Ground-penetrating radar as a tool for probing the shallow subsurface of Mars

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 108, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Grant, John A ^a   Schutz, Alan E ^b   Campbell, Bruce A ^a  

^a SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b Geophysical Survey Systems Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Geophysics; Mars; Radar; Rover; Stratigraphy; Water

Indexed keywords

GROUND PENETRATING RADAR; GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION; MARS;

EID: 0042847263     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002je001856     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Acuna, M. H., et al., Global distribution of crustal magnetization discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER Experiment, Science, 284, 790-793, 1999.
2. Arvidson, R. E., R. Greeley, M. C. Malin, R. S. Saunders, N. Izenberg, J. J. Plaut, E. R. Stofan, and M. K. Shepard, Surface modification of Venus as inferred from Magellan observations of plains, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13,303-13,317, 1992.
3. Banin, A., B. C. Clark, and H. Wanke, Surface chemistry and mineralogy, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer, et al., pp. 1054-1089, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1992.
4. Barbin, Y., F. Nicollin, W. Kofman, V. Zolotarev, and V. Glotov, Mars 96 GPR program, J. Appl. Geophys., 33, 27-37, 1995.
5. Beaty, D. W., T. G. Farr, P. Gogineni, J. Grant, B. Grimm, C. Leuschen, G. R. Olhoeft, and A. Safaeinili, Report of the Virtual Instrument Science Definition Team on Surface EM Experiments for Mars 2007, JPL White Paper produced for NASA Headquarters, NASA, Washington, D. C., 2001.
6. Biccari, D., G. Picardi, R. Seu, A. Coradini, and R. Orosei, The Mars High Resolution Advanced Radar for 2005 space mission, in Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, edited by S. Clifford, J. George, and C. Stoker, pp. 9-10, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
7. Blaney, D. L., and T. B. McCord, Implications of the low carbonate abundance in the optical surface of Mars (abstract), Proc. Lunar Planet Sci. Conf. 18th, 97-98, 1990.
8. Butler, B. J., Martian "Stealth(s)" (abstract). Proc. Lunar Planet Sci. Conf. 26th, 199-200, 1995.
9. Butler, B. J., D. O. Muhlman, and M. A. Slade, Mercury: Full-disk radar images and the detection and stability of ice at the North Pole, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 15,003-15,024, 1993.
10. Campbell, B. A., and M. K. Shepard, Lava flow surface roughness and depolarized radar scattering, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18,941-18,951, 1996.
11. Campbell, B. A., R. E. Arvidson, and M. K. Shepard, Radar polarization properties of volcanic and playa surfaces: Applications to terrestrial remote sensing and Venus data interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 17,099-17,113, 1993.
12. Campbell, B. A., B. R. Hawke, and T. W. Thompson, Regolith composition and structure in the lunar maria: Results of long-wavelength radar studies, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19,307-19,320, 1997.
13. Campbell, B. A., D. B. Campbell, J. A. Grant, S. Hensley, T. A. Maxwell, J. J. Plaut, P. Rosen, M. K. Shepard, and R. Simpson, Orbital imaging radar and the search for water on Mars, in Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, edited by S. Clifford, J. George, and C. Stoker, pp. 16-17, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
14. Christensen, P. R., Regional dust deposits on Mars: Physical properties, age, and history, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3533-3545, 1986.
15. Clifford, S., J. George, and C. Stoker, (Eds.), Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
16. Collins, M. E., and J. L. Kurtz, Assessing GPR performance in three soil geographic regions, paper presented at GPR'98: Seventh International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Univ. of Kans., Lawrence, 1998.
17. Crisp, J., Proposal information package for the Mars Exploration Rover Mission Participating Science Program, NASA Announcement of Opportunity, Off. of Space Sci., NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C., 2001.
18. Dyce, R. B., G. H. Pettengill, and A. D. Sanchez, Radar observations of Mars and Jupiter at 70 cm, Astron. J., 72, 771-777, 1967.
19. Elachi, C., Abstracts of the second space-borne imaging radar symposium, JPL Publ. 86-26, 233 pp., Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1986.
20. Evans, D. L., T. G. Farr, J. P. Ford, T. W. Thompson, and C. L. Werner, Multipolarization radar images for geologic mapping and vegetation discrimination, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., GE-24, 246-257, 1986.
21. Fanale, F. P., J. R. Salvail, W. B. Banerdt, and R. S. Saunders, Mars: The regolith-atmosphere-cap system and climate changes, Icarus, 50, 381-407, 1982.
22. Gaddis, L. R., Lava flow characterization at the Pisgah volcanic field, California, with multiparameter imaging radar, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 703-965, 1992.
