Sleep-disordered breathing and hormones

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 161-172

  Saaresranta, Tarja ^a,b   Polo, O ^a,b  

^a TURKU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular diseases; Continuous positive airway pressure; Hormones; Sleep apnoea; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ANDROGEN; CATECHOLAMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; ESTROGEN; FLUTAMIDE; GESTAGEN; GROWTH HORMONE; HORMONE; LEPTIN; NORADRENALIN; OCTREOTIDE; SOMATOMEDIN C; TESTOSTERONE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ACROMEGALY; ADULT; AGED; BREATHING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CATECHOLAMINE BLOOD LEVEL; CATECHOLAMINE URINE LEVEL; CHILD; CUSHING DISEASE; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; FEMALE; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HORMONAL THERAPY; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MALE; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; METABOLIC DISORDER; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYSTEMIC DISEASE;

FEMALE; HORMONES; HUMANS; MALE; PREGNANCY; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES;

EID: 0042812375     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00062403     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Webber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230-1235.
2. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin H-M, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 608-613.
3. Van Cauter E. Endocrine physiology. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practise of Sleep Medicine. New York, W.B. Saunders Co., 2000; pp. 266-278.
4. Saaresranta T, Polo O. Hormones and breathing. Chest 2002; 122: 2165-2182.
5. Späth-Schwalbe E, Gofferje M, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL. Sleep disruption alters nocturnal ACTH and cortisol secretory patterns. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 575-584.
6. Pastuszko A, Wilson DF, Ericinsk M. Neurotransmitter metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes: effect of anoxia and pH. J Neurochem 1982; 38: 1657-1667.
7. Semple PD, Beastall GH, Watson WS, Hume R. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in respiratory hypoxia. Thorax 1981; 36: 605-609.
8. Raff H, Roarty TP. Renin, ACTH, and aldosterone during acute hypercapnia and hypoxia in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: R431-R435.
9. Raff H, Shinsako J, Keil LC, Dallman MF. Vasopressin, ACTH, and corticosteroids during hypercapnia and graded hypoxia in dogs. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: E453-E458.
10. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1217-1239.
11. Polo-Kantola P, Rauhala E, Helenius H, Erkkola R, Irjala K, Polo O. Breathing during sleep in menopause: a randomized, controlled, cross-over trial with estrogen therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; (in press).
12. Hart TB, Radow SK, Blackard WG, Tucker HS, Cooper KR. Sleep apnea in acromegaly. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 865-866.
13. Pekkarinen T, Partinen M, Pelkonen R, Iivanainen M. Sleep apnoea and daytime sleepiness in acromegaly: relationship to endocrinological factors. Clin Endocrinol 1987; 27: 649-654.
14. Grunstein R, Kian KY, Sullivan CE. Sleep apnea in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 527-532.
15. Pelttari L, Polo O, Rauhala E, et al. Nocturnal breathing abnormalities in acromegaly after adenomectomy. Clin Endocrinol 1995; 43: 175-182.
16. Rosenow F, Reuter S, Deuss U, et al. Sleep apnoea in treated acromegaly: relative frequency and predisposing factors. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 45: 563-569.
17. Weiss V, Sonka K, Pretl M, et al. Prevalence of the sleep apnea syndrome in acromegaly population. J Endocrinol Invest 2000; 23: 515-519.
18. Rajagopal KR, Abbrecht PH, Derderian SS, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 491-494.
19. Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. Sleep apnea and hypothyroidism: mechanisms and management. Am J Med 1988; 85: 775-779.
20. Lin C-C, Tsan K-W, Chen P-J. The relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism. Chest 1992; 102: 1663-1667.
21. Pelttari L, Rauhala E, Polo O, et al. Upper airway obstruction in hypothyroidism. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 177-181.
22. Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R, Starkman MN. Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease. Sleep 1992; 15: 514-518.
23. Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R, et al. EEG sleep in Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome: comparison with patients with major depressive disorder. Biol psychiatry 1992; 32: 146-155.
24. Rees PJ, Prior JG, Cochrane GM, Clark TJ. Sleep apnoea in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. J R Soc Med 1981; 74: 192-195.
25. Mondini S, Guilleminault C. Abnormal breathing patterns during sleep in diabetes. Ann Neurol 1985; 17: 391-395.
26. Katsumata K, Okada T, Miyao M, Katsumata Y. High incidence of sleep apnea syndrome in a male diabetic population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991; 13: 45-51.
