 35-41.
138. Reese, D. S. (1989). Treasures from the sea: Shells and shell ornaments from Hasanlu IVB. Expedition 31: 80-86.
139. Reese, D. S. (1990). Marine and worked shells. In Algaze, G. (ed.), Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia, II, The Stratigraphic Sequence at Kurban Höyük, Oriental Institute Publications 110, University of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 410-416.
140. Reese, D. S. (1991a). Marine shells in the Levant: Upper Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic and Neolithic. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Valla, F. R. (eds.), The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Archaeological Series 1, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 613-628.
141. Reese, D. S. (1991b). The trade of Indo-Pacific shells into the Mediterranean Basin and Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10: 159-196.
142. Reese, D. S., and Sease, C. (1993). Some previously unpublished engraved Tridacna shells. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 52: 109-128.
143. Renfrew, C. (1975). Trade as action at a distance: Questions of integration and communication. In Sabloff, J. A., and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (eds.), Ancient Civilization and Trade, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 3-59.
144. Renfrew, C., and Bahn, P. (1996). Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, Thames and Hudson, London.
145. Ross, K. (1981). Shell ornaments of Malaita: Currency and ritual valuables in the central Solomons. Expedition 23: 20-26.
146. Saitta, D. J. (1999). Prestige, agency, and change in middle-range societies. In Robb, J. E. (ed.), Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, Occasional Paper No. 26, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 135-149.
147. Sandweiss, D. H. (1999). The return of the native symbol: Peru picks Spondylus to represent new integration with Ecuador. Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 17: 1, 8-9.
148. Saunders, N. J. (1999). Biographies of brilliance: Pearls, transformations of matter and being, c. A.D. 1492. World Archaeology 31: 243-257.
149. Schambach, F. F. (1993). Some new interpretations of Spiroan culture history. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, Archaeological Report No. 25, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 187-230.
150. Schambach, F. F. (1999). Spiro and the Tunica: A new interpretation of the role of the Tunica in the culture history of the Southeast and the southern Plains, A.D. 1100-1750. In Mainfort, R. C., Jr., and Jeter, M. D. (eds.), Arkansas Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Dan and Phyllis Morse, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, pp. 169-224.
151. Schnell, F. T., Knight, V. J., Jr., and Schnell, G. S. (1981). Cemochechobee: Archaeology of a Mississippian Ceremonial Center on the Chattahoochee River, Ripley P. Bullen Monographs in Anthropology and History No. 3, University of Florida/Florida State Museum, University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.
152. Sciama, L. D., and Eicher, J. B. (eds.) (1998). Beads and Bead Makers: Gender. Material Culture and Meaning, Berg, Oxford.
153. Sempowski, M. L. (1989). Fluctuations through time in the use of marine shell at Seneca Iroquois sites. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 81-96.
154. Seymour, D. J. (1988). An alternative view of Sedentary period Hohokam shell-ornament production. American Antiquity 53: 812-829.
155. Seymour, D. J., and Schiffer, M. B. (1987). A preliminary analysis of pithouse assemblages from Snaketown, Arizona. In Kent, S. (ed.), Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 549-603.
156. Shackleton, J., and Elderfield, H. (1990). Strontium isotope dating of the source of Neolithic European Spondylus shell artefacts. Antiquity 64: 312-315.
157. Shackleton, N., and Renfrew, C. (1970). Neolithic trade routes re-aligned by oxygen isotope analyses. Nature 228: 1062-1065.
158. Sierzchula, M. C. (1980). Replication and use studies of the Zebree microlith industry. Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
159. Slotkin, J. S., and Schmitt, K. (1949). Studies of Wampum. American Anthropologist 51: 223-236.
160. Smith, T. J. (1983). Wampum as primitive valuables. In Dalton, G. (ed.). Research in Economic Anthropology. JAI Press. Greenwich, CT, pp. 225-246.
161. Smith, M. T., and Smith, J. B. (1989). Engraved shell masks in North America. Southeastern Archaeology 8: 9-18.
162. Strathern, A. (1975). The Rope of Moka: Big-Men and Ceremonial Exchange in Mount Hagen, New Guinea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
163. Thomas, L. A. (1996). A study of shell beads and their social context in the Mississippian Period: A case from the Carolina Piedmont and Mountains. Southeastern Archaeology 15: 29-46.
