Equatorial dynamics observed by rocket, radar, and satellite during the CADRE/MALTED campaign 2. Mean and wave structures, coherence, and variability

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 22, 1997, Pages

  Fritts, David C ^a,b   Garten, James F ^a   Riggin, Dennis M ^a,b   Goldberg, Richard A ^c   Lehmacher, Gerald A ^c   Schmidlin, Frank J ^c   McCarthy, Sean ^c   Kudeki, Erhan ^d   Fawcett, Clinton D ^d   Hitchman, Mathew H ^e   Lieberman, Ruth S ^f   Reid, Iain M ^g   Vincent, Robert A ^g  

^a NWRA ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^d University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042836377     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd03966     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Andreassen, Ø., C.-E. Wasberg, D. C. Fritts, and J. R. Isler, Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions, 1., Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8095-8108, 1994.
2. Delisi, D. P., and T. J. Dunkerton, Seasonal variation of the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2772-2787, 1988.
3. Dunkerton, T. J., Theory of the mesopause semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2681-2690, 1982.
4. Dunkerton, T. J., Inertio-gravity waves in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3396-3404, 1984.
5. Dunkerton, T. J., Shear instability of internal gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, in press, 1997.
6. Dunkerton, T. J., Role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., this issue, 1997.
7. Eckermann, S. D., On the observed morphology of gravitywave and equatorial-wave variance in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 105-134, 1995.
8. Eckermann, S. D., I. Hirota, and W. K. Hocking, Gravity wave and equatorial wave morphology of the stratosphere derived from long-term rocket soundings, Q. J. R. Meteoral. Soc., 121, 149-186, 1995.
9. Eckermann, S. D., and C. J. Marks, An idealized ray model of gravity wave-tidal interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,195-21,212, 1996.
10. Forbes, J. M., J. Gu, and S. Miyahara, On the interactions between gravity waves and the propagating diurnal tide Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1249-1257, 1991.
11. Fritts, D. C., Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and observations, Rev. Geophys., 22, 275-308, 1984.
12. Fritts, D. C., and P. K. Rastogi, Convective and dynamical instabilities due to gravity wave motions in the lower and middle atmosphere: Theory and observations, Radio Sci., 20, 1247-1277, 1985.
13. Fritts, D. C., and R. A. Vincent, Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: Observations and a gravity wave/tidal interaction model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 605-619, 1987.
14. Fritts, D. C., T. Tsuda, T. Sato, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, Observational evidence of a saturated gravity wave spectrum in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1741-1759, 1988.
15. Fritts, D. C., and L. Yuan, An analysis of gravity wave ducting in the atmosphere: Eckarts resonances in thermal and Doppler ducts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18,455-18,466, 1989.
16. Fritts, D. C., L. Yuan, M. H. Hitchman, L. Coy, E. Kudeki, and R. F. Woodman, Dynamics of the equatorial mesosphere observed using the Jicamarca MST radar during June and August 1987, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2353-2371, 1992.
17. Fritts, D. C., and W. Lu, Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes, II: Parameterization of wave forcing and variability, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3695-3713 1993.
18. Fritts, D. C., and J. R. Isler, Mean motions and tidal and two-day structure and variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hawaii, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2145-2164, 1994.
19. Fritts, D. C., J. F. Garten, and Ø. Andreassen, Wave breaking and transition to turbulence in stratified shear flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1057-1085, 1996.
20. Fritts, D. C., An overview of the CADRE measurement campaigns and scientific objectives, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
21. Garcia, R. R., and S. Solomon, 1985: The effect of breaking gravity waves on the dynamical and chemical composition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys Res., 90, 3850-3868.
22. Garcia, R. R., T. J. Dunkerton, R. S. Lieberman, and R. A. Vincent, Climatology of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
23. Goldberg, R. A., G. Lehmacher, F. J. Schmidlin, D. C Fritts, J. D. Mitchell, C. L. Croskey, M. Friedrich, and W. E. Swartz, Equatorial dynamics observed by rocket, radar, and satellite during the CADRE/MALTED Campaign: 1. Programmatics and small scale fluctuations J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
24. Hamilton, K., Rocketsonde observations of the mesosphenc semiannual oscillation at Kwajalein, Atmos. Ocean., 20, 281-286, 1982.
25. Harris, T. J., and R. A. Vincent, The quasi-two-day wave observed in the equatorial middle atmosphere, J. Geophys . Res., 98, 10481-10490, 1993.
26. Hays, P. B., V. J. Abreu, M. E. Dobbs, D. A. Gell, H. J. Grassl, and W. R. Skinner, The High Resolution Doppler Imager on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,713-10,723, 1993.
27. Hitota, I., Equatorial waves in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere in relation to the semiannual oscillation of the zonal mean wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 714-722, 1978.
28. Hirota, I., and T. Niki, A statistical study of inertia-gravity waves in the middle atmosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 63, 995-999, 1986.
29. Hitchman, M. H., and C. B. Leovy, Evolution of the zonal mean state in the equatorial middle atmosphere during October 1978-May 1979, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3159-3176, 1986.
30. Hitchman, M. H., K. W. Bywaters, D. C. Fritts, L. Coy, and E. Kudeki, Mean winds and momentum fluxes over Jicamarca, Peru during June and August 1987, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2372-2383, 1992.