23. Goldspiel, J. M., and S. W. Squyres, Ancient aqueous sedimentation on Mars, Icarus, 89, 392-410, 1991.
24. Goldspiel, J. M., S. W. Squyres, and D. G. Jankowski, Topography of small Martian valleys, Icarus, 105, 479-500, 1993.
25. Goldstein, R. M., and W. F. Gillmore, Radar observations of Mars, Science, 141, 1171-1172, 1963.
26. Golombek, M. P., et al., Overview of the Mars Pathfinder mission and assessment of landing site predictions, Science, 278, 1743-1748, 1997.
27. Grant, J. A., Valley formation in Margaritifer Sinus, Mars, by precipitation-recharged ground-water sapping, Geology, 28, 223-226, 2000.
28. Grant, J. A., and P. H. Schultz, Ground penetrating radar as a tool for investigation of near-surface stratigraphy on Mars (abstract), in Martian Surface and Atmosphere Through Time: Workshop on Innovative Instrumentation for the In Situ Study of Atmosphere-Surface Interactions on Mars, LPI Tech. Rep. 92-07, pp. 5-7, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1992.
29. Grant, J. A., and A. Schultz, Development of a planetary ground penetrating radar (abstract), in Deep Water Sounding on Mars Workshop, NASA Ames Res. Cent., Mountain View, Calif., 1998.
30. Grant, J. A., P. H. Schultz, and W. K. Collins, Effectiveness of ground penetrating radar in Argentine loess: Implications for future Mars surface radar sounders (abstract), Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 26th, 497-498. 1995a.
31. Grant, J. A., P. H. Schultz, and J. O. Campos-Enriquez, Definition of shallow subsurface structure around the Chicxulub impact crater using ground penetrating radar (abstract), Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 26th, 495-496, 1995b.
32. Grant, J. A., C. Koeberl, W. U. Reimold, P. H. Schultz, and D. Brandt, Degradation history of the Roter Kamm impact crater, Namibia, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,327-16,388, 1997.
33. Grant, J. A., M. J. Brooks, and B. E. Taylor, New constraints on the evolution of Carolina Bays from ground penetrating radar, Geomorphology, 22, 325-345, 1998.
34. Grant, J. A., B. A. Campbell, and A. E. Schutz, A rover deployed ground penetrating radar on Mars, in Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, edited by S. Clifford, J. George, and C. Stoker, pp. 41-42, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
35. Greeley, R., and J. E. Guest, Geologic map of the eastern equatorial region of Mars, U.S. Geol. Surv. Map I-1802-B, 1987.
36. Grose, L. T., Structure and petrology of the northeast part of the Soda Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 70, 1509-1583, 1959.
37. Harmon, J. K., R. E. Arvidson, E. A. Guinness, B. A. Campbell, and M. A. Slade, Mars mapping with delay-Doppler radar, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14,065-14,089, 1999.
38. Head, J. W., H. Hiesinger, M. A. Ivanov, M. A. Kreslavsky, S. Pratt, and B. J. Thomson, Possible ancient oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data, Science, 286, 2134-2137, 1999.
39. Heggy, E., P. Paillou, G. Ruffie, J. Malezieux, F. Costard, and G. Grandjean, On sounding radar performances for Martian subsurface water detection, in Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, edited by S. Clifford, J. George, and C. Stoker, pp. 47-48, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
40. Institute for Space Research, Mars-94, Unmanned Spacecraft Mission to Mars, 55 pp., Russ. Acad. of Sci., Moscow, Russia, 1992.
41. Leuschen, C. J., S. P. Gogineni, S. M. Clifford, and R. K. Raney, Design of a ground-penetrating radar for Mars, in Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, edited by S. Clifford, J. George, and C. Stoker, pp. 64-65, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
42. Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett, Sedimentary rocks of early Mars, Science, 290, 1927-1937, 2000.
43. Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett, The Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary Cruise through Primary Mission, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,429-23,571, 2001.
44. Malin, M. C., et al., Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor, Science, 279, 1681-1685, 1998.
45. McFadden, L. D., S. G. Wells, and M. J. Jercinovich, Influences of eolian and pedogenic processes on the origin and evolution of desert pavements, Geology, 15, 504-508, 1987.
46. McKay, D. S., E. K. Gibson Jr., K. L. Thomas-Keprta, H. Vali, C. S. Romanek, S. J. Clemett, X. D. F. Chillier, C. R. Maechling, and R. N. Zare, Search for past life on Mars: Possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001, Science, 273, 924-930, 1996.
47. Muhleman, D. O., Radar observations of Mars, Mercury, and Titan, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet, Sci., 23, 337-374, 1995.
48. Muhleman, D. O., B. J. Butler, A. W. Grossman, and M. A. Slade, Radar images of Mars, Science, 253, 1508-1513, 1991.