164. Topping, J. M. (1989). An introduction to molluscs and their identification. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 7-11.
165. Tosi, M. (1984). The notion of craft specialization and its representation in the archaeological record of early states in the Turanian Basin. In Spriggs, M. (ed.), Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 22-52.
166. Trubitt, M. B. D. (1996). Household Status, Marine Shell Bead Production, and the Development of Cahokia in the Mississippian Period, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
167. Trubitt, M. B. D. (1997). Household status and craft working at Cahokia. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Nashville, TN.
168. Trubitt, M. B. D. (2000). Mound building and prestige goods exchange: Changing strategies in the Cahokia chiefdom. American Antiquity 65: 669-690.
169. Turner, M. H. (1993). Style in lapidary technology: Identifying the Teotihuacan lapidary industry. In Berlo, J. C. (ed.), Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC, pp. 89-112.
170. Webb, W. S. (1974). Indian Knoll, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
171. Weiner, A. B. (1976). Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange, University of Texas Press, Austin.
172. Weiner, A. B. (1988). The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Fort Worth.
173. Welch, P. D. (1991). Moundville's Economy, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
174. Winters, H. D. (1968). Value systems and trade cycles of the late Archaic in the Midwest. In Binford, S. R., and Binford, L. R. (eds.). New Perspectives in Archaeology, Aldine, Chicago, pp. 175-222.
175. Wright, R. P. (1996). Contexts of specialization: V. Gordon Childe and social evolution. In Wailes, B. (ed.), Craft Specialization and Social Evolution: In Memory of V. Gordon Childe, Monograph 93. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. pp. 123-132.
176. Yerkes, R. W. (1983). Microwear, microdrills, and Mississippian craft specialization. American Antiquity 48: 499-518.
177. Yerkes, R. W. (1986). Licks, pans, and chiefs: A comment on "Mississippian specialization and salt." American Antiquity 51: 402-404.
178. Yerkes, R. W. (1987). Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
179. Yerkes, R. W. (1989a). Mississippian craft specialization on the American Bottom. Southeastern Archaeology 8: 93-106.
180. Yerkes, R. W. (1989b). Shell bead production and exchange in prehistoric Mississippian populations. In Hayes, I. C. F., Ceci, L., and Bodner, C. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY, pp. 113-123.
181. Yerkes, R. W. (1991). Specialization in shell artifact production at Cahokia. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views From the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 49-64.
182. Ziderman, I. I. (1990). Seashells and ancient purple dyeing. Biblical Archaeologist 53: 98-101.
183. Arnold, J. E., Preziosi, A. M., and Shattuck, P. (2001). Flaked stone craft production and exchange in island Chumash territory. In Arnold, J. E. (ed.). Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 113-131.
184. Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. E. (1997). Neolithic shell bead production in Sinai. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 97-111.
185. Bayman, J. M. (2002). Hohokam craft economies and the materialization of power. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 9: 69-95.
186. Blakeslee, D. J. (1997). The marine shell artifacts of Kansas. Central Plains Archaeology 5: 3-9.
187. Blower, D. (1996). The Quest for Mullu: Concepts, Trade, and the Archaeological Distribution, of Spondylus in the Andes (Ecuador, Peru), MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Trent University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
188. Bradley, R. J. (1995). A comparison of shell ornament production strategies in the North American southwest. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, MN.
189. Bradley, R. J. E. (1996). The Role of Casas Grandes in Prehistoric Shell Exchange Networks Within the Southwest, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
190. Bradley, R. J. (1999). Shell exchange within the Southwest: The Casas Grandes interaction sphere. In Schaafsma, C. F., and Riley, C. L. (eds.). The Casas Grandes World, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 213-228.
191. Carter, B. P. (1999). Beads of change: An experimental approach to shell bead production on the Santa Elena peninsula, Ecuador. Paper presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Chicago.
192. Descantes, C. (1998). Integrating Archaeology and Ethnohistory: The Development of Exchange between Yap and Ulithi, Western Caroline Islands (Micronesia), PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, UMI, Ann Arbor.
193. Dreiss, M. L. (1995). The occurrence of marine shell ornaments at the Mitchell Ridge site on Galveston Island, Texas. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, MN.
