Antibiotic associated diarrhoea: Infectious causes

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 6-11

  Ayyagari, A ^a   Agarwal, J ^a   Garg, A ^a  

^a SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; Colitis; Diarrhoea

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BILE ACID; CARBOHYDRATE; CEPHALOSPORIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; METRONIDAZOLE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; VANCOMYCIN;

BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BILE ACID SYNTHESIS; CANDIDA; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; COLITIS; CYTOTOXICITY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FECES ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INTESTINE MOTILITY; INTESTINE MUCOSA; KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA; LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS; RECURRENT INFECTION; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TISSUE CULTURE;

EID: 0042421897     PISSN: 02550857     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Barlett JG. Management of Clostridium difficile infection and other antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:1054-1061.
2. Katz DA, Lynch ME, Littenberg B. Clinical prediction rules to optimize cytotoxin testing for Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with diarrhoea. Am J Med 1996;100:487-495.
3. Fekety R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhoea and colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:739-750.
4. Barlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. N Engl J Med 2002;346:334-339.
5. Hogenauer C, hammer HF. Krejs GJ, Reisinger EC. Mechanism and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:702-710.
6. Barlett JG. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:573-581.
7. Larson HE, Price AB, Honour P, Borriello SP. Clostridium difficile and the etiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet 1978;1:1063-1066.
8. Bignardi GE, Risk factors for clostridial infection. J Hosp Infect 1998;40:1-15.
9. Hecht JR, Olinger EJ. Clostridium difficile colitis secondary to intravenous vancomycin. Dig Dis Sci 1989;34:148-149.
10. Anand A, Glatt AE. Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: A review. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:109-113.
11. Wilcox MH, Smyth ETM. Incidence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996. J Hosp Infect 1998;39:181-187.
12. McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RYY, Stamm WE. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320:204-210.
13. Fekety R, Kim KH, Brown D, Batts DH, Cudmore M, Silva J Jr. Epidemiology of antibiotic associated colitis: Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Med 1981;70:906-908.
14. von Eichel-Streiber C, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Sartingen S, Schulze J, Sauerborn M. Cloning of Clostridium difficile toxin B gene and demonstration of N-terminal homology between toxin A and B. Med Microbiol Immunol 1990;179:271-279.
15. Pathoulakis C. Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:1041-1047.
16. Pathoulakis C, Barone LM, Ely R, Faris B, Clark ME, Franzblau C, KaMont JT. Purification and properties of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B. J Biol Chem 1986;26:1316-1321.
17. Kato H, Kato N, Watanable K, Iwai N, Nakamura H, Yamamoto T, Suzuki K, Kim SM, Chong Y, Wasito EB. Identification of Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2178-2182.
18. Riegler M, Sedivy R, Pathoulakis C, Hamilton G, Zacherl J, Bischof G, Cosentini E, Feil W, Schiessel R, La Mount JT. Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2004-2011.
19. Chakrabarti A, Ayyagari A, Chakrabarti RN. Animal Models of Antibiotic Associated Colitis. In: Proceedings of the First Asian Congress on Anaerobic Bacteria in Health and Disease. Eds Mehta A, Kochar N (Seth GS Medical College & K.E.M. Hospital, Bombay, India) 1987:260-266.
20. Kelly CP. Immune response to Clostridium difficile infection. Euro J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:1048-1053.
21. Kelly CP, Pothoulakis, C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:257-262.
22. Eglow R, Pothoulakis C, Itzkowitz S, Israel EJ, O'Keane CJ, Gong D, Gao N, Xu YL, Walker WA, La Mount JT. Diminished Clostridium difficile toxin A sensitivity in newborn rabbit ileum is associated with decreased toxin A receptor. J Clin Invest 1992;90:822-829.
23. Peterson LR, Kelly PJ, Nordbrock HA. Role of culture and toxin detection in laboratory testing for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;15:330-336.
24. Brazier JS. The diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:29-40.
25. Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, Mulligan ME, Silva J Jr. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:459-477.
26. Murray PR, Webber CJ. Detection of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin in HEp2 and CHO cell lines. Diagn Mirobiol Infect Dis 1983;1:331-333.
27. Ayyagari A, Sharma P, Mehta VS, Agarwal KC. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated colitis in North India. J Diarrhoel Dis Res 1986;4:157-160.
28. Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhoea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993;22:623-637.
29. Boriello SP, Honour P. Simplified procedure for the routine isolation of Clostridium difficile from faeces. J Clin Pathol 1981;34:642-644.
30. Willis AT. Anaerobic bacteriology: clinical and laboratory practice. 3rd ed. (Butterworths, London) 1977:111-166.
31. Wren B, Clayton C, Tabaqchali S. Rapid identification of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1990;335:423.
32. Boondeekhun HS, Gurtler V, Odd ML, Wilson VA, Mayall BC. Detection of Clostridium difficile enterotoxin gene in clinical specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Microbiol 1993;38:384-387.
33. Stubbs SLJ, Brazier JS, O' Neill GL, Duerden BI. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:461-463.
34. Sparks SG, Carman RJ, Sarker MR, McClane BA. Genotyping of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens fecal isolates associated with antibiotic associated diarrhoea and food poisoning in north America. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:883-888.
35. Borriello SP, Larson HE, Welch AR, Barclay F. Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens: a possible cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Lancet 1984;1:305-307.
36. Larson HE, Borriello SP. Infectious diarrhoea due to Clostridium perfringens. J Infect Dis 1988;157:390-391.
37. McDonaold M, Ward P, Harvey K. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Med J Aust 1982;1:462-464.
38. Minami J, Katayama S, Matsushita O, Sakamoto H, Okabe A. Enterotoxic activity of Klebsiella oxytoca cytotoxin in rabbit intestinal loops. Infect Immun 1994;62:172-177.
39. Benoit R, Dorval D, Loulergue J, Bacq Y, Oliver JM, Audurier A, Metman EH. Post antibiotic diarrhoeas: role of Klebsiella oxytoca. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16:860-864.
40. Holmberg SD, Osterholm MT, Senger KA, Cohen ML. Drug resistant Salmonella from animal fed antimicrobials. N Engl J Med 1984;311:617-622.
41. Olsen SJ, DeBess EE, McGivern TE, Marano N, Eby T, Mauvais S, Balan VK, Zirnsterin G, Cieslak PR, Angulo FJ. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone- resistant Salmonella infection. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1572-1579.
42. Hovius SE, Rietra PJ. Salmonella colitis clinically presenting as a pseudomembranous colitis. Neth J Surg 1982;34:81-82.
43. Danna PL, Urban C, Belin E, Rahal JJ. Role of Candida in pathogenesis of antibiotic associated diarrhoea in elderly inpatients. Lancet 1991;337:511-514.
44. Gupta TP, Ehrinpreis MN. Candida-associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. Gastroenterology 1990;98:780-785.
45. Spencer RC. The role of antimicrobial agents in the aetiology of Clostridium difficile associated disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:21-27.
46. Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidozole and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhoea. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:813-818.
47. Surawicz CM, Mc Farland LV, Elmer G, Chinn J. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis with vancomycin and Saccharomyces boulardii. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;96:981-988.