27. Elmasry A, Lindberg E, Berne C, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in hypertensive men: a population-based study. J Intern Med 2001; 249: 153-161.
28. Catterall JR, Calverley PMA, Ewing DJ, Shapiro CM, Clarke BF, Douglas NJ. Breathing, sleep, and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1984; 33: 1025-1027.
29. Ficker JH, Dertinger SH, Siegfried W, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea and diabetes mellitus: the role of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 14-19.
30. Vgontzas AN, Legro RS, Bixler EO, Grayev A, Kales A, Chrousos P. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with obstructive sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness: role of insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 517-520.
31. Fogel RB, Malhotra A, Pillar G, Pittman SD, Dunaif A, White DP. Increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1175-1180.
32. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, et al. Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1151-1158.
33. Saarelainen S, Lahtela J, Kallonen E. Effect of nasal CPAP treatment on insulin sensitivity and plasma leptin. J Sleep Res 1997; 6: 146-147.
34. Chin K, Shimizu K, Nakamura T, et al. Changes in intra-abdominal visceral fat and serum leptin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Circulation 1999; 100: 706-712.
35. Ip MS, Lam KSL, Ho C, Tsang KWT, Lam W. Serum leptin and vascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2000; 118: 580-586.
36. Ip MSM, Lam B, Ng MMT, Lam WK, Tsang KWT, Lam KSL. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 670-676.
37. Punjabi NM, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 677-682.
38. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999; 354: 1435-1439.
39. Tiihonen M, Partinen M, Närvänen S. The severity of obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with insulin resistance. J Sleep Res 1993; 2: 56-61.
40. Villa P, Multari G, Montesano M, et al. Sleep apnoea in children with diabetes mellitus: effect of glycaemic control. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 696-702.
41. Elmasry A, Janson C, Lindberg E, Gislason T, Tageldin MA, Boman G. The role of habitual snoring and obesity in the development of diabetes: a 10-year follow-up study in a male population. J Intern Med 2000; 248: 13-20.
42. O'Donnell CP, Schaub CD, Haines AS, et al. Leptin prevents respiratory depression in obesity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1477-1484.
43. Phillips BG, Kato M, Narkiewicz K, Choe I, Somers VK. Increases in leptin levels, sympathetic drive, and weight gain in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H234-H237.
44. Phipps PR, Starritt E, Caterson I, Grunstein RR. Association of serum leptin with hypoventilation in human obesity. Thorax 2002; 57: 75-76.
45. Wallace AM, McMahon AD, Packard CJ, et al. Plasma leptin and risk of cardiovascular disease in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 2001; 104: 3052-3056.
46. Segal KR, Landt M, Klein S. Relationship between insulin sensitivity and plasma leptin concentration in lean and obese men. Diabetes 1996; 45: 988-991.
47. Söderberg S, Olsson T, Eliasson M, Johnson O, Ahren B. Plasma leptin levels are associated with abnormal fibrinolysis in men and postmenopausal women. J Intern Med 1999; 245: 533-543.
48. Chessler SD, Fujimoto WY, Shofer JB, Boyko EJ, Weigle DS. Increased plasma leptin levels are associated with fat accumulation in Japanese Americans. Diabetes 1998; 47: 239-243.
49. McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Weigle DS, et al. Association between baseline plasma leptin levels and subsequent development of diabetes in Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 65-70.
50. Narkiewicz K, Kato M, Pesek CA, Somers VK. Human obesity is characterized by a selective potentiation of central chemoreflex sensitivity. Hypertension 1999; 33: 1153-1158.
51. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 1897-1904.
52. Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJH, Pesek CA, Dyken ME, Montano N, Somers VK. Selective potentiation of peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 1999; 99: 1183-1189.
53. Somers VK, Mark AL, Zalava DC, Abboud FM. Contrasting effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on ventilatory and sympathetic activity in humans. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67: 2101-2106.
54. Eisenberg E, Zimlichman R, Lavie P. Plasma norepinephrine levels in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 932-933.
55. Bratel T, Wennlund A, Carlström K. Pituitary reactivity, androgens and catecholamines in obstructive sleep apnoea. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP). Respir Med 1999; 93: 1-7.