194. Earle, T. (1994). Wealth finance in the Inka Empire: Evidence from the Calchaqui Valley, Argentina. American Antiquity 59: 443-460.
195. Feinman, G. M., and Nicholas, L. M. (1995). Household craft specialization and shell ornament manufacture in Ejutla, Mexico. Expedition 37: 14-25.
196. Fosha, M. (1997). Faces of shell: Two marine shell mask gorgets from South Dakota. Central Plains Archeology 5: 69-75.
197. Galm, J. R. (1994). Prehistoric trade and exchange in the Interior Plateau of northwestern North America. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.), Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum, New York, pp. 275-305.
198. Gassón, R. A. (2000). Quirípas and mostacillas: The evolution of shell beads as a medium of exchange in northern South America. Ethnohistory 47: 581-609.
199. Harris, R. N. (1999). Craft Specialization in a 19th Century African-American Community: The Shell Carver's Cabin on the Levi Jordan Plantation, Brazoria County, Texas, MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Houston, UMI, Ann Arbor.
200. Hohlfelder, R. L., and Vann, R. L. (1998). Uncovering the maritime secrets of Aperlae, a coastal settlement of ancient Lycia. Near Eastern Archaeology 61: 26-37.
201. Hohmann, B. M. (2002). Preclassic Maya Shell Ornament Production in the Belize Valley, Belize, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, UMI, Ann Arbor.
202. Jaynes, S. (1997). Marine shell mask gorgets in Montana. Central Plains Archeology 5: 99-103.
203. Koeppe, W. (1997). Chinese shells, French prints, and Russian goldsmithing: A curious group of eighteenth-century Russian table snuffboxes. Metropolitan Museum Journal 32: 207-214.
204. Kozuch, L. (1998). Marine Shells from Mississippian Archaeological Sites (Illinois, Oklahoma. Georgia, Alabama), PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, UMI, Ann Arbor.
205. Kozuch, L. (2002). Olivella beads from Spiro and the Plains. American Antiquity 67: 697-709.
206. Kuhn, S. L., Stiner, M. C., Reese, D. S., and Gulec, E. (2001). Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 7641-7646.
207. Lippincott, K. (1997). Mussels, mussel shell tools, and mussel and marine shell ornaments from Missouri River Trench sites in South Dakota. Central Plains Archeology 5: 49-67.
208. Marquardt, W. H. (1992). Shell artifacts from the Caloosahatchee area. In Marquardt, W. H., and Payne, C. (eds.), Culture and Environment in the Domain of the Calusa, Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies Monograph 1, University of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 191-221.
209. McGuire, R. H. (1993). The structure and organization of Hohokam exchange. In Ericson, J. E. and Baugh, T. G. (eds.), The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange Plenum, New York, pp. 95-119.
210. Middleton, W. D. (1998). Craft Specialization at Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico: An Archaeometric Study of the Organization of Household Craft Production PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, UMI, Ann Arbor.
211. Miller, M. A. (1997). Jewels of Shell and Stone, Clay and Bone: The Production, Function, and Distribution of Aegean Stone Age Ornaments, PhD Dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, UMI, Ann Arbor.
212. Mitchell, P. J. (1996). Prehistoric exchange and interaction in southeastern Southern Africa: Marine shells and ostrich eggshell. African Archaeological Review 13: 35-76.
213. Moholy-Nagy, H. (1995). Contexts of shell artifact production and consumption at Tikal, Guatemala. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, MN.
214. Moholy-Nagy, H. (1997). Middens, construction fill, and offerings: Evidence for the organization of Classic Period craft production at Tikal, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 24: 293-313.
215. Morse, K. (1993). Shell beads from Mandu Creek Rock-shelter, Cape Range Peninsula, Western Australia, dated before 30,000 b.p. Antiquity 67: 877-883.
216. Muller, J. (1995). Regional interaction in the later Southeast. In Nassaney, M. S., and Sassaman, K. E. (eds.), Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 317-340.
217. Picha, P. R., and Swenson, F. E. (1997). Whorls and valves: Marine shell artifacts from North Dakota. Central Plains Archeology 5: 77-97.
