Personality, personality disorders, and defense mechanisms

Journal of Personality

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 535-554

  Cramer, Phebe ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DENIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ADULT; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; DENIAL (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PROJECTION; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

EID: 0033141884     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.00064     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Anthony, E. J. (1970). The behavior disorders of childhood. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael's handbook of child psychology (vol. 2, pp. 667-764). New York: Wiley.
3. Block, J. (1961). The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
4. Block, J. (1978). The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
5. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect and social relations. Minnesota symposia on child psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
6. Bond, M. (1992) An empirical study of defensive styles: The Defense Style Questionnaire. In G. Vaillant, Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
7. Bond, M. P., & Vaillant, J. S. (1986). An empirical study of the relationship between diagnosis and defense style. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 285-288.
8. Bond, M., Paris, J., & Zweig-Frank, H. (1994). Defense styles and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 28-31.
9. Conte, H. R., Plutchik, R., Karasu, T. B., & Jarrett, I. (1980). A self-report Borderline scale: Discriminative validity and preliminary norms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 428-435.
10. Cooper, S. H., Perry, J. C., & Arnow, D. (1988). An empirical approach to the study of defense mechanisms: I. Reliability and preliminary validity of the Rorschach Defense Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 187-203.
11. Costa, P. T. Jr., Somerfield, M. R., & McCrae, R. R. (1996). Personality and coping: A reconceptualization. In M. Zeidner & N. M. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping. New York: Wiley.
12. Cramer, P. (1987). The development of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 55, 597-614.
13. Cramer, P. (1991a). The development of defense mechanisms: Theory, research, and assessment. New York: Springer-Verlag.
14. Cramer, P. (1991b). Anger and the use of defense mechanisms in college students. Journal of Personality, 59, 39-55.
15. Cramer, P. (1995). Identity, narcissism and defense mechanisms in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 341-36.
16. Cramer, P. (1997a). Identity, personality and defense mechanisms: An observer-based study. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 58-77.
17. Cramer, P. (1997b). Evidence for change in children's use of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 65, 233-247.
18. Cramer, P. (1998a). Threat to gender representation: Identity and identification. Journal of Personality, 66, 335-357.
19. Cramer, P. (1998b). Freshman to senior year: A follow-up study of identity, narcissism and defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 156-172.
20. Cramer, P., & Blatt, S. J. (1990). Use of the TAT to measure change in defense mechanisms following intensive psychotherapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 236-251.
21. Cramer, P., & Blatt, S. J. (1993). Change in defense mechanisms following intensive treatment, as related to personality organization and gender. In W. Ehlers, U. Hentschel, G. Smith, & J. G. Draguns (Eds.), The concept of defense mechanisms in contemporary psychology (pp. 310-320). New York: Springer-Verlag.
22. Cramer, P., Blatt, S. J., & Ford, R. Q. (1988). Defense mechanisms in the anaclitic and introjective personality configuration. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 610-616.
23. Cramer, P. & Block, J. (1998). Preschool antecedents of defense mechanism use in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 159-169.
24. Cramer, P. & Gaul, R. (1988). The effects of success and failure on children's use of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 56, 729-742.
25. Dollinger, S. J., & Cramer, P. (1990). Children's defensive responses and emotional upset following a disaster: A projective assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 116-127.
26. Erikson, E. H. (1968) Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.
27. Gacano, C. B., Meloy, J. R., & Berg, J. L. (1992). Object relations, defensive operations, and affective states in narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 32-49.
28. Gjerde, P. F., Block J., & Block, J. H. (1988). Depressive symptoms and personality during late adolescence: Gender differences in the Externalization-Internalization of symptom expression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 475-486.
29. Glasberg, R., & Aboud, F. (1982). Keeping one's distance from sadness: Children's self-reports of emotional experience. Developmental Psychology, 18, 287-293.
30. Gleser, G. C., & Ihilevich, D. (1969). An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 51-60.
31. Hibbard, S., Farmer, L., Wells, C., Difillipo, E., Barry, W., Korman, R., & Sloan, P. (1994). Validation of Cramer's Defense Mechanisms Manual for the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 197-210.
32. Hibbard, S. & Porcerelli, J. (1998). Further validation for the Cramer Defense Mechanism Manual. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 460-483.
33. Horowitz, L. M., Post, D. L., French, R. deS., Wallis, K. D., & Siegelman, E. Y. (1991). The prototype as a construct in abnormal psychology: 2. Clarifying disagreement in psychiatric judgments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585.
34. Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Aronson.
35. Kernberg, O. (1976). Object-relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc.
36. Kernberg, O. (1989). The narcissistic personality disorder and the differential diagnosis of antisocial behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 553-570.
37. Lerner, H. D., Sugarman, A., & Gaughran, J. (1981). Borderline and schizophrenic patients: A comparative study of defensive structure. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169, 705-711.
38. Lerner, P. M., & Lerner, H. D. (1980). Rorschach assessment of primitive defenses in borderline personality structure. In J.S. Kwawer, H. Lerner, P. Lerner, & A. Sugarman (Eds.), Borderline phenomena and the Rorschach test (pp. 257-274). New York: International Universities Press.
39. Lilienfeld, S. O., Van Valkenburg, C., Larntz, K., & Akiskal, H. S. (1986). The relationship of histrionic personality disorder to antisocial personality and somatization disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 718-722.
40. Masterson, J. F. (1985). Treatment of the borderline adolescent: A developmental approach. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
41. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality: DSM-III: Axis II. New York: Wiley.
42. Millon, T. (1994). Personality disorders: Conceptual distinctions and classification issues. In P. T. Costa & T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
43. Millon, T. (1996). Disorder of personality. DSM-IV and beyond (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
44. Morey, L. C. (1997). Personality diagnosis and personality disorders. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.). Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 919-946). New York: Academic Press.
45. Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
46. Noam, G. G., & Recklitis, C. J. (1990). The relationship between defenses and symptoms in adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 311-327.
47. Perry, J. C. (1993). Longitudinal studies of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 7, 63-85
48. Reise, S. P., & Oliver, C. J. (1994). Development of a California Q-set indicator of primary psychopathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 130-144.
49. Reise, S. P., & Wright, T. M. (1996). Personality traits, Cluster B personality disorders, and sociosexuality. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 128-136.
50. Rohsenow, D. J., Erikson, R. C., & O'Leary, M. R. (1978). The Defense Mechanisms Inventory and alcoholics. The International Journal of the Addictions, 13, 403-414.
51. Smith, G. J. W., & Danielsson, A. (1977). From open flight to symbolic and perceptual tactics. A study of defense in preschool children. Scripta Minora, 3, 1-41. (Publications of the Royal Society of Letters at Lund.)
52. Smith, G. J. W., & Danielsson, A. (1982). Anxiety and defense strategies in childhood and adolescence. New York: International Universities Press.
53. Smith, W. P., & Rossman, B. B. R. (1986). Developmental changes in trait and situational denial under stress during childhood. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 27, 227-235.
54. Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1980). Statistical methods (7th ed.). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
55. Svrakic, D. M., & McCallum, K. (1991). Antisocial behavior and personality disorders. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 45, 181-197.
56. Svrakic, D. M., McCallum, K., & Milan, P. (1991). Developmental, structural, and clinical approach to narcissistic and antisocial personalities. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 51, 413-432.
57. Tero, P. F., & Connell, J. P. (1984). When children think they've failed: An academic coping inventory. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
58. Vaillant, G. E. (1986). Empirical studies of ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
59. Vaillant, G. E. (1994). Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 44-50.