Psychopathic personality and racial/ethnic differences reconsidered: A reply to Lynn (2002)

Personality and Individual Differences

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1439-1462

  Skeem, Jennifer L ^a   Edens, John F ^b   Sanford, Glenn M ^b   Colwell, Lori H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antisocial personality; Crime; Ethnicity; Psychopathy; Race; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042365034     PISSN: 01918869     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00361-6     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Amar A.R. Three cheers and two quibbles for Professor Kennedy Harvard Law Review 111 1998 1256-1269
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 3rd ed. 1980 APA Washington, DC
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders rev. 3rd ed. 1987 APA Washington, DC
4. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. 1994 APA Washington, DC
5. Anderson J.L. Rushton's racial comparisons: an ecological critique of theory and method Canadian Psychology 32 1991 51-60
6. Archer R. Using the MMPI with adolescents 1987 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
7. Baldus D. Woodworth G. Race discrimination and the death penalty: an empirical and legal overview In Acker J. Bohm R. Lanier C. (Eds.) America's experiment with capital punishment: reflections on the past, present, and future of the ultimate penal sanction 1998 385-416 Carolina Academic Press Durham, NC
8. Blackburn R. Psychopathy and personality disorder: implications of interpersonal theory In Cooke D. Forth A. Hare R. (Eds.) Psychopathy: theory, research and practice 1998 269-301
9. Blum R.W. Beuhring T. Shew M.L. Bearinger L.H. Sieving R.E. Resnick M.D. The effects of race/ethnicity, income, and family structure on adolescent risk behaviors American Journal of Public Health 90 2000 1879-1884
10. Bortner M. Zatz M. Hawkins D. Race and transfer: empirical research and social context In Fagan J. Zimring F. (Eds.) The changing borders of juvenile justice: transfer of adolescents to the criminal court 2000 University of Chicago Press Chicago
11. Boyd W.C. Genetics and the races of man: an introduction to modern physical anthropology 1950 Little, Brown and Company Boston
12. Boyd R. Richerson P. Culture and the evolutionary process 1985 University of Chicago Press Chicago
13. Brandon R. Adaptation and environment 1990 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
14. Brandon R. Concepts and methods in evolutionary biology 1996 Cambridge University Press New York
15. Bray J.H. Adams G.J. Getz J.G. Baer P.E. Developmental, family, and ethnic influences on adolescent alcohol usage: a growth curve approach Journal of Family Psychology 15 2001 301-314
16. Brown R. Herrnstein R. Psychology 1975 Little, Brown Boston, MA
17. Carlo G. Fabes R.A. Laible D. Kupanoff K. Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior II: the role of social and contextual influences Journal of Early Adolescence 19 1999 133-147
18. Cavalli-Sforza L.L. Menozzi P. Piazza A. The history and geography of human genes 1994 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
19. Centerwall B.S. Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide Journal of the American Medical Association 273 1995 1755-1758
20. Cernovsky Z.Z. Litman L.C. Re-analyses of J.P. Rushton's crime data Canadian Journal of Criminology 35 1993 31-36
21. Chandler M. Moran T. Psychopathy and moral development: a comparative study of delinquent and nondelinquent youth Development & Psychopathology 2 1990 227-246
22. Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Act, Texas Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.001-841.147 (1999).
23. Cleckley H. The mask of sanity 1941 Mosby St. Louis, MO
24. Cooke D.J. Kosson D.S. Michie C. Psychopathy and ethnicity: structural, item, and test generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in Caucasian and African American participants Psychological Assessment 13 2001 531-542
25. Cooke D.J. Michie C. Refining the construct of psychopathy: towards a hierarchical model Psychological Assessment 13 2001 171-188
26. Cooney N.L. Kadden R.M. Litt M.D. A comparison of methods for assessing sociopathy in male and female alcoholics Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51 1990 42-48
27. Cuccaro M.L. Wright H.H. Rownd C.V. Abramson R.K. Waller J. Fender D. brief report: Professional perceptions of children with developmental difficulties: the influence of race and socioeconomic status Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26 1996 461-469
28. Cunningham M.R. Barbee A.P. Differential K-selection versus ecological determinants of race differences in sexual behavior Journal of Research in Personality 25 1991 205-217
29. Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (2002). Violence risk assessment at federal capital sentencing: individualization, generalization, relevance, and scientific standards. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 512-537.
30. Dahlstrom W.G. Lachar D. Dahlstrom L.E. MMPI patterns of American minorities 1986 University of Minneapolis Press Minneapolis, MN
31. DeBerry, K. M. (1991). Modeling ecological competence in African American transracial adoptees. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
32. Dollinger S.J. LaMartina A.K. A note on moral reasoning and the five-factor model Journal of Social Behavior & Personality 13 1998 349-358
33. Edens J.F. Misuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in court: two case examples Journal of Interpersonal Violence 16 2001 1082-1093
34. Edens J.F. Petrila J. Buffington-Vollum J.K. Psychopathy and the death penalty: can the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised identify offenders who represent "a continuing threat to society?" Journal of Psychiatry and Law 29 2001 433-481
