A study of shell beads and their social context in the Mississippian period: A case from the carolina piedmont and mountains

Southeastern Archaeology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 29-46

  Thomas, Larissa A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013223680     PISSN: 0734578X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Ackerman, E. G. 1991 Economic Means Index: A Measure of Social Status in the Chesapeake, 1690-1815. Historical Archaeology 25(1):26-36.
2. Arnold, B. 1991 The Deposed Princess of Vix: The Need for an Engendered European Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 366-374. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
3. Barcia, A. G. 1951 Barcia's Chronological History of the Continent of Florida. Translated by A. Kerrigan. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.
4. Barnes, R., and J. B. Eicher 1992 Introduction. In Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning in Cultural Contexts, edited by R. Barnes and J. B. Eicher, pp. 1-7. Berg, New York.
5. Bartram, W. 1928 Travels of William Bartram, editied by M. Van Doren. Dover, New York.
6. Benthall, J. L. 1969 Archeological Investigation of the Shannon Site. The Virginia State Library, Richmond, Virginia.
7. Blakely, R. L., and L. A. Beck 1990 The Human Skeletal Remains. In Report of Investigations at 40Wg17, edited by A. F. Rogers. Report submitted to the U.S. Forest Service, Cherokee National Forest, Cleveland, Tennessee.
8. Bogdan, G., L. Sappelsa, and D. S. Weaver 1992 Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Porter Site (31Wk6) Wilkes County, North Carolina. Ms. on file, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
9. Bogdan, G., M. Seifert, and D. S. Weaver 1990a Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Ela Site (31Sw5), Swain County, North Carolina. Ms on file, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
10. Bogdan, G., D. S. Weaver, and M. Patton 1990b Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Porter Site (31Wk6) Wilkes County, North Carolina. Ms. on file, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
11. Bolen, K. 1991 Changing Gender Roles at the Gatherer-Hunter Transition to Farmer. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 400-405. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
12. Boyd, C. C. 1987 The 1986 Salvage Excavations at the Plum Grove Site (40Wg17), Washington County, Tennessee. Report Submitted to the U. S. Forest Service, Cherokee National Forest, Cleveland, Tennessee.
13. Brown, C. 1982 On the Gender of the Winged Being on Mississippian Period Copper Plates. Tennessee Anthropologist 7(1):1-8.
14. Brown, J. A. 1971 The Dimensions of Status in the Burials at Spiro. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by J. A. Brown, pp. 92-112. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology Number 25. 1981 The Search for Rank in Prehistoric Burials. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by R. Chapman, I. Kinnes, and K. Randsborg, pp. 25-37. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
15. Brown, J. A. 1971 The Dimensions of Status in the Burials at Spiro. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by J. A. Brown, pp. 92-112. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology Number 25. 1981 The Search for Rank in Prehistoric Burials. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by R. Chapman, I. Kinnes, and K. Randsborg, pp. 25-37. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Brown, J. A., R. A. Kerber, and H. D. Winters 1990 Trade and the Evolution of Exchange Relations at the Beginning of the Mississippian Period. In The Mississippian Emergence, edited by B. D. Smith, pp. 251-280. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.
17. Brush, K. 1988 Gender and Mortuary Analysis in Pagan Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 7(1):76-89.
18. Cabeca de Vaca, A. N. 1966 Relation of Nunez Cabeca de Vaca. Translated by T. B. Smith. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
19. Cannon, A. 1991 Gender, Status, and the Focus of Material Display. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 144-149. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
20. Claassen, C. P. 1991 Gender, Shellfishing, and the Shell Mound Archaic. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by J. M. Gero and M. W. Conkey, pp. 276-300. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge. 1992a Questioning Gender: An Introduction. In Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, edited by C. Claassen, pp. 1-9. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
21. Claassen, C. P. 1991 Gender, Shellfishing, and the Shell Mound Archaic. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by J. M. Gero and M. W. Conkey, pp. 276-300. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge. 1992a Questioning Gender: An Introduction. In Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, edited by C. Claassen, pp. 1-9. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
22. Claassen, C. P. (editor) 1992b Workshop 3: Teaching and Seeing Gender. In Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, edited by C. Claassen, pp. 137-153. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
23. Clayton, L. A., V. J. Knight, and E. C. Moore (editors) 1993a The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543, Volume I. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. 1993b The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543, Volume II. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
24. Clayton, L. A., V. J. Knight, and E. C. Moore (editors) 1993a The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543, Volume I. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. 1993b The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543, Volume II. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
25. Cohen, L. A. 1982 Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915. In Material Culture Studies in America, edited by T. J. Schlereth, pp. 289-305. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville.