56. Irwin M, Thompson J, Miller C, Gillin JC, Ziegler M. Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on catecholamine and interleukin-2 levels in humans: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1979-1985.
57. Hedner J, Darpo B, Ejnell H, Carlson J, Caidahl K. Reduction in sympathetic activity after long-term CPAP treatment in sleep apnoea: cardiovascular implications. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 222-229.
58. Coy TV, Dimsdale JE, Ancoli-Israel S, Clausen J. Sleep apnoea and sympathetic nervous system activity: a review. J Sleep Res 1996; 5: 42-50.
59. Zwillich CW, Pierson DJ, Hofeldt FD, Lufkin EG, Weil JV. Ventilatory control in myxedema and hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 662-665.
60. Parving HH, Hansen JM, Nielsen SL, Rossing N, Munck O, Lassen NA. Mechanisms of edema formation in myxedema-increased protein extravasation and relatively slow lymphatic drainage. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 460-465.
61. Orr WC, Males JL, Imes NK. Myxedema and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Med 1981; 70: 1061-1066.
62. Millman RP, Bevilacqua J, Peterson DD, Pack AI. Central sleep apnea in hypothyroidism. Ann Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127: 504-507.
63. Grunstein R. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism. Chest 1994; 105: 1296-1297.
64. Meslier N, Giraud P, Person C, Badatcheff A, Racineux JL. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur J Med 1992; 1: 437-438.
65. Winkelmann JW, Goldman H, Piscatelli N, Lukas SE, Dorsey CM, Cunningham S. Are thyroid function tests necessary in patients with suspected sleep apnea? Sleep 1996; 19: 790-793.
66. Roxburgh F, Collis A. Notes on a case of acromegaly. BMJ 1896; 63-65.
67. Guilleminault C, Cummiskey J, Dement WC. Sleep apnea syndrome: recent advances. Adv Intern Med 1980; 26: 347-372.
68. Guilleminault C, Simmons FB, Motta J, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and tracheostomy. Long-term follow-up experience. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 985-988.
69. Cadieux RJ, Kales A, Santen RJ, Bixler EO, Gordon R. Endoscopic findings in sleep apnea associated with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 18-22.
70. Mezon BJ, West P, MacClean J, Kryger M. Sleep apnea in acromegaly. Am J Med 1980; 69: 615-618.
71. Grunstein RR, Ho KY, Berthon-Jones M, Stewart D, Sullivan CE. Central sleep apnea is associated with increased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypersecretion of growth hormone in patients with acromegaly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 496-502.
72. Rosenow F, Reuter S, Szelies B, et al. Sleep apnoea in acromegaly - prevalence, pathogenesis and therapy. Presse Med 1994; 23: 1203-1208.
73. Ip MS, Tan KC, Peh WC, Lam KS. Effect of Sandostatin LAR on sleep apnoea in acromegaly: correlation with computerized tomographic cephalometry and hormonal activity. Clin Endocrinol 2001; 55: 477-483.
74. Perks WH, Horrocks PM, Cooper RA, Bradbury S, Allen A, Baldock N. Sleep apnea in acromegaly. BMJ 1980; 280: 894-897.
75. Chanson P, Timsit J, Benoit O, et al. Rapid improvement in sleep apnoea of acromegaly after short-term treatment with somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. Lancet 1986; 2: 1270-1271.
76. Leibowitz G, Shapiro MS, Salameh M, Glaser B. Improvement of sleep apnoea due to acromegaly during short-term treatment with octreotide. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 231-235.
77. Rosenow F, McCarthy V, Caruso AC. Sleep apnoea in endocrine diseases. J Sleep Res 1998; 7: 3-11.
78. Mickelson SA, Rosenthal LD, Rock JP, Senior BA, Friduss ME. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and acromegaly. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111: 25-30.
79. Dagan Y, Abadi J, Lifschitz A, Laron Z. Severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in an adult patient with Laron syndrome. Growth Horm IGF Res 2001; 11: 247-249.
80. Orliaguet O, Pepin JL, Bettega G, Ferretti G, Mignotte HN, Levy P. Sleep apnoea and Turner's syndrome. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 153-155.
81. Partsch CJ, Lammer C, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Pankau R. Adult patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: clinical characteristics, life circumstances and growth hormone secretion. Growth Horm IGF Res 2000; 10: Suppl. B, S81-S85.