218. Reese, D. S. (1992a). Appendix I. Recent and fossil invertebrates. In McDonald, W. A., and Wilkie, N. C. (eds.), Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece. II, The Bronze Age Occupation, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 770-778.
219. Reese, D. S. (1992b). Shells and animal bones. In Karageorghis, V., Picard, O., and Tytgant, C. (eds.), La Necropole D'Amathonte. Tombes 113-367. VI, Bijoux, Armes, Verre, Astragales et Coquillages, Squelettes, Etudes Chypriotes XIV, Service des Antiquites de Chypre, Ecole Francaise d'Athenes, Fondation A. G. Leventis, Nicosie, pp. 123-141.
220. Reese, D. S. (1992c). Shells from the 1986 season. In MacDonald, B. (ed.), The Southern Ghors and Northeast 'Arabah Archaeological Survey, Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 5, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, pp. 155-156.
221. Reese, D. S. (1995a). Marine invertebrates and fossils. In Bennett, C.-M., and Bienkowski, P. (eds.), Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology No. 8, The British Institute at Amman for Archaeology and History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 93-96, 345.
222. Reese, D. S. (1995b). Marine invertebrates and other shells from Jerusalem (Sites A, C and L). In Eshel, I., and Prag, K. (eds.), Excavations by K. M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961-1967, IV, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology No. 6, British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 265-278.
223. Reese, D. S. (1995c). Shells from the Wadi Hisma sites. In Henry, D. O. (ed.), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan, Plenum. New York, pp. 385-390.
224. Reese, D. S. (1995d). The shells from Upper Zohar. In Harper, R. P. (ed.), Upper Zohar-An Early Byzantine Fort in Palestina Tertia, Final Report of Excavations in 1985-1986, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology No. 9. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 97-98.
225. Reese, D. S. (1996). Appendix 8: Animal bones and shells. In Coleman, J. E., Barlow, J. A., Mogelonsky, M. K., and Schaar, K. W. (eds.), Alambra, A Middle Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus: Archaeological Investigations by Cornell University, 1974-1985, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Vol. CXVIII, Paul Astroms Forlag, Jonsered, pp. 475-514.
226. Reese, D. S. (1998). Beads: Marine shells. In Betts, A. V. G. (ed.), The Harra and the Hamad: Excavations and Surveys in Eastern Jordan I, Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 9, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, pp. 138.
227. Reese, D. (1999). Marine invertebrates. In Simmons, A. H. (ed.), Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 188-191.
228. Smith, M. T. (1997). Shell from the Plains: A southeastern perspective. Central Plains Archeology 5: 105-107.
229. Snyder, G. S. (1999). Wampum: A material symbol of cultural value to the Iroquois peoples of northeastern North America. In Robb, J. E. (ed.), Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, Occasional Paper No. 26, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 362-381.
230. Stieglitz, R. R. (1994). The Minoan origin of Tyrian purple. Biblical Archaeologist 57: 46-54.
231. Stiner, M. C. (1999). Paleolithic mollusc exploitation at Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Italy): Food and ornaments from the Aurignacian through Epigravettian. Antiquity 73: 735-754.
232. Tooker, E. (1998). A note on the return of eleven wampum belts to the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy on Grand River, Canada. Ethnohistory 45: 219-236.
233. Trubitt, M. B. D. (1995). Marine shell ornament production at Cahokia. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, MN.
234. Vargas Arenas, I., Toledo, M. I., Molina, L. E., and Montcourt, C. E. (1993). Los Artifices de la Concha, Contribuciones a la Arqueologáia Tropical No. 1, USDA Forest Service Southern Region, Organización de los Estados Americanos.
235. Vellanoweth, R. L. (2001). AMS radiocarbon dating and shell bead chronologies: Middle Holocene trade and interaction in western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 941-950.
236. Yerkes, R. W. (1992). Microwear analysis of microdrills. In Esarey, D., and Pauketat, T. R. (eds.), The Lohmann Site: An Early Mississippian Center in the American Bottom, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 133-138.
237. Yerkes, R. W. (1993). Methods of manufacturing shell beads at prehistoric Mississippian sites in southeastern North America. In Beyries, S. (ed.), Traceologie et Fonction: Le Gest Retrouve, Centre de Recherches Archeologiques du CNRS, Etudes et Recherches Archeologiques de I'Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium, pp. 235-242.