26. Conkey, M. W. and J. M. Gero 1991 Tensions, Pluralities, and Engendering Archaeology: An Introduction to Women and Prehistory. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by J. M. Gero and M. W. Conkey, pp. 3-30. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge.
27. Conkey, M. W., and J. D. Spector 1984 Archaeology and the Study of Gender. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 7, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 1-38. Academic Press, New York.
28. Cook, T. G. 1976 Koster: An Artifact Analysis of Two Archaic Phases in West-central Illinois. Prehistoric Records 1. Koster Research Reports 3. Northwestern Archaeological Program, Evanston, Illinois.
29. Cooke, R. G., and A. J. Ranere 1992 The Origin of Wealth and Hierarchy in the Central Region of Panama (12,000-2,000 BP), with Observations on Its Relevance to the History and Phylogeny of Chibchan-Speaking Polities in Panama and Elsewhere. In Wealth and Hierarchy in the Intermediate Area, edited by F. W. Lange, pp. 243-316. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D. C.
30. Coreal, F. 1722 Voyages de Francois Coreal aux Index Occidentales, Vol. 1. J. Frederic Bernard, Amsterdam.
31. Crabtree, P. J. 1991 Gender Hierarchies and the Sexual Division of Labor in the Natufian Culture of the Southern Levant. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 384-391. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
32. Cucchiari, S. 1981 The Gender Revolution and the Transition from Bisexual Horde to Patrilocal Band: The Origins of Gender Hierarchy. In Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality, edited by S. Ortner and H. Whitehead, pp. 31-79. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Damm, C. 1991 From Burials to Gender Roles: Problems and Potentials in Post-Processual Archaeology. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 130-135. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
34. DeBoer, W. R. 1993 Like a Rolling Stone: The Chunkey Game and Political Organization in Eastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 12:83-92.
35. DePratter, C. B. 1991 Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Chiefdoms in the Southeastern United States. Garland, New York.
36. Dickens, R. S. 1970 The Pisgah Culture and Its Place in the Prehistory of the Southern Appalachians. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1980 Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Plum Grove Site (40Wg17), Washington County, Tennessee. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
37. Dickens, R. S. 1970 The Pisgah Culture and Its Place in the Prehistory of the Southern Appalachians. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1980 Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Plum Grove Site (40Wg17), Washington County, Tennessee. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
38. Dickens, R. S. 1970 The Pisgah Culture and Its Place in the Prehistory of the Southern Appalachians. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1980 Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Plum Grove Site (40Wg17), Washington County, Tennessee. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
39. Dickens, R. S., H. T. Ward, and R. P. S. Davis (editors) 1984 The Historic Occaneechi: An Archaeological Investigation of Culture Change. Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill . 1987 The Siouan Project: Seasons I and II. Monograph Series 1. Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
40. Dickens, R. S., H. T. Ward, and R. P. S. Davis (editors) 1984 The Historic Occaneechi: An Archaeological Investigation of Culture Change. Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill . 1987 The Siouan Project: Seasons I and II. Monograph Series 1. Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
41. Dommasnes, L. 1987 Male/Female Roles and Ranks in Late Iron Age Norway. In Were They All Men? An Examination of Sex Roles in Prehistoric Society, edited by R. Bertelsen, A. Lillehammer, and J. Naess, pp. 65-77. Arkeologisk Museum i Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
42. Drooker, P. B. 1992 Mississippian Village Textiles at Wickliffe. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
43. Du Ru, P. 1934 Journal of Paul du Ru (February I to May 8,1700), Missionary/ Priest to Louisiana. Translated by Ruth Lapham Butler. Caxton Club, Chicago.