31. Hitchman, M. H., J. M. Kugi, G. A. Postel, C.-Y. Yao, V. Lynn Harvey, E. Kudeki, C. Fawcett, D. C. Fritts, D. Riggin, and D. Ortland, Mean winds in the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere during January 1993, March 1994, and August 1994, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
32. Holton, J. R., The role of gravity wave-induced drag and diffusion in the momentum budget of the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 791-799, 1982.
33. Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan, The influence of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200-2208, 1980.
34. Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan, The quasi-biennial oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 140-148, 1982.
35. Howard, L. N., Note on a paper by John W. Miles, J. Fluid Mech., 10, 509-512, 1961.
36. LeLong, M.-P., and T. J. Dunkerton, Shear and convective instabilities in breaking inertia-gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, submitted.
37. Lieberman, R. S., and P. B. Hays, An estimate of the momentum deposition in the lower thermosphere by the diurnal tide, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3094-3105 1994.
38. Lieberman, R. S., and D. Riggin, HRDI observations of Kelvin waves in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
39. Lu, W., and D. C. Fritts, Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes, III: Gravity wave-tidal interactions, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3714-3727, 1994.
40. McLandress, C., G. G. Shepherd, B. H. Solheim, M. D. Burrage, P. B. Hays, and W. R. Skinner, Combined mesosphere/thermosphere winds using WINDII and HRDI data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10,441-10,453, 1996.
41. Meek, C. E., et al., Global study of northern hemisphere quasi-2-day wave events in recent summers near 90 km altitude, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 1401-1411, 1996.
42. Miles, J. W., On the stability of heterogeneous shear flows, J. Fluid Mech., 10, 496-508, 1961.
43. T. Nakamura, D. C. Fritts, J. R. Isler, T. Tsuda, and R. A. Vincent, 1997: Short-period fluctuations of the diurnal tide observed with low-latitude MF and meteor radars during CADRE: Evidence for gravity wave/tidal interactions, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
44. OŚullivan, D. J., and M. L. Salby, Coupling of the quasibiennial oscillation and the extratropical circulation in the stratosphere through planetary wave transports, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 650-573, 1989.
45. Plumb, R. A., and R. C. Bell, A model of the quasi-biennial oscillation on an equatorial beta-plane, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 108, 335-352, 1982.
46. Plumb, R. A., and A. D. McEwan, The instability of a forced standing wave in a viscous stratified fluid: A laboratory analog of the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1827-1839, 1978.
47. Randel, W. J., Observations of the 2-Day wave in NMC stratospheric analyses, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 306-313, 1994.
48. Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, C. W. Fawcet, E. Kudeki, and M. H. Hitchman, Radar observations of gravity waves over Jicamarca, Peru during the CADRE campaign, J. Geophys. Res., this issue (a).
49. Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and R. A. Vincent, Radar observations of a 3-day Kelvin wave in the equatorial mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., this issue (b).
50. Sato, K., and T. J. Dunkerton, Estimates of momentum flux associated with equatorial Kelvin and gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
51. Schmidlin, F. J., Intercomparisons of temperature, density, and wind measurements from in situ and satellite techniques, Adv. Space Res., 4, 101-110, 1984.
52. Schmidlin, F. J., Rocket techniques used to measure the middle atmosphere, MAP Handb., 19, 1-28, 1986.
53. Schmidlin, F. J., H. Carlson, D. Rees, D. Offermann, C. R. Philbrick, and H.-U. Widdel, Wind structure and variability in the middle atmosphere during the November 1980 Energy Budget Campaign, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 47, 183-193, 1985.
54. Shiotani, M., J. C. Gille, and A. E. Roche, Kelvin waves in the equatorial lower stratosphere as revealed by Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
55. Smith, S. A., D. C. Fritts, and T. E. VanZandt, Evidence for a saturated spectrum of atmospheric gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1404-1410, 1987.
56. Spano, E., M. Crochet, and O. Ghebrebrhan, Some characteristics of the matrix used for the full decoding of truncated ranges, in Solar-Terrestrial Energy Program: Proc. Fifth Workshop of Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, B. Edwards (ed.), 439-445, 1991. Available from SCOTEP Secretariat, NOAA/NGDC, Boulder, CO.
57. Takahashi, M., and T. Kumakura, 1995: Equatorial wave behavior in a three-dimensional sector model: Relation to the simulated QBO-like oscillation and comparison with a T21 General Circulation Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 714-722.
58. Tsuda, T., T. Inoue, D. C. Fritts, T. E. VanZandt, S. Kato, T. Sato, and S. Fukao, MST radar observations of a saturated gravity wave spectrum, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2440-2447, 1989.
59. Vincent, R. A., and D. Lesicar, Dynamics of the equatorial mesosphere: First results with a new generation partial reflection radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 825-828, 1991.
60. Vincent, R. A., and I. M. Reid, HF Doppler measurements of mesospheric momentum fluxes, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1321-1333, 1983.
61. Wang, D.-Y., and D. C. Fritts, Evidence of gravity wavetidal interaction observed near the summer mesopause at Poker Flat, Alaska, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 572-583, 1991.
62. Young, H. D., Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data, McGraw-Hill, New York, 172 pp., 1962.
63. Yuan, L., and . C. Fritts, Influence of a mean shear on the dynamical instability of an inertio-gravity wave, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2562-2568, 1989.