82. Hertz G, Cataletto M, Feinsilver SH, Angulo M. Sleep and breathing patterns in patients with Prader Willi syndrome (PWS): effects of age and gender. Sleep 1993; 16: 366-371.
83. Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ, Lawrence SJ, Blackwell C, Caterson ID, Sullivan CE. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 352-358.
84. Van Cauter E, Caufriez A, Kerkhofs M, van Onderbergen A, Thorner MO, Copinschi G. Sleep, awakenings, and insulin-like growth factor-I modulate the growth hormone (GH) secretory response to GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1451-1459.
85. Van Cauter E, Kerkhofs M, Caufriez A, van Onderbergen A, Thorner MO, Copinschi G. A quantitative estimation of growth hormone secretion in normal man: reproducibility and relation to sleep and time of day. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1441-1450.
86. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Ho KK, Waters MJ, Johnson ML, Lizarralde G. Dual effects in pulsatile growth hormone secretion and clearance subserve the hyposomatotropism of obesity in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 51-59.
87. Gianotti L, Pivetti S, Lanfranco F, et al. Concomitant impairment of growth hormone secretion and peripheral sensitivity in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5052-5057.
88. Scacchi M, Pincelli AI, Cavagnini F. Growth hormone in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 260-271.
89. Issa FG, Sullivan CE. The immediate effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on sleep pattern in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 63: 10-17.
90. Zhang Y-S, Du J-Z. The response of growth hormone and prolactin of rats to hypoxia. Neurosci Lett 2000; 279: 137-140.
91. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A. Physiological regulation of the human growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) axis: predominant impact of age, obesity, gonadal function, and sleep. Sleep 1996; 19: S221-S224.
92. Conceicao FL, Bojensen A, Jorgensen JOL, Christiansen JS. Growth hormone therapy in adults. Front Neuroendocrinol 2001; 22: 213-246.
93. Wu H, Jeng YY, Yue C, Chyu KY, Hsueh WA, Chan TM. Endothelial-dependent vascular effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in the perfused rat mesenteric artery and aortic ring. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1027-1032.
94. Bar RS, Boes M, Dake BL, Booth BA, Henley SA, Sandra A. Insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and vascular endothelium. Am J Med 1988; 85: Suppl. 5a, 59-70.
95. Tsukahara H, Gordienko DV, Tonshoff B, Gelato MC, Goligorsky MS. Direct demonstration of insulin-like growth factor-I-induced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 598-604.
96. Radomski MW, Salas E. Nitric-oxide biological mediator, modulator and factor of injury: its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Suppl 1995; 118: S69-S80.
97. Gerard JM, Garibaldi L, Myers SE, et al. Sleep apnea in patients receiving growth hormone. Clin Ped 1997; 36: 321-326.
98. Nolte W, Radisch C, Rodenbeck A, Wiltfang J, Hufner M. Polysomnographic findings in five adult patients with pituitary insufficiency before and after cessation of human growth hormone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol 2002; 56: 805-810.
99. Waters KA, Kirjavainen T, Jimenez M, Cowell CT, Sillence DO, Sullivan CE. Overnight growth hormone secretion in achondroplacia: deconvolution analysis, correlation with sleep state, and changes after treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Res 1996; 39: 547-553.
100. Goldstein SJ, Shprintzen RJ, Wu RH, et al. Achondroplasia and obstructive sleep apnea: correction of apnea and abnormal sleep-entrained growth hormone release by tracheostomy. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1985; 21: 93-101.
101. Nieminen P, Löppönen T, Tolonen U, Lanning P, Knip M, Löppönen H. Growth and biochemical markers of growth in children with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2002; 109: e55.
102. White DP, Douglas NJ, Pickett CK, Weil JV, Zwillich CW. Sexual influence on the control of breathing. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 874-879.
103. Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA. Interaction of sleep state and chemical stimuli in sustaining rhythmic ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 813-822.
104. Pilkington S, Carli F, Dakin MJ, et al. Increase in Mallampati score during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74: 638-642.
105. Bende M, Gredmark T. Nasal stuffiness during pregnancy. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 1108-1110.