44. Eicher, J. B., and M. E. Roach-Higgins 1992 Definition and Classification of Dress: Implications for Analysis of Gender Roles. In Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning in Cultural Contexts, edited by R. Barnes and J. B. Eicher, pp. 8-28. Berg, New York.
45. Eisner, W. R. 1991 The Consequences of Gender Bias in Mortuary Analysis: A Case Study. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 352-357. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
46. Ensor, H. B. 1991 The Lubbub Creek Microlith Industry. Southeastern Archaeology 10:18-39.
47. Ferguson, L. G. 1974 Prehistoric Mica Mines in the Southern Appalachians. South Carolina Antiquities 6:1-7.
48. Fulton, R., and S. W. Anderson 1992 The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality and Cultural Continuity. Current Anthropology 33:603-610.
49. Gero, J. M., and M. W. Conkey (editors) 1991 Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Basil Black-well, Cambridge.
50. Gibbs, L. 1987 Identifying Gender Representation in the Archaeological Record: A Contextual Study. In The Archaeology of Contextual Meanings, edited by I. Hodder, pp. 79-89. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
51. Giddens, A., and D. Held (editors) 1982 Max Weber: Selections from Economy and Society, vols. 1 and 2; and General Economic History. In Classes, Power, and Conflict, pp. 60-89. University of California Press, Berkeley.
52. Giddens, A., and D. Held (editors) 1982 Max Weber: Selections from Economy and Society, vols. 1 and 2; and General Economic History. In Classes, Power, and Conflict, pp. 60-89. University of California Press, Berkeley.
53. Goad, S. I. 1976 Copper and the Southeastern Indians. Early Georgia 4:48-67. 1983 Copper: Its Procurement and Use by the Indians of the Southeastm United States. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 20:102-111.
54. Goad, S. I. 1976 Copper and the Southeastern Indians. Early Georgia 4:48-67. 1983 Copper: Its Procurement and Use by the Indians of the Southeastm United States. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 20:102-111.
55. Goldstein, L. G. 1980 Mississippian Mortuary Practices: A Case Study of Two Cemeteries in the Lower Illinois Valley. Northwestern University Archaeological Program, Evanston, Illinois.
56. Goodenough, W. 1965 Rethinking 'Status' and 'Role': Toward a General Model of the Cultural Organization of Social Relationships. In The Relevance of Models for Social Anthropology, edited by M. Banton, pp. 1-24. Monograph 1. Association of Social Anthropology, London.
57. Graham, E. 1991 Women and Gender in Maya Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 470-478. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
58. Hakluyt, R. (editor) 1904a The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, Volume 8. MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow. 1904b The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, Volume 9. MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow.
59. Hakluyt, R. (editor) 1904a The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, Volume 8. MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow. 1904b The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, Volume 9. MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow.
60. Hall, R. L. 1989 The Cultural Background of Mississippian Symbolism. In The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by P. Galloway, pp. 239-278, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
61. Hammell, G. 1983 Trading in Metaphors: The Magic of Beads. In Proceedings of the 1982 Glass Trade Bead Conference, edited by C. F. Hayes, N. Bolger, K. Karklins, and C. F. Wray, pp. 5-28. Research Records 16. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY. 1992 The Iroqouis and the World's Rim: Speculations on Color, Culture, and Contact. American Indian Quarterly 16:451-470.
62. Hammell, G. 1983 Trading in Metaphors: The Magic of Beads. In Proceedings of the 1982 Glass Trade Bead Conference, edited by C. F. Hayes, N. Bolger, K. Karklins, and C. F. Wray, pp. 5-28. Research Records 16. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY. 1992 The Iroqouis and the World's Rim: Speculations on Color, Culture, and Contact. American Indian Quarterly 16:451-470.
