Scrutinizing ACGIH risk assessments: The trichloroethylene case

American Journal of Industrial Medicine

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 207-213

  Rudén, Christina ^a,b  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Carcinogenicity; Regulatory toxicology; Risk management; Threshold limit values

Indexed keywords

TRICHLOROETHYLENE;

ARTICLE; CARCINOGENICITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE; MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT;

ANIMALS; CARCINOGENICITY TESTS; CARCINOGENS; HUMANS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SELECTION BIAS; THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES; TRICHLOROETHYLENE;

EID: 0043245775     PISSN: 02713586     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajim.10252     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1989. "Trichloroethylene" Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 5th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio.
2. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1992. "Trichloroethylene" Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 5th ed., revised Vol. II. Cincinnati, Ohio.
3. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1996. "Trichloroethylene" Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 6th ed., suppl. Cincinnati, Ohio.
4. Anttila A, Pukkala E, Sallmén M, Hernberg S, Hemminki K. 1995. Cancer incidence among Finnish workers exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons. J Occup Environ Med 37(7):797-806.
5. Axelson O. 1986. Epidemiological studies of workers with exposure to tri- and tetra-chlorethylenes. Toxicol Lett 31(Suppl):17.
6. Axelson O, Andersson K, Hogstedt C, Holmberg B, Molina G, de Verdier A. 1978. A cohort study on trichloroethylene exposure and cancer mortality. J Occup Med 20(3):194-196.
7. Axelson O, Seldén A, Andersson K, Hogstedt C. 1994. Updated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer risk. J Occup Med 36:556-562.
8. Birner G, Vamvakas V, Dekant D, Henschler D. 1993. The nephrotoxic and genotoxic N-acetyl-S-dichlorovinyl-L-cystein is a urinary metabolite after occupational 1,1,2,-trichloroethene exposure in humans. Environ Health Perspect 99:281-284.
9. Bonse G, Henschler D. 1976. Chemical reactivity, biotransformation, and toxicity of polychlorinated aliphatic compounds. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 4(4):395-409.
10. Bonse G, Urban Th, Reichert D, Henschler D. 1975. Chemical reactivity, metabolic oxirane formation, and biological reactivity of chlorinated ethyelens in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation. Biochem Pharmacol 24:1829-1834.
11. Brauch H, Wairich G, Hornauer MA, Störkel S, Wöhl T, Brüning T. 1999. Trichloroethylene exposure and specific somatic mutations in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 91(10):854-861.
12. Bull RJ. 2000. Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate, and dichloroacetate. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl 2):241-259.
13. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA). 1993. Trichloroethylene. Priority Substances List Assessment Report, Minister of Supply and Services, Canada.
14. Castleman BI, Ziem GE. 1988. Corporate influence on threshold limit values. Am J Ind Med 13:531-559.
15. Chevalier S, Roberts RA. 1998. Perturbation of rodent hepatocyte growth control by nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens: Mechanisms and lack of relevance for human health (review). Oncol Rep 5(6):1319-1327.
16. Corbett TH. 1975. Editorial: Inhalation anesthetics - more vinyl chloride? Environ Res 9:211-214.
17. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 1996. Trichloroethylene: Occupational toxicants. In: Greim H, editor. Critical data evaluation for MAK values and classification of carcinogens. Vol 10. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p 201-244.
18. European Commission. 2000a. Summary record - meeting of the commission working group on the classification and labelling of dangerous substances. ECBI/51/00, 21.09.2000.
19. European Commission. 2000b. Summary record of conclusions commission group of specialised experts in the fields of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reprotoxicity, ECBI/24/00-Rev.2, 04.05.2000.
20. Fielder RJ, Lowing RK, Shillaker RO. 1982. Trichloroethylene. Toxicity Review 6, Health and Safety Executive HMSO.
21. Green T, Mainwarig GW, Foster JR. 1997. Trichloroethylene-induced mouse lung tumours: Studies of the mode of action and comparisons between species. Fundam Appl Toxicol 37:125-130.
22. Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance, Inc. (HSIA). 1996. Trichloroethylene White Paper. June 1996, On-line 1999-05-05 (http:// www.hsia.org/trichloro.htm).
23. Hansson SO. 1998. Setting the limit. Occupational health standards and the limits of science. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Henschler D, Bonse G, Greim H. 1976. Carcinogenic potential of chlorinated ethylenes: Tentative molecular rules. In: Environmental Pollution and Carcinogenic Risks. Vol 52(13). Lyon, France: IARC Scientific publications. pp 171-176.
