What children remember about ingroup and outgroup peers: Effects of stereotypes on children's processing of information about group members

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Volumn 86, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 32-66

  Corenblum, B ^a  

^a BRANDON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Intergroup relations; Memory; Race ethnicity; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042429208     PISSN: 00220965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0965(03)00105-X     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Aboud F.E. Children and prejudice 1988 Blackwell Oxford
2. Aboud F.E. Amato M. Developmental and socialization influences on intergroup biases In Brown R. Gaertner S.L. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology, intergroup processes Vol. 3 2001 65-88 Blackwell Malden, MA
3. Aboud F.E. Fenwick V. Exploring and evaluating school-based interventions to reduce prejudice Journal of Social Issues 55 1999 767-786
4. Aberson C.L. Healy M. Romero V. Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis Personality and Social Psychology Review 4 2000 157-173
5. Abrams D. Hogg M.A. Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social indentity and intergroup discrimination European Journal of Social Psychology 18 1988 317-334
6. Albert A.A. Porter Age patterns in the development of children's gender-role stereotypes Sex Roles 9 1983 59-67
7. Annis R.C. Corenblum B. Effect of test language and experimenter race on Canadian Indian children's racial and self-identity Journal of Social Psychology 126 1987 761-773
8. Averhart C.A. Bigler R.S. Shades of meaning: Skin tone, racial attitudes, and constructive memory in African American children Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 67 1997 363-388
9. Bardach L. Park B. The effects of in-group/outgroup status on memory for consistent and inconsistent behavior of an individual Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 1996 169-178
10. Bennett M. Lyons E. Sani F. Barrett M. Children's subjective identification with the group and in-group favoritism Developmental Psychology 34 1998 902-909
11. Bigler R.S. The use of multicultural curriculum and materials to counter racism in schools Journal of Social Issues 55 1999 687-706
12. Bigler R.S. Liben L.S. A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in EuroAmerican children Child Development 64 1993 1507-1515
13. Bigler R.S. Jones L.C. Lobliner D.B. Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children Child Development 68 1997 530-543
14. Bigler R.S. Brown C.S. Markell M. When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes on children Child Development 72 2001 1151-1162
15. Black-Gutman D. Hickson F. The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study Developmental Psychology 32 1996 448-456
16. Blue A.W. Corenblum B. Annis R. Developmental trends in racial preference and identification in northern native Canadian children In Kagitcibasi C. (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology 1987 311-320 Swets & Zeitlinger Lisse, Holland
17. Bodenhausen G. Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: Testing process models for stereotype use Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 1988 726-737
18. Boldry J. Kashy D. Intergroup perception in naturally occurring groups of differential status: A social relations perspective Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 1999 1200-1212
19. Brewer M.B. Kramer R.M. The psychology of intergroup attitudes and behavior Annual Review of Psychology 36 1985 219-243
20. Brown R. Prejudice: Its social psychology 1995 Blackwell Malden, MA
21. Cameron J.A. Alvarez J.M. Ruble D. Faligni A.J. Children's lay theories about ingroups and outgroups: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice Personality and Social Psychology Review 5 2001 118-128
22. Clark K.B. Clark M.P. Racial identification and preference in Negro children Newcombe In T.M. Hartley E.L. (Eds.), Readings in social psychology 1947 169-178 Holt New York
23. Clark R. Anderson N.B. Clark V.R. Williams D.R. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model American Psychologist 54 1999 805-816
24. Corenblum B. Annis R. Development of racial identity in minority and majority group children: An affect discrepancy model Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences 25 1993 499-521
25. Corenblum B. Annis R. Tanaka J. Influence of cognitive development, self-competency, and teacher evaluations on the development of children's racial identity International Journal of Behavioral Development 20 1997 269-286
26. Corenblum B. Annis R. Young S. Effects of own group success or failure on judgements of task performance by children of different ethnicities European Journal of Social Psychology 26 1996 1996
27. Davidson D. Cameron P. Jergovic D. The effect of children's stereotypes on their memory for elderly individuals Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41 1995 70-90
28. Devine P.G. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components Personality and Social Psychology 56 1989 5-18
29. Dovidio J.F. Gaertner S.L. Affirmative action, unintentional racial biases, and intergroup relations Journal of Social Issues 52 1996 51-76
30. Doyle A.B. Aboud F.E. A longitudinal study of White children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development Merrill Palmer Quarterly 41 1995 209-228
31. Doyle A.B. Beaudet J. Aboud F.E. Developmental patterns in the flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 19 1988 3-18
32. Duncan S. Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of blacks Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 1976 590-598
33. Fiske S.T. Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping American Psychologist 6 1993 621-628
34. Fiske S.T. Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination In Gilbert D.T. Fiske S.T. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology Vol. 2 1998 357-411 McGraw-Hill New York
35. Fiske S.T. Taylor S.E. Social cognition 2nd ed. 1991 McGraw-Hill New York
36. Freeman, J. (1998). A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in African American children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas
37. Fyock J. Stangor C. The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance British Journal of Social Psychology 32 1994 331-344
38. Gibbons R. Ponting R. Contemporary perceptions of Canada's Native people Prairie Forum 2 1977 57-81
39. Goldschmid M.L. Bentler P.M. Concept assessment kit-conservation 1968 Educational and Industrial Testing Service San Diego, CA
40. Graves S.B. Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference? Journal of Social Issues 55 1999 707-728
41. Hamilton D.L. Dugan P.M. Trolier T.K. The formation of stereotype beliefs: Further evidence for distinctiveness-based illusory correlations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 1985 5-17
42. Harter S. The perceived competence scale for children Child Development 53 1982 87-97
43. Harter S. Pike R.G. A pictorial scale of the perceived competence and social acceptance for young children Child Development 55 1984 1969-1982
44. Henderson-King E. Nisbett R.E. Anti-black prejudice as a function of exposure to the negative behavior of a single black person Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 1996 654-664
45. Hewstone M. The 'ultimate attribution error.' A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution European Journal of Social Psychology 20 1990 311-335
46. Hewstone M. Jaspars J.M. Intergroup relations and attribution processes In Tajfel H. (Ed.), The social dimension: European developments in social psychology 1982 379-404 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, England
47. Hewstone M. Rubin M. Willis H. Intergroup bias Annual Review of Psychology 53 2002 575-604
48. Hogg M.A. Abrams D. Social motivation, self-esteem and social identity In Abrams D. Hogg M.A. (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances 1990 28-+47 Harvester Wheatsheaf New York
49. Horowitz R.E. Racial aspects of self-identification among nursery school children Journal of Psychology 7 1939 91-98
50. Hraba J. Grant G. Black is beautiful: A reexamination of racial preference and identification Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 1970 398-402
51. Hymel S. Interpretations of peer behavior: Affective bias in childhood and adolescence Child Development 57 1986 431-445
52. Kardiner A. Ovesey L. The mark of oppression 1962 Norton New York
53. Katz P.A. Silvern L.E. Coulter D.K. Gender processing and person perception Social Cognition 8 1990 186-202
54. Khmelkov V.T. Hallinan M.T. Organizational effects on race relations in schools Journal of Social Issues 55 1999 627-646
55. Kirby D.M. Gardner R.C. Ethnic stereotypes: Determinants in children and their parents Canadian Journal of Psychology 27 1973 127-143
56. Klaczynski P.A. Aneja A. Development of quantitative reasoning and gender biases Developmental Psychology 38 2002 208-221
57. Kunda Z. Social cognition: Making sense of people 1999 MIT Press Boston
58. Langois J.H. Stephan C. The effects of physical attractiveness and ethnicity on children's behavioral attributions and peer preferences Child Development 48 1977 1694-1698
59. Levy G.D. Individual differences in race schematicity as predictors of African American and white children's race-relevant memories and peer preferences Journal of Genetic Psychology 161 2000 400-420
60. Liben L.S. Signorella M.L. Gender-related schemata and constructive memory in children Child Development 51 1980 11-18
61. Linville P. The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 1992 1171-1181
62. Linville P. Fischer G.W. Salovey P.G. Perceived distribution of characteristics of ingroup and outgroup members: Empirical evidence and computer simulation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 1989 165-168
63. Luhtanen R. Crocker J. A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's own identity Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 1992 302-318
64. Mackie M. Ethnic stereotypes and prejudice-Alberta Indians, Hutterites and Ukrainians Canadian Ethnic Studies 6 1974 40-51
65. Macrae C.N. Stangor C. Milne A. Activating social stereotypes: A functional analysis Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 30 1994 370-389
66. Major B. Gramzow R. McCoy S. Schmader T. Sidanius J. Perceiving personal discrimination: The role of group status and legitimizing ideology Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 2002 269-282
67. Martin C.L. Halverson C.F. The effects of sex-typing schemas on young children's memory Child Development 52 1983 1119-1134
68. Matsen A. Morison P. Pelligrini D. A revised class play method of peer assessment Developmental Psychology 21 1985 446-452
69. McAninch C.B. Manolis M.B. Milich R. Harris M.J. Impression formation in children: Influence of gender and expectancy Child Development 64 1993 1492-1506