63. Hammett, J. E. 1987 Shell Artifacts from the Carolina Piedmont, In The Siouan Project: Seasons I and II, edited by R. S. Dickens, H. T. Ward, and R. P. S. Davis, pp. 167-183. Monograph Series 1. Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
64. Hammett, J. E., and B. A. Sizemore 1989 Shell Beads and Ornaments: Socioeconomic Indicators of the Past. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, edited by C. F. Hayes, L. Ceci, and C. C. Bodner, pp. 125-137. Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY.
65. Hatch, J. W. 1975 Social Dimensions of Dallas Burials. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 18:132-138.
66. Hodder, I. 1985 Post-processual Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 8, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 1-26. Academic Press, New York. 1986 Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
67. Hodder, I. 1985 Post-processual Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 8, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 1-26. Academic Press, New York. 1986 Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
68. Hogue, S. H. 1988 A Bioarchaeological Study of Mortuary Practice and Change Among the Piedmont Siouan Indians. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
69. Holland, C. G., S. E. Pennell, and R. O. Allen 1981 Distribution of Soapstone Artifacts from Twenty-one Aboriginal Quarries in the Eastern United States. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 35:200-208.
70. Hollimon, S. E. 1991 Health Consequences of Division of Labor Among Chumash Indians of Southern California. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 462-469. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
71. Howard, J. H. 1968 The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex and its Interpretation. Memoir 6, Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia.
72. Hudson, C. 1990 The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Exploration of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.
73. Johnson, G. A. 1987 The Changing Organization of Uruk Administration on the Susiana Plain. In The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest, edited by F. Hole, pp. 107-137. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.
74. Joyce, R. A. 1993 Women's Work: Images of Production and Reproduction in Pre-Hispanic Southern Central America. Current Anthropology 34:255-274.
75. Keel, B. C., and B. J. Egloff 1984 The Cane Creek Site, Mitchell County, North Carolina. Southern Indian Studies 32.
76. Knight, V J. 1986 The Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion. American Antiquity 51:675-687.
77. Leacock, E. 1978 Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution. Current Anthropology 19:247-275.
78. Lee, R. B, 1984 The Dobe ! Kung. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
79. Levy, J., and C. Claassen (editors) 1992 Workshop 1: Engendering the Contact Period, In Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, edited by C. Claassen, pp. 111-126. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
80. Lightfoot, K. G., and S. Upham 1989 Complex Societies in the Prehistoric Southwest: A Consideration of the Controversy. In The Sociopolitical Structure of Prehistoric Southwestern Societies, edited by S. Upham, K. G. Light-foot, and R. A. Jewett, pp. 3-30. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
81. Linton, R. 1936 The Study of Man. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
82. Loken, T. 1987 The Correlation Between the Shape of Grave Monuments and Sex in the Iron Age Based on Material from Osfold and Vestfold. In Were They All Men? An Examination of Sex Roles in Prehistoric Society, edited by R. Bertelsen, A. Lillehammer, and J. Naess, pp. 65-77. Arkeologisk Museum i Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
83. McGuire, R. H., and R. Paynter (editors) 1991 The Archaeology of Inequality. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge.
84. May, J. A. 1988 Public Archaeology at the Schiele Museum: The Carolina Piedmont Archaeology Project. South Carolina Antiquities 20:21-28. 1989 Archaeological Excavations at the Crowders Creek Site (31Gs55): A Late Woodland Farmstead in the Catawba River Valley, Gaston County, North Carolina. Southern Indian Studies 38:23-48.
85. May, J. A. 1988 Public Archaeology at the Schiele Museum: The Carolina Piedmont Archaeology Project. South Carolina Antiquities 20:21-28. 1989 Archaeological Excavations at the Crowders Creek Site (31Gs55): A Late Woodland Farmstead in the Catawba River Valley, Gaston County, North Carolina. Southern Indian Studies 38:23-48.
86. Merrell, J. H. 1989 The Indians' New World: Catautbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
87. Mikell, G. A. 1987 The Donnaha Site: Late Woodland Period Subsistence and Ecology. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
88. Miller, C. L., and G. R. Hamell 1986 A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade. The Journal of American History 73: 311-328.