25. Henschler D, Vamvakas S, Lammert M, Dekant W, Kraus B, Thomas B, Ulm K. 1995. Increased incidence of renal cell tumors in a cohort of cardboard workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Arch Toxicol 69:291-299.
26. International Agency For Research on Cancer (IARC). 1995a. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Dry cleaning, some chlorinated solvents and other industrial chemicals. Vol 63.
27. International Agency For Research on Cancer (IARC). 1995b. Peroxisome proliferation and its role in carcinogenesis, views and expert opinions of an IARC working group, Lyon 7-9 December 1994. IARC Technical report no. 24. Lyon: IARC Press.
28. Isseman I, Green S. 1990. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347:645-650.
29. Maltoni C, Maroli T. 1977. Long-term bioassay of carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. Preliminary results. Osp Vita 4:108-110.
30. Maltoni C, Lefemine G, Cotti G. 1986. Experimental research on trichloroethylene carcinogenesis. Arch of industrial carcinogenesis series. In: Maltoni C, Mehlman MA, editors. Vol V. Princeton: Princeton Sci. Publ. Co.
31. Melnick RL. 2001. Is peroxisome proliferation an obligatory precursor step in the carcinogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate (DEHP)? Environ Health Perpect 109(5):437-442.
32. Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer (VROM). 1984. Criteriadocument over trichloroetheen. Gravenhage, The Netherlands.
33. National Cancer Institute (NCI). 1976. Carcinogenesis bioassay of trichloroethylene. DHEW publication no. (NIH) 76-802.
34. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 1988. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6) in four strains of rats (ACI, August, Marshall, Osborne-Mendel) (gavage studies). Technical report 273, PB88-218896 Research Triangle Park.
35. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 1990. Carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) (CAS No. 79-01-6) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Technical report 243, PB 91-111815 Research Triangle Park.
36. NIOSH. 1973. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene - criteria for a recommended standard. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare.
37. Nordiske ekspertgruppen for dokumentasjon av yrkeshygieniske grensverdier (NEG). 1979. Trikloretylen. Arbete och Hälsa 13.
38. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1996. Initial Assessment Report for the 4th SIAM (Screening information data set Initial Assessment Meeting). May 1996. Trichloroethylene. (Sponsor country: United Kingdom) (DRAFT).
39. Page NP, Arthur JL. 1978. Special occupational hazard review of Trichloroethylene. NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland 20857, Publ. No 78-130.
40. Paull JM. 1984. The origin and basis of threshold limit values. Am J Ind Med 5:227-238.
41. Rappaport SM. 1993. Threshold limit values, permissible exposure limits, and feasibility: The bases for exposure limits in the United States. Am J Ind Med 23:683-694.
42. Roach SA, Rappaport SM. 1990. But they are not thresholds: A critical analysis of the documentation of threshold limit values. Am J Ind Med 17:727-753.
43. Rudén C. 2001a. The use and evaluation of primary data in 29 trichloroethylene carcinogen risk assessments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:3-16.
44. Rudén C. 2001b. Interpretations of primary carcinogenicity data in 29 trichloroethylene risk assessments. Toxicology 169(3):209-225.
45. Rudén C. 2002a. The use of mechanistic data and the handling of scientific uncertainty in carcinogen risk assessments - the trichloroethylene example. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 35:80-94.
46. Rudén C. 2002b. Scrutinizing three trichloroethylene carcinogenicity classifications in the European Union - implications for the risk assessment process. Int J Toxicol 21:441-450.
47. Rudén C. 2003. Science and transscience in carcinogen risk assessment the European regulatory process for trichloroethylene. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 6(3):257-277.
48. Smith MN, Greenberg SD, Spjut HJ. 1979. The Clara cell: A comparative ultrastructural study in mammals. Am J Anatomy 155:15-30.
49. Spirtas R, Stewart P, Lee S, Marano DE, Forbes CD, Grauman DJ, Pettigrew HM, Blair A, Hoover RN, Cohen JL. 1991. Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers at an aircraft maintenance facility I. Epidemiological results. Br J Ind Med 48:515-530.
50. Uehleke H, Poplawski S, Bonse G, Henschler D. 1976. Spectral evidence for 2,2,3-trichloro-oxirane formation during microsomal trichloroethylene oxidation (abstract). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 293:R64, 253.
51. Vamvakas S, Brüning T, Thomasson B, Lammert H, Baumüller A, Bolt HM, Dekant W, Birner G, Henschler D, Ulm K. 1998. Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 124:374-382.
52. Van Duuren BL. 1975. On the possible mechanism of carcinogenic action of vinyl chloride. Ann NY Acad Sci 31(246):258-267.
53. World Health Organization (WHO). 1985. Trichloroethylene. Environmental Health Criteria 50, IPCS, Geneva.
54. Ziem GE, Castleman BI. 1989. Threshold limit values: Historical perspectives and current practice. J Occup Med 31:910-918.