106. Mabry RL. Rhinitis of pregnancy. South Med J 1986; 79: 965-971.
107. Saaresranta T, Aittokallio T, Polo-Kantola P, Helenius H, Polo O. Effect of medroxyprogesterone on inspiratory flow shapes during sleep in postmenopausal women. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003; 134: 131-143.
108. Brownell LG, West P, Kryger MH. Breathing during sleep in normal pregnant women. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 38-41.
109. Maasilta P, Bachour A, Teramo K, Polo O, Laitinen LA. Sleep-related disordered breathing during pregnancy in obese women. Chest 2001; 120: 1448-1454.
110. Nikkola E, Ekblad U, Ekholm E, Mikola H, Polo O. Sleep in multiple pregnancy: breathing patterns, oxygenation, and periodic leg movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1622-1625.
111. Edwards N, Blyton DM, Kirjavainen TT, Sullivan CE. Hemodynamic responses to obstructive respiratory events during sleep are augmented in women with preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 1090-1095.
112. Connolly G, Razak AR, Hayanga A, Russell A, McKena P, McNicholas WT. Inspiratory flow limitation during sleep in pre-eclampsia: comparison with normal pregnant women. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 672-676.
113. Loube DI, Poceta JS, Morales MC, Peacock MMD, Mitler MM. Self-reported snoring in pregnancy. Association with fetal outcome. Chest 1996; 109: 885-889.
114. Franklin KA, Holmgren P, Jonsson F, Poromaa N, Stenlund H, Svanborg E. Snoring, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and growth retardation of the fetus. Chest 2000; 117: 137-141.
115. Guilleminault C, Querra-Salva M-A, Chwdhuri S, Poyares D. Normal pregnancy, daytime sleeping, snoring and blood pressure. Sleep Med 2000; 1: 289-297.
116. Lefcourt LA, Rodis JF. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1996; 51: 503-506.
117. Polo O, Ekholm E. Nocturnal hyperventilation in pregnancy - reversal with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 238-239.
118. Block AJ, Boysen PG, Wynne JW, Hunt LA. Sleep apnea, hypopnea and oxygen desaturation in normal subjects. A strong male predominance. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 513-517.
119. Guilleminault C, Quera-Salva MA, Partinen M, Jamieson A. Women and the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 1988; 93: 104-109.
120. Vgontzas AN, Tan TL, Bixler EO, Martin LF, Shubert D, Kales A. Sleep apnea and sleep disruption in obese patients. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1705-1711.
121. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230-1235.
122. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V. Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 722-726.
123. Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Wingard DL, Mason WJ, Mullaney DJ. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in ages 40-64 yr: a population-based survey. Sleep 1997; 20: 65-76.
124. Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA. A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing: prevalence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 711-716.
125. Block AJ, Wynne JW, Boysen PG. Sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal oxygen desaturation in postmenopausal women. Am J Med 1980; 69: 75-79.
126. Dancey DR, Hanly PJ, Soong C, Lee B, Hoffstein V. Impact of menopause on the prevalence and severity of sleep apnea. Chest 2001; 120: 151-155.
127. Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B, Björnsson JK, Kjartansson G, Kjeld M, Kristbjarnarson H. Snoring, hypertension, and the sleep apnea syndrome. An epidemiologic study of middle-aged women. Chest 1993; 103: 1147-1151.
128. Collop NA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and ethanol-induced exacerbation of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1994; 106: 792-799.
129. Saaresranta T, Polo-Kantola P, Rauhala E, Polo O. Medroxyprogesterone in postmenopausal females with partial upper airway obstruction during sleep. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 989-995.
130. Cistulli PA, Barnes DJ, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. Effect of short term hormone replacement in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in postmenopausal women. Thorax 1994; 49: 699-702.
131. Keefe DL, Watson R, Naftolin F. Hormone replacement therapy may alleviate sleep apnea in menopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause 1999; 6: 196-200.
132. Poulin R, Simard J, Labrie C, et al. Down-regulation of estrogen receptors by androgens in the ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 392-399.
133. Harman E, Wynne JW, Block AJ, Malloy-Fisher L. Sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in obese patients. Chest 1981; 79: 256-260.
134. Matsumoto AM, Sandblom RE, Schoene RB, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men: effects on obstructive sleep apnoea, respiratory drives, and sleep. Clin Endocrinol 1985; 22: 713-721.
135. Sandblom R, Matsumoto A, Schoene R, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome induced by testosterone administration. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 508-510.