89. Miller, D., and C. Tilley 1984 Ideology, Power and Prehistory: An Introduction. In Ideology, Power and Prehistory, edited by D. Miller and C. Tilley, pp. 1-15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
90. Moore, D. G. 1983 Report on Excavation of Burial at Gaston County Site WO55. Ms. on file, Western Office, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Arden, North Carolina.
91. Morse, D. F., and P. A. Morse 1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York,
92. Muller, J. 1987 Salt, Chert, and Shell: Mississippian Exchange and Economy. In Specialization, Exchange, and Social Complexity, edited by E. M. Brumfiel and T. K. Earle, pp. 10-21. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
93. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Texas 1965 Spiro and Mississippian Antiquities from the McDannald Collection. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas.
94. Naess, J. R. 1987 Introduction. In Were They All Men? An Examination of Sex Roles in Prehistoric Society, edited by R. Bertelsen, A. Lillehammer, and J. Naess, pp. 9-12. Arkeologisk Museum i Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
95. Newkirk, J. A. 1978 The Parker Site: A Woodland Site in Davidson County, North Carolina. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
96. O'Shea, J. M. 1984 Mortuary Variability: An Archaeological Investigation. Academic Press, Orlando.
97. Pader, E. 1982 Symbolism, Social Relations and the Interpretation of Mortuary Remains. British Archaeological Reports International Series 130. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
98. Pearson, M. P. 1984 Social Change, Ideology and the Archaeological Record. In Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology, edited by M. Spriggs, pp. 59-71. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
99. Peebles, C. S. 1971 Moundville and Surrounding Sites: Some Structural Considerations of Mortuary Practices II. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by J. A. Brown, pp. 68-91. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology Number 25.
100. Petersen, G. 1982 One Man Cannot Rule A Thousand. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
101. Phillips, A. K., and D. S. Weaver 1979 Interaction of Diet and Disease at the Donnaha Site, Yadkin County, North Carolina. Journal of Man 10:57-75.
102. Phillips, P., and J. A. Brown 1978 Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma, Part I. Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
103. Pollock, S. 1991 Women in a Men's World: Images of Sumerian Women. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by J. M. Gero and M. W. Conkey, pp. 366-387. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge.
104. Pope, M. K. 1989 Microtools from the Black Warrior Valley: Technology, Use, and Context. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton.
105. Prentice, G. 1983 Cottage Industries: Concepts and Implications. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 8(1):17-48. 1987 Marine Shell as Wealth Items in Mississippian Societies. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12(2):193-223.
106. Prentice, G. 1983 Cottage Industries: Concepts and Implications. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 8(1):17-48. 1987 Marine Shell as Wealth Items in Mississippian Societies. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12(2):193-223.
107. Reichs, K. J. 1986 Report of Skeletal Remains Burial #1 Hardin Site (31Gs30) Gaston County, North Carolina. Ms. on file, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
108. Rogers, A. F. (editor) 1990 Report of Investigations at 40Wg17. Report Submitted to the U. S. Forest Service, Cherokee National Forest, Cleveland, Tennessee.
109. Roscoe, W. 1994 How to Become a Berdache: Toward a Unified Analysis of Gender Diversity. In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, edited by G. Herdt, pp. 329-372. Zone Books, New York.
110. Rothschild, N. A. 1979 Mortuary Behavior and Social Organization at Indian Knoll and Dickson Mounds. American Antiquity 44:658-675.
111. Rugh, A. 1986 Reveal and Conceal: Dress in Contemporary Egypt. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York.
112. Scarry, J. F. 1992 The Apalachee and Mississippian Exchange: Speculation on the Impact of Geographic Location. Paper presented at the 1992 meetings of the Society for American Archaeology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
113. Seifert, M., and D. S. Weaver 1989 Report on the Human Skeletal Remains from The Hardy Site (31Sr50), Surry County, North Carolina Field School Excavations -Summer 1988. Ms. on file, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
114. Sempowski, M. L. 1986 Differential Mortuary Treatment of Seneca Women: Some Social Inferences. Archaeology of Eastern North America 14:35-44.