49. Olhoeft, G. R., Selected bibliography on ground penetrating radar, paper presented at Symposium on Applications of Geophysics in Engineering and Environmental Problems, pp. 463-520, Colo, School of Mines, Golden, 1988.
50. Olhoeft, G. R., Ground penetrating radar on Mars, paper presented at GPR '98: 7th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, pp. 387-392, Univ. of Kans., Lawrence, 1998a.
51. Olhoeft, G. R., Electrical, magnetic, and geometric properties that determine ground penetrating radar performance, paper presented at GPR '98, 7th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, pp. 177-182, Univ. of Kans., Lawrence, 1998b.
52. Olhoeft, G. R., and D. W. Strangeway, Dielectric properties of the first 100 meters of the Moon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 24, 394-404, 1974.
53. Ori, G. G., and F. Ogliani, Potentiality of ground penetrating radar for the analysis of the stratigraphy and sedimentology of Mars, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 1303-1315, 1996.
54. Paige, D. A., The Mars Polar Pathfinder (abstract), in Mars Surveyor-Science Objectives/Measurement Requirements Workshop, pp. 126-127, Jet Propul. Lab., 1994.
55. Parker, T. J., R. S. Saunders, and D. M. Schneeberger, Transitional morphology in west Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary, Icarus, 82, 111-145, 1989.
56. Peeples, W. J., W. R. Sill, T. W. May, S. H. Ward, R. J. Phillips, R. L. Jordan, E. A. Abbott, and T. J. Killpack, Orbital radar evidence for lunar subsurface layering in Maria Serentitatis and Crisium, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3459-3468, 1978.
57. Phillips, R. J., et al., Apollo Lunar Sounder experiment, in Apollo 17: Preliminary Science Report, NASA Spec. Publ., NASA SP-330, 22-1-22-26, 1973.
58. Planetary Surface Instrument Workshop, NASA Tech Memo. 95-05, Lunar and Planet, Inst., Houston, Tex., 1995.
59. Plaut, J. J., A ground penetrating radar experiment from orbit (abstract), in Deep Water Sounding on Mars Workshop, NASA Ames Res. Cent., Mountain View, Calif., 1998.
60. Reineix, A., B. Martinat, J. J. Berthelier, and R. Ney, FDTD method for the theoretical analysis of the Netlander GPR, in Abstracts From the Conference on the Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Water on Mars, edited by S. Clifford, J. George, and C. Stoker, pp. 88-89, LPI Contrib. 1095, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 2001.
61. Rieder, R., T. Economou, H. Wanke, A. Turkevich, J. Crisp, J. Bruckner, G. Dreibus, and H. Y. McSween Jr., The chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks returned by the mobile alpha proton X-ray spectrometer: Preliminary results from the X-ray mode, Science, 278, 1771-1774, 1997.
62. Schaber, G. G., J. F. McCauley, C. S. Breed, and G. R. Olhoeft, Shuttle Imaging Radar: Physical controls on signal penetration and subsurface scattering in the eastern Sahara, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 24, 603-623, 1986.
63. Settle, M., Formation and deposition of volcanic sulfate aerosols on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 8343-8354, 1979.
64. Simpson, R. A., J. K. Harmon, S. H. Zisk, T. W. Thompson, and D. O. Muhleman, Radar determination of Mars surface properties, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer, et al., pp. 652-685, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1992.
65. Thompson, T. W., J. B. Pollack, M. J. Campbell, and B. T. O'Leary, Radar maps of the Moon at 70-cm wavelength and their interpretation, Radio Sci., 5, 253-262, 1970.
66. Thomson, B. J., and J. W. Head, Utopia Basin, Mars: Characterization of topography and morphology and assessment of the origin and evolution of basin internal structure, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,209-23,230, 2001.
67. Toulmin, P., A. K. Baird, B. C. Clark, K. Keil, H. J. Rose, R. P. Christian, P. H. Evans, and W. C. Kelliher, Geochemical and mineralogical interpretations of the Viking inorganic chemical results, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4625-4634, 1977.
68. Ulaby, F. T., T. Bengal, J. East, M. C. Dobson, J. Garvin, and D. Evans, Microwave dielectric spectrum of rocks, Radiat. Lab., Rep. 23817-1-TU, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, 1988.
69. Ulriksen, C. P. F., Application of impulse radar to civil engineering, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Technol., Lund, Sweden, 1982.
70. Walker, J. D., and B. R. Wardlaw, Implications of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks in the Soda Mountains, northeastern Mojave Desert, California, for late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Cordilleran orogenesis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 101, 1574-1583, 1989.
71. Wells, S. G., L. D. McFadden, and J. C. Dohrenwend, Influence of late Quaternary climate changes on geomorphic and pedogenic processes on a desert piedmont, Eastern Mojave Desert, California, Quat. Res., 27, 130-146, 1987.
72. Zent, A. P., F. P. Fanale, and L. E. Roth, Possible Martian brines: Radar observations and models, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14,531-14,542, 1990.