136. Schneider BK, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW, et al. Influence of testosterone on breathing during sleep. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 618-623.
137. Yee B, Liu PY, Yang Q, Wishart SM, Handelsman DJ, Grunstein R. A double blind, placebo controlled randomized crossover study of intramuscular testosterone esters on sleep in men over 60 years of age. J Sleep Res 2002; 11: Suppl. 1, 254.
138. Mantzoros CS, Georgiadis EI, Evangelopoulou K, Katsilambros N. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone are independently associated with body fat distribution in premenopausal women. Epidemiology 1996; 7: 513-516.
139. Goodman-Gruen D, Barrett-Connor E. Total but not bioavailable testosterone is a predictor of central adiposity in postmenopausal women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19: 293-298.
140. Koskenvuo M, Partinen M, Kaprio J. Snoring and disease. Ann Clin Res 1985; 17: 247-251.
141. Lindberg E, Taube A, Janson C, Gislason T, Svardsudd K, Boman G. A 10-year follow-up of snoring in men. Chest 1998; 114: 1048-1055.
142. Dexter DD, Dovre EJ. Obstructive sleep apnea due to endogenous testosterone production in a woman. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 246-248.
143. Johnson MW, Anch AM, Remmers JE. Induction of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in woman by exogenous androgen administration. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 1023-1025.
144. Stewart DA, Grunstein RR, Berthon-Jones M, Handelsman DJ, Sullivan CE. Androgen blockade does not affect sleep-disordered breathing or chemosensitivity in men with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1389-1393.
145. Millman RP, Kimmel PL, Shore ET, Wasserstein AG. Sleep apnea in hemodialysis patients: the lack of testosterone effect on its pathogenesis. Nephron 1985; 40: 407-410.
146. Santamaria JD, Prior JC, Fleetham JA. Reversible reproductive dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Endocrinol 1988; 28: 461-470.
147. Luboshitzky R, Aviv A, Hefetz A, et al. Decreased pituitarygonadal secretion in men with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3394-3398.
148. Glass AR. Endocrine aspects of obesity. Med Clin North Am 1989; 73: 139-160.
149. Lima N, Cavaliere H, Knobel M, Halpern A, Medeiros-Neto G. Decreased androgen levels in massively obese men may be associated with impaired function of the gonadostat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1433-1437.
150. Elman I, Breier A. Effects of acute metabolic stress on plasma progesterone and testosterone in male subjects: relationship to pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation. Life Sci 1997; 61: 1705-1712.
151. Luboshitzky R, Zabari Z, Shen-Orr Z, Herer P, Lavie P. Disruption of the nocturnal testosterone rhythm by sleep fragmentation in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1134-1139.
152. Singer F, Zumoff B. Subnormal serum testosterone levels in male internal medicine residents. Steroids 1992; 57: 86-89.
153. Kouchiyama S, Masuyama S, Shinozaki T, et al. Prediction of the degree of nocturnal oxygen desaturation in sleep apnea syndrome by estimating the testosterone level. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1989; 27: 941-945.
154. Kouchiyama S, Honda Y, Kuriyama T. Influence of nocturnal oxygen desaturation on circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion. Respiration 1990; 57: 359-363.
155. Aasebo U, Gyltnes A, Bremnes RM, Aakvaag A, Slordal L. Reversal of sexual impotence in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypoxemia with long-term oxygen therapy. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 1993; 46: 799-803.
156. Semple PA, Graham A, Malcolm Y, Beastall GH, Watson WS. Hypoxia, depression of testosterone, and impotence in pickwickian syndrome reversed by weight reduction. Br Med J Clin Res Educ 1984; 289: 801-802.
157. Davis S. Androgen replacement in women: a commentary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1886-1891.
158. Polo O, Berthon-Jones M, Douglas NJ, Sullivan CE. Management of obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Lancet 1994; 344: 656-660.
159. Saini J, Krieger J, Brandenberger G, Wittersheim G, Simon C, Follenius M. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Effects on growth hormone, insulin and glucose profiles in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Horm Metab Res 1993; 25: 375-381.
160. Cooper BG, White JE, Ashworth LA, Alberti KG, Gibson GJ. Hormonal and metabolic profiles in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Sleep 1995; 18: 172-179.