35. Edens J.F. Skeem J.L. Cruise K.R. Cauffman E. Assessment of 'juvenile psychopathy' and its association with violence: a critical review Behavioral Sciences and the Law 19 2001 53-80
36. Elster J. Functional explanation: in social science In Martin M. McIntyre L. (Eds.) Readings in the philosophy of social science 1983 403-414 MIT Press Cambridge
37. Emler N. Palmer-Canton E. St James A. Politics, moral reasoning and the Defining Issues Test: a reply to Barnett et al. (1995) British Journal of Social Psychology 37 1998 457-476
38. Fairchild H.H. Scientific racism: the cloak of objectivity Journal of Social Issues 47 1991 101-115
39. Faraone S.V. Biederman J. Jetton J.G. Tsuang M.T. Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype Psychological Medicine 27 1997 291-300
40. Fitch W.L. Ortega R.J. Law and the confinement of psychopaths Behavioral Sciences and the Law 18 2000 663-678
41. Flint A.J. Yamada E.G. Novotny T.E. Black-white differences in cigarette smoking uptake: progression from adolescent experimentation to regular use Preventative Medicine 27 1998 358-364
42. Forth A.E. Burke H.C. Psychopathy in adolescence: assessment, violence, and developmental precursors In Cooke D. Forth A. Hare R. (Eds.) Psychopathy: theory, research, and implications for society 1998 205-230 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht Netherlands
43. Forth A. Mailloux D. Psychopathy in youth: what do we know? In Gacono C. (Ed.) The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: a practitioner's guide 2000 25-54 Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ
44. Gabbard G. Psychodynamic psychiatry in the "Decade of the Brain" American Journal of Psychiatry 149 1992 991-998
45. Gendreau, P., Goggin, C., & Smith, P. (2002). Is the PCL-R really the "unparalleled" measure of offender risk? A lesson in knowledge accumulation. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 29, 397-426.
46. Gorey K.M. Cryns A.G. Lack of racial differences in behavior: a quantitative replication of Rushton's (1988) review and an independent meta-analysis Personality and Individual Differences 19 1995 345-353
47. Graham J.R. MMPI-2: assessing personality and psychopathology 1999 Oxford University Press New York
48. Graves J.L.Jr. The misuse of life history theory: J. P. Rushton and the pseudoscience of racial hierarchy In Fish J.M. (Ed.) Race and intelligence: separating science from myth 2002 57 94 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mahwah, NJ
49. Greene R.L. Ethnicity and MMPI performance: a review Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55 1987 497-512
50. Greene R.L. The MMPI-2: an interpretive manual 2nd ed. 2000 Allyn and Bacon Needham Heights, MA
51. Hare R.D. Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 53 1985 7-16
52. Hare R.D. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised manual 1991 Multi-Health Systems Toronto
53. Hare R.D. Without conscience: the disturbing world of the psychopaths among us 1993 Pocket Books New York
54. Hare, R. D. (2001). Psychopathy and its implications: from ivory tower to real world. Invited address presented at the 109th annual conference of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA, August.
55. Hare R.D. Clark D. Grann M. Thornton D. Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: an international perspective Behavioral Sciences and the Law 18 2000 623-645
56. Hare R. Harpur T. Hakistan R. Forth A. Hart S. Newman J. The Revised Psychopathy Checklist: reliability and factor structure Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2 1990 338-341
57. Hare R. Hart S. Harpur T. Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 1991 391-398
58. Harpur T. Hakistan R. Hare R. Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 1988 741-747
59. Harpur T. Hare R. Hakistan R. A two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: construct validity and assessment implications Psychological Assesment 1 1989 6-17
60. Harris R. Lingoes J. Subscales for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Mimeographed materials 1955 The Langley Porter Clinic San Francisco, CA
61. Hart S. Cox D. Hare R. Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) 1995 Multi-Health Systems Toronto
62. Hart S.D. Hare R.D. Psychopathy: assessment and association with criminal conduct Stoff In D.M. Breiling J. Maser J.D. (Eds.) Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997 22-35 Wiley New York
63. Hart S. Watt K. Vincent G. Commentary on Seagrave and Grisso Law and Human Behavior 26 2002 241-245
64. Hemphill J.F. Hare R.D. Wong S. Psychopathy and recidivism: a review Legal and Criminological Psychology 3 1998 139-170
65. Hemphill J. Templeman R. Wong S. Hare R. Psychopathy and crime: recidivism and criminal careers In Cooke D. Forth A. Hare R. (Eds.) Psychopathy: theory, research, and implications for society 1998 374-399 Kluwer Dordrecht, The Netherlands
66. Herrero M.E. Hechtman L. Weiss G. Antisocial disorders in hyperactive subjects from childhood to adulthood: predictive factors and characterization of subgroups American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 64 1994 510-521
67. Herrnstein R. Murray C. The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life 1994 The Free Press New York
68. Hollingshead A.B. Redlich F.C. Social class and mental illness: a community study 1958 Wiley New York
69. Hunt M. The new know-nothings: the political foes of the scientific study of human nature 1999 Transaction Publishers New Brunswick, NJ
70. Jurkovic G.J. The juvenile delinquent as a moral philosopher: a structural-developmental perspective Psychological Bulletin 88 1980 709-727
71. Karpman K. The structure of neurosis: with special differentials between neurosis, psychosis, homosexuality, alcoholism, psychopathy, and criminality Archives of Criminal Psