Factors related to the cognitive moral development of business students and business professionals in India and the United States: Nationality, education, sex and gender

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 255-268

  Kracher, Beverly ^a   Chatterjee, Abha ^b   Lundquist, Arlene R ^c  

^a CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^c UTICA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bem sex role inventory; Business professionals; Cognitive moral development; Cross cultural; Defining issues test; Education; Gender; Graduate business students; Moral action; Sex

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141447410     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1013859404733     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Auster, C. J. and S. C. Ohm: 2000, 'Masculinity and Femininity in Contemporary American Society: A Reevaluation Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory', Sex Roles 43(7-8), 499-528.
2. Barnett, J. H. and M. J. Karson: 1989, 'Managers, Values, and Executive Decisions: An Exploration of the Role of Gender, Career Stage, Organizational Level, Function, and the Importance of Ethics, Relationships and Results in Managerial Decision-Making', Journal of Business Ethics 8, 747-771.
3. Basu, J. and U. Chakroborty: 1996, 'Effect of Sex Role Identity on Academic Achievement of Late Adolescents in India', Journal of Social Psychology 136, 257-259.
4. Bem, S. L.: 1974, 'The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42, 155-162.
5. Bem, S. L.: 1977, 'On the Utility of Alternative Procedures for Assessing Psychological Androgyny', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 45, 196-205.
6. Bem, S. L.: 1993, The Lenses of Gender (Yale University Press, New Haven and London).
7. Chang, W. C.: 1997, 'A Research Note: Gender Traits in Singapore', Journal of Women and Gender Studies 8, 221-235.
8. Davis, J. R. and R. E. Welton: 1991, 'Professional Ethics: Business Students Perceptions', Journal of Business Ethics 10, 451-463.
9. Derry, R.: 1987, 'Moral Reasoning in Work-Related Conflicts', Research in Corporate Social Performance Policy 9, 25-49.
10. Elm, D. and M. L. Nichols: 1990, 'Influences on Moral Reasoning of Managers', Discussion paper #139 (Strategic Management Research Center, University of Minnesota).
11. Elm, D. R. and J. Weber: 1994, 'Measuring Moral Judgment: The Moral Judgment Interview or the Defining Issues Test?', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 341-355.
12. 'Ethics Enigma', 1995, Business Today (July 22-August 6), pp. 110-113.
13. Ford, R. C. and W. D. Richardson: 1994, 'Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 205-221.
14. Gilligan, C.: 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Harvard University Press, Cambridge).
15. Gilligan, C.: 1997, Keynote Speech at the 23rd Annual Conference of the Association of Moral Education: Voices of Justice and Care, Atlanta, Georgia, November 20-22.
16. Harris, A. C.: 1994, 'Ethnicity as a Determinant of Sex Role Identity: A Replication Study of Item Selection for the Bem Sex Role Inventory', Sex Roles 31, 241-273.
17. Holt, C. L. and J. B. Ellis: 1998, 'Assessing the Current Validity of the Bem Sex Role Inventory', Sex Roles 39(11-12), 929-941.
18. Jurkiewicz, C. L. and T. K. Massey Jr.: 1998, 'The Influence of Ethical Reasoning on Leader Effectiveness: An Empirical Study of Nonprofit Executives', Nonprofit Management & Leadership 9(2) (Winter), 173-186.
19. Kahn, J.: 1982, 'Moral Reasoning in Irish Children and Adolescents as Measured by the Defining Issues Test', Irish Journal of Psychology 5, 96-108.
20. Katsurada, E. and Y. Sugihara: 1999, 'A Preliminary Validation of the Bem Sex Role Inventory in Japanese Culture', Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 30(5), 641-645.
21. Kohlberg, L.: 1971, 'From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away With It in the Study of Moral Development', in T. Mischel (ed.), Cognitive Development and Epistemology (Academic Press, New York), pp. 151-236.
22. Kohlberg, L.: 1976, 'Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Development Approach', in T. Lickona (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory Research and Social Issues (Holt, Rienhart and Winston, New York), pp. 31-53.
23. Kurland, Nancy B.: 1995, 'Ethics, Incentives, and Conflicts of Interest: A Practical Solution', Journal of Business Ethics 14(6), 465-475.
24. Kurland, Nancy B.: 1996, 'Sales Agents and Clients: Ethics, Incentives, and a Modified Theory of Planned Behavior', Human Relations 49(1), 51-74.
25. Lifton, P. D.: 1985, 'Individual Differences in Moral Development: The Relation of Sex, Gender, and Personality to Morality', Journal of Personality 53, 306-334.