115. Silverblatt, I. 1980 Andean Women Under Spanish Rule. In Women and Colonization; Anthropological Perspectives, edited by M. Etiervne and E. Leacock, pp. 149-185. Praeger Publishers, New York. 1991 Interpreting Women in States: New Feminist Ethnohistories. In Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge; Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, edited by M. di Leonardo, pp. 140-171. University of California Press, Berkeley.
116. Silverblatt, I. 1980 Andean Women Under Spanish Rule. In Women and Colonization; Anthropological Perspectives, edited by M. Etiervne and E. Leacock, pp. 149-185. Praeger Publishers, New York. 1991 Interpreting Women in States: New Feminist Ethnohistories. In Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge; Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, edited by M. di Leonardo, pp. 140-171. University of California Press, Berkeley.
117. Sorenson, M. L. S. 1991 The Construction of Gender Through Appearance. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 121-129. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
118. Spencer-Wood, S. M. 1987 Miller's Indices and Consumer Choice Profiles: Status-Related Behaviors and White Ceramics. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, edited by S. M. Spencer-Wood, pp. 321-358. Plenum Press, New York.
119. Stine, L. F. 1990 Social Inequality and Turn-of-the-Century Farmsteads: Issues of Class, Status, Ethnicity, and Race. Historical Archaeology 24(4):37-49.
120. Sullivan, L. P. 1993 Mississippian Children: Seen But Not Heard. Paper presented at the 1993 Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina.
121. Swanton, J. R. 1911 Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin 43. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 1929 Myths and Tales of the Southeastern Indians. Bulletin 88. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
122. Swanton, J. R. 1911 Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin 43. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 1929 Myths and Tales of the Southeastern Indians. Bulletin 88. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
123. Thomas, D. H. (editor) 1990 Columbian Consequences: Spanish Borderlands East. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.
124. Thomas, L. A. 1994 A Comparative Examination of Gender Status in Death: Late Prehistoric Populations of the Carolina Piedmont and Mountains. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton. 1995 Women in Mississippian Iconography. Paper presented at the 1995 meetings of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee.
125. Thomas, L. A. 1994 A Comparative Examination of Gender Status in Death: Late Prehistoric Populations of the Carolina Piedmont and Mountains. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton. 1995 Women in Mississippian Iconography. Paper presented at the 1995 meetings of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee.
126. Thurston, G. P. 1897 The Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adjacent States and the State of Aboriginal Society in the Scale of Civilization Represented by Them. The Robert Oarke Company, Cincinnati.
127. Tringham, R. E. 1991 Households with Faces: The Challenge of Gender in Prehistoric Architectural Remains. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by J. M. Gero and M. W. Conkey, pp. 93-131. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge.
128. Trocolli, R. 1993 Women as Chiefs in the Southeast: A Reexamination of the Data. Paper presented at the 1993 meetings of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina.
129. Ward, H. T. 1985 Social Implications of Storage and Disposal Patterns. In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeology, edited by R. S. Dickens and H. T. Ward, pp. 82-101. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
130. Ward, H. T., and R. P. S. Davis, Jr. 1992 Indian Communities on the North Carolina Piedmont, A.D. 1000 to 1700. Monograph Series 2. Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
131. Weaver, D. S., and G. Bogdan 1990 Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Cane River Middle School (31Yc91), Yancey County, North Carolina. Ms. on file, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
132. Weaver, D. S., and B. Hancock 1984 Report of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Gaston County Site WO55 (31Gs55). Ms. on file, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
133. Weber, M. 1946 Essays in Sociology. Translated and edited by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press, New York. 1978 Economy and Society, Volume I. University of California Press, Berkeley.
134. Weber, M. 1946 Essays in Sociology. Translated and edited by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press, New York. 1978 Economy and Society, Volume I. University of California Press, Berkeley.