70. Mullen B. Brown R. Smith C. Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration European Journal of Social Psychology 22 1992 103-122
71. Nesdale D. The development of prejudice in children In Augoustinos M. Reynolds K.J. (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social conflict 2001 57-72 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
72. Operario D. Goodwin S.A. Fiske S.T. Power is everywhere: Social control and personal control both operate at stereotype activation, interpretation, and response In Wyer R.S. (Ed.), Stereotype activation and inhibition. Advances in social cognition Vol. 11 1998 163-175 Academic Press New York
73. Piaget J. Weil A.M. The development in children of the idea of the homeland and of relations with other countries International Social Science Bulletin 3 1951 561-578
74. Powlishta K. Intergroup processes in childhood: Social categorization and sex role development Developmental Psychology 31 1995 781-788
75. Powlishta K.K. Serbin L.A. Doyle A.B. White D.R. Gender, ethnic, and body type bias: The generality of prejudice in children Developmental Psychology 30 1994 526-536
76. Rholes W.S. Ruble D.N. Children's understanding of dispositional characteristics of others Child Development 55 1984 550-560
77. Rohan M.J. Zanna M.P. Value transmission in families In Seligman C. Olson J. Zanna M.P. (Eds.), The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium Vol. 8 1996 253-276 Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ
78. Rothbart M. Evans M. Fulero S. Recall for confirming events: Memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15 1979 343-355
79. Rubin M. Hewstone M. Social identity theory's self-esteem hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarification Personality and Social Psychology Review 2 1998 40-62
80. Ruble D. Martin C.L. Gender development In Eisenburg N. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional and personality development Vol. 3 1997 933-1016 Wiley New York
81. Sagar H.A. Schofield J. Racial and behavioral cues in black and white children's perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 1980 590-598
82. SAS/STAT. (1990). User's guide (Vol. 2, GLM-VARCOMP, 4 ed.). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc
83. Sedikides C. Skrowronski J. The law of cognitive structure activation Psychological Inquiry 2 2 1991 169-184
84. Sherman J.W. Frost L.A. On the encoding of stereotype-relevant information under cognitive load Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 2000 26-34
85. Signorella M.L. Liben L.S. Recall and reconstruction of gender-related pictures: Effects of attitude, task difficulty, and age Child Development 55 1984 393-405
86. Signorella M.L. Bigler R.S. Liben L.S. Developmental differences in children's gender schemata about others Developmental Review 13 1993 147-183
87. Skronowski J.J. Carlston D. Social judgment and social memory: The role of cue diagnosticity in negativity, positivity, and extremity biases Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 1987 689-699
88. Srull T.K. Lichenstein M. Rothbart M. Associative storage and retrieval process in person memory Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11 1985 316-345
89. Stangor C. Stereotype accessibility and information processing Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 1988 694-708
90. Stangor C. McMillan D. Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of social and social developmental literatures Psychological Bulletin 111 1992 42-61
91. Stangor C. Ruble D.N. Differential influences of gender schemata and gender constancy on children's processing and behavior Social Cognition 7 1989 353-372
92. Stephan W.G. Finlay K. The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations Journal of Social Issues 55 1999 729-744
93. Tajfel H. Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict In Austin W.G. Worchel S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations 1979 33-47 Brooks-Cole Monterey, CA
94. Triandis H. Culture and social behavior 1994 McGraw-Hill New York
95. Tropp L.R. Wright S.C. Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 2001 585-600
96. Tulving E. Pearlstone Z. Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5 1966 381-391
97. Turner J.C. Social influence 1991 Brooks-Cole Pacific Grove, CA
98. Turner J.C. Reynolds K.J. The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: Theories, themes and controversies In Brown R. Gaertner S.L. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology, intergroup processes Vol. 3 2001 133-152 Blackwell Malden, MA
99. Vaughan G.M. A social psychological model of ethnic identity development In Phinney J.S. Rotheram M.J. (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development 1987 73-91 Sage Newbury Park, CA
100. von Hippel W. Sekaquaptewa D. Vargas P. On the role of encoding processes in stereotype maintenance In Zanna M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 27 1995 177-254 Academic Press New York
101. Vorauer J.D. Main K.J. O'Connell J.B. How do individuals expect to be viewed by lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes Journal of Social Psychology 75 1998 917-937
102. Yee M.D. Brown R. Self-evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine Child Development 63 1992 619-629
103. Yee M.D. Brown R. The development of gender differentiation in young children British Journal of Social Psychology 33 1994 183-196