161. Follenius M, Krieger J, Krauth MO, Sforza E, Brandenberger G. Obstructive sleep apnoea treatment: peripheral and central effects on plasma renin activity and aldosterone. Sleep 1991; 14: 211-217.
162. Grunstein R, Stewart DA, Lloyd H, Akinci M, Cheng N, Sullivan CE. Acute withdrawal of nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea does not cause a rise in stress hormones. Sleep 1996; 19: 774-782.
163. Saarelainen S, Hasan J, Siitonen S, Seppälä E. Effect of nasal CPAP treatment on plasma volume, aldosterone and 24-h blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res 1996; 5: 181-185.
164. Krieger J, Follenius M, Sforza E, Brandenberger G, Peter JD. Effects of treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure on atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin release during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Sci 1991; 80: 443-449.
165. Ichioka M, Hirata Y, Inase N, et al. Changes of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide and antidiuretic hormone in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration 1992; 59: 164-168.
166. Spiegel K, Follenius M, Krieger J, Sforza E, Brandenberger G. Prolactin secretion during sleep in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. J Sleep Res 1995; 4: 56-62.
167. Gislason T, Hedner J, Terenius L, Bisette G, Nemeroff CB. Substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and mono-amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in sleep apnea patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 784-786.
168. Brooks B, Cistulli PA, Borkman M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients: effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1681-1685.
169. Smurra M, Philip P, Taillard J, Guilleminault C, Bioulac B, Gin H. CPAP treatment does not affect glucose-insulin metabolism in sleep apneic patients. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 207-213.
170. Shimizu K, Chin K, Nakamura T, et al. Plasma leptin levels and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 2002; 57: 429-434.
171. Grunstein RR. Metabolic aspects of sleep apnea. Sleep 1996; 19: S218-S220.
172. Isozaki O, Tsushima T, Miyakawa M, Demura H, Seki H. Interaction between leptin and growth hormone (GH)/IGF-I axis. Endocr J Suppl 1999; 46: S17-S24.
173. Randeva HS, Murray RD, Lewandowski KC, et al. Differential effects of GH replacement on the components of the leptin system in GH-deficient individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 798-804.
174. Grosfeld A, Zilberfarb V, Turban S, Andre J, Guerre-Millo M, Issad T. Hypoxia increases leptin expression in human PAZ6 adipose cells. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 527-530.
175. Ambrosini G, Nath AK, Sierra-Honigmann MR, Flores-Riveros J. Transcriptional activation of the human leptin gene in response to hypoxia: involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 34601-34609.
176. Tschöp M, Strasburger CJ, Hartmann G, Biollaz J, Bärtsch P. Raised leptin concentrations at high altitude associated with loss of appetite. Lancet 1998; 352: 1119-1120.
177. Saaresranta T, Irjala K, Polo O. Effect of medroxy-progesterone acetate on arterial blood gases, serum leptin levels, and neuropeptide Y. Eur Respir J 2002; 18: 989-995.
178. Rodenstein DO, D'Odemont JP, Pieters T, Aubert-Tulkens G. Diurnal and nocturnal diuresis and natriuresis in obstructive sleep apnea. Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1367-1371.
179. Minemura H, Akashiba T, Yamamoto H, Akahoshi T, Kosaka N, Horie T. Acute effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on 24-hour blood pressure and catecholamines in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Intern Med 1998; 37: 1009-1013.
180. Ip MSM, Lam B, Chan L-Y, et al. Circulating nitric oxide is suppressed in obstructive sleep apnea and is reversed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 2166-2171.
181. Pietrowsky R, Meyrer R, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL. Effects of diurnal sleep on secretion of cortisol, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 683-687.
182. Pincus SM, Mulligan T, Iranamanesh A, Gheorghiu S, Godschalk M, Veldhuis JD. Older males secrete luteinizing hormone and testosterone more irregularly, and jointly more asynchronously, than younger males. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 14100-14105.
183. Luboshitzky R, Herer P, Levi M, Shen-Orr Z, Lavie P. Relationship between rapid eye movement sleep and testosterone secretion in normal men. J Androl 1999; 20: 731-737.
184. Young T, Evans L, Finn L, Palta M. Estimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-aged men and women. Sleep 1997; 20: 705-706.
185. Polo O. Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of sleep apnoea. Lancet 1999; 353: 2086-2087.