135. Wetmore, R. Y. 1992 The Ela Site (31Sw5): Archaeological Data Recovery of Connestee and Qualla Phase Occupations at the East Elementary School Site, Swain County, North Carolina. Ms. on file, Archaeology Laboratory, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina.
136. Whelan, M. K. 1991 Gender and Archaeology: Mortuary Studies and the Search for the Origins of Gender Differentiation. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willows, pp. 358-365. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.
137. Willoughby, C. C. 1932 Notes on the History and Symbolism of the Muskhogeans and the People of Etowah. In Etowah Papers I: Exploration of the Etowah Site in Georgia, edited by W. K. Moorehead, pp. 7-67. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
138. Wilson, H. H. 1986 Burials from the Warren Wilson Site: Some Biological and Behavioral Considerations. In The Conference on Cherokee Prehistory, edited by D. G. Moore, pp. 42-72. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, North Carolina.
139. Wobst, H. M. 1977 Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. In For the Di rector: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by C. E. Cleland, pp. 317-342. Anthropological Papers 61. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
140. Woodall, J. N. 1984 The Donnaha Site: 1973, 1975 Excavations. Publication 22. North Carolina Archaeological Council, Raleigh. 1990 Archeological Investigations in the Yadkin River Valley, 1984-87. Publication 25. North Carolina Archaeological Council, Raleigh.
141. Woodall, J. N. 1984 The Donnaha Site: 1973, 1975 Excavations. Publication 22. North Carolina Archaeological Council, Raleigh. 1990 Archeological Investigations in the Yadkin River Valley, 1984-87. Publication 25. North Carolina Archaeological Council, Raleigh.
142. Wurst, L. 1993 Living Their Own History: Class, Agriculture and Industry in a 19th Century Rural Community. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton.
143. Wylie, A. 1991 Gender Theory and the Archaeological Record: Why Is There No Archaeology of Gender? In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by J. M. Gero and M. W. Conkey, pp. 31-54. Basil Black well, Cambridge.
144. Yerkes, R. W. 1983 Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft Specialization. American Antiquity 48:499-518. 1989a Mississippian Craft Specialization on the American Bottom. Southeastern Archaeology 8:93-106. 1989b Shell Bead Production and Exchange in Prehistoric Mississippian Populations. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, edited by C. F. Hayes, L. Ceci, and C. C. Bodner, pp. 113-123. Research Records 20. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York. 1991 Specialization in Shell Artifact Production at Cahokia. In New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, edited by J. B. Stoltman, pp. 49-64. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
145. Yerkes, R. W. 1983 Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft Specialization. American Antiquity 48:499-518. 1989a Mississippian Craft Specialization on the American Bottom. Southeastern Archaeology 8:93-106. 1989b Shell Bead Production and Exchange in Prehistoric Mississippian Populations. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, edited by C. F. Hayes, L. Ceci, and C. C. Bodner, pp. 113-123. Research Records 20. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York. 1991 Specialization in Shell Artifact Production at Cahokia. In New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, edited by J. B. Stoltman, pp. 49-64. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
146. Yerkes, R. W. 1983 Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft Specialization. American Antiquity 48:499-518. 1989a Mississippian Craft Specialization on the American Bottom. Southeastern Archaeology 8:93-106. 1989b Shell Bead Production and Exchange in Prehistoric Mississippian Populations. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, edited by C. F. Hayes, L. Ceci, and C. C. Bodner, pp. 113-123. Research Records 20. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York. 1991 Specialization in Shell Artifact Production at Cahokia. In New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, edited by J. B. Stoltman, pp. 49-64. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
147. Yerkes, R. W. 1983 Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft Specialization. American Antiquity 48:499-518. 1989a Mississippian Craft Specialization on the American Bottom. Southeastern Archaeology 8:93-106. 1989b Shell Bead Production and Exchange in Prehistoric Mississippian Populations. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers, edited by C. F. Hayes, L. Ceci, and C. C. Bodner, pp. 113-123. Research Records 20. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York. 1991 Specialization in Shell Artifact Production at Cahokia. In New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, edited by J. B. Stoltman, pp. 49-64. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.