26. McNeel, S. P.: 1986, 'College Teaching and Student Moral Development', in J. R. Rest and Darcia Narvaez (eds.), Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics (Lawrence Erlbaum Ass., New Jersey), pp. 27-49.
27. Narvaez, D., M. Bebeau, S. Thoma and M. Pritchard: 1997, 'A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach to Moral Judgment Development', A Symposium Presented at the Association of Moral Education Annual Conference in Atlanta, GA., November 22, 1997.
28. Rest, J. R.: 1979, Development in Judging Moral Issues (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis).
29. Rest, J. R.: 1986, Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (Praeger Press, New York).
30. Rest, J. R.: 1994, 'Background: Theory and Research', in J. R. Rest and Darcia Narvaez (ed.), Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics (Lawrence Erlbaum Ass., New Jersey), pp. 1-26.
31. Rest, J. R. and D. Narvaez: 1994, Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics (Lawrence Erlbaum Ass., New Jersey).
32. Rest, J. R., S. J. Thoma, Y. L. Moon and I. Getz: 1986, 'Different Cultures: Sexes and Religions', in J. R. Rest (ed.), Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (Praeger, New York), pp. 89-132.
33. Robin, D. and L. Babin: 1997, 'Making Sense of the Research on Gender and Ethics in Business: A Critical Analysis and Extension', Business Ethics Quarterly 7(4), 61-90.
34. Schwepker, C. H., Jr.: 1999, 'Understanding Salespeople's Intention to Behave Unethically: The Effects of Perceived Competitive Intensity, Cognitive Moral Development and Moral Judgment', Journal of Business Ethics 21, 303-316.
35. Serwinek, P. J.: 1992, 'Demographic & Related Differences in Ethical Views Among Small Businesses', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 555-566.
36. Sethi, R. R. and M. J. Allen: 1988, 'Sex Role Stereotypes in Northern India and the United States', in R. Ghadially (ed.), Women in Indian Society (Sage, New Delhi), pp. 99-108.
37. Sikula, A., Sr. and A. D. Costa: 1994, 'Are Women More Ethical Than Men?', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 859-871.
38. Snarey, J. R.: 1985, 'Cross-Cultural Universality of Social-Moral Development: A Critical Review of Kohlbergian Research', Journal of Enterprise Management 3, 35-41.
39. Sugihara, Y. and J. A. Warner: 1999, 'Endorsements by Mexican-Americans of the Bem Sex Role Inventory: Cross-Ethnic Comparison', Psychological Reports 85(1), 201-211.
40. Thoma, S. J.: 1986, 'Estimating Gender Differences in the Comprehension and Preference of Moral Issues', Developmental Review 6, 165-180.
41. Trevino, L. K.: 1988, 'Reasoning About Business Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Research Perspective', Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Conference V: A Business, Economic, and Technological Exchange, (Singapore).
42. Trevino, L. K.: 1992, 'Moral Reasoning and Business Ethics: Implications for Research, Education, and Management', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 445-459.
43. Twenge, J. M.: 1997, 'Changes in Masculine and Feminine Traits Over Time: A Meta-analysis', Sex Roles 36(5-6), 305-325.
44. Unger, R. K.: 1979, 'Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender', American Psychologist 34, 1085-1094.
45. Upmanyu, V. V., S. Upmanyu and D. Lester: 2000, 'Depressive Symptoms Among U.S. and Indian College Students: The Effects of Gender and Gender Role', Journal of Social Psychology 140(5), 669-671.
46. Vitz, P. C. 1990, 'The Use of Stories in Moral Development: New Psychological Reasons for an Old Education Method', American Psychologist 45, 709-720.
47. Walker, L. J.: 1991, 'Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning', in W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Vol. 2. Research (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ).
48. Weber, J.: 1990, 'Managers' Moral Reasoning: Assessing Their Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas', Human Relations 43(7), 687-702.
49. Weber, J. and J. Gillespie: 1998, 'Differences in Ethical Beliefs, Intentions, and Behaviors: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions in Ethics Research Revisited', Business and Society 37(4), 447-467.
50. Weeks, W. A.: 1999, 'The Effects of Gender and Career Stage on Ethical Judgment', Journal of Business Ethics 20(4), 301-313.
51. White, T. I.: 1992, 'Business, Ethics and Carol Gilligan's Two Voices", Business Ethics Quarterly 2(1), 51-61.
52. Williams, J. E. and D. Best: 1994, 'Cross-Cultural Views of Women and Men', in W. J. Lonner and R. Malpass (eds.), Psychology and Culture (Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA), pp. 191-196.
53. Zervoudis, M. and A. Karamchandani: 2000, 'The Monitor Group Study on Insurance - I', Business Today (March 22 April 6), 135-146.