Statin therapy and the management of acute coronary syndromes

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 19, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 921-927

  Langer, Anatoly ^a,g   Constance, Christian ^b   Fodor, Jiri G ^c   Frohlich, Jiri J ^d   Grégoire, Jean ^e   Lau, David C W ^f   Leiter, Lawrence A ^g   Mancini, G B John ^d   Marr, David ^h   McPherson, Ruth ^c   O'Neill, Blair J ^h   Rabkin, Simon W ^d  

^a CANADIAN HEART RESEARCH CENTRE   (Canada)

^b MAISONNEUVE ROSEMONT HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^e MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^g ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^h DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndromes; Dyslipidemia; Statin therapy

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; CHOLESTEROL; COLESTYRAMINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD CLOTTING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOTHELIUM; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG TERM CARE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; MYOSITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLEIOTROPY; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; ACUTE DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; SYNDROME; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ACUTE DISEASE; BLOOD COAGULATION; CORONARY DISEASE; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PLATELET AGGREGATION; SYNDROME;

EID: 0042734470     PISSN: 0828282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Davies J. Pathology of arterial thrombosis. Br Med Bull 1994;50:789-802.
2. Fuster V, Lewis A. Conner memorial lecture: Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: Insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994;90:2126-46.
3. Shah PK. Role of inflammation metalloproteinases in plaque disruption and thrombosis. Vasc Med 1998;3:199-206.
4. Davies MJ, Richardson PD, Woolf N, Katz DR, Mann J. Risk of thrombosis in human arterosclerotic plaques: Role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content. Br Heart J 1993;69:377-81.
5. Halcox JPJ, Schenke WH, Zalos G, et al. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2002;106:653-8.
6. Esper RJ. Impaired endothelial function in patients with rapidly stabilized unstable angina: Assessment by noninvasive brachial artery ultrasonography. Clin Cardiol 1999;22:699-703.
7. Spagnoli LG, Bonanno B, Mauriello A, et al. Multicentric inflammation in epicardial coronary arteries of patients dying of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1579-88.
8. Biasucci LM, Liuzzo G, Grillo RL, et al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict recurrent instability. Circulation 1999;99:855-60.
9. Ferreirós ER, Boissonnet CP, Pizzaro R, et al. Independent prognostic value of elevated C-reactive protein in unstable angina. Circulation 1999;100:1958-63.
10. Van Der Wal AC, Becker AE, Van Der Los CH, Das PK. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation 1994;89:36-44.
11. Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JB, Fuster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: Implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1994;90:775-8.
12. Shah PK, Falk E, Badimon JJ, et al. Human monocyte-derived macrophages induce collagen breakdown in fibrous caps of atherosclerotic plaques: Potential role of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases and implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1995;92:1565-9.
13. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: The MIRACL study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1711-8.
14. Naylor CD, ed. Cardiovascular Health & Services in Ontario. Toronto: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), 1999:204.
15. Yan A, Goodman SG, Tan M, Fitchett D, Chow C-M, Langer A, Canadian ACS Registry Investigators. Adherence to secondary prevention therapies following acute coronary syndromes: One-year results from the Canadian Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41(Suppl A):382A. (Abst)
16. Jackevicius CA, Mamdani M, Tu JV. Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2002;288:462-7.
17. Stenestrand U, Wallentin L, for the Swedish Register of Cardiac Intensive Care (RIKS-HIA). Early statin treatment following acute myocardial infarction and one-year survival. JAMA 2001;285:430-6.
18. Aronov HD, Topol EJ, Roe MT, et al. Effect of lipid lowering therapy on early mortality after acute coronary syndromes: An observational study. Lancet 2001;357:1063-68.
19. Arntz HR, Agrawal R, Wunderlich W, et al. Beneficial effects of pravastatin (+/-colestyramine/niacin) initiated immediately after a coronary event (the randomized Lipid-Coronary Artery Disease [L-CAD] Study). Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1293-8.
20. Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Laufs U, Snapinn S, Böhm M, White HD, on behalf of the Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Investigators. Withdrawal of statins increases event rates in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002;105:1446-52.
21. Dawber TR. The Framingham Study: The Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Disease. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980.
22. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
23. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993;87:1781-91.
24. Cashin-Hemphill L, Mack WJ, Pogoda MJ, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Blankenhorn DH. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis: A 4-year followup. JAMA 1990;264:3013-7.
25. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS, et al. Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:481-7.
26. Anderson TJ, Meredith MB, Yeung AC, Frei B, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med 1995;332:488-93.
27. O'Driscoll G, Green D, Taylor RR. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 1997;95:1126-31.
28. Tamai O, Matsuoka H, Itabe H, Wada Y, Kohno K, Imaizumi T. Single LDL Apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation 1997;95:76-82.
29. Dupuis J, Tardif JC, Cernacek P, Theroux P. Cholesterol reduction rapidly improves endothelial function after acute coronary syndromes: The RECIFE (Reduction of Cholesterol in Ischemia and Function of the Endothelium) Trial. Circulation 1999;99:3227-33.
30. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26.
31. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998;279:1477-82.
32. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekans CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-9.
33. Liuzzo GLl, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994;331:417-24.
34. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 2000;102:2165-8.
35. Smith DA, Irving SD, Sheldon J, Cole D, Kaski JC. Serum levels of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 are decreased in patients with unstable angina. Circulation 2001;104:746-9.
36. Bogaty P, Poirier P, Simard S, et al. Biological profiles in subjects with recurrent acute coronary events compared with subjects with long-standing stable angina. Circulation 2001;103:3062-8.
37. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, Braunwauld E. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein: The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) investigators. Circulation 1999;100:230-5.
38. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, et al. For the Air force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study Investigators. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1959-65.
39. Ferro D, Parrotto S, Basili S, et al. Simvastatin inhibits the monocyte expression of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:427-31.
40. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Adler K, et al. Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001;103:2885-90.
41. Fodor G, Frohlich JJ, Genest JJ Jr, McPherson R. Recommendations for the management and treatment of dyslipidemia. Report of the working group on hypercholesterolemia and other dyslipidemias. CMAJ 2000;162:1441-7.
42. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
43. Howard BV, Robbins DC, Sieves JL, et al. LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low LDL. The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:830-5.
44. Black DM, Bakker-Arkema RG, Nawrocki JW. An overview of the clinical safety profile of atorvastatin (lipitor), a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:577-84.
45. Bakker-Arkema RG, Nawrocki JW, Black DM. Safety profile of atorvastatin-treated patients with low LDL-cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 2000;149:123-9.
46. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-9.
47. Tonkin A, Aylward P, Colquhoun D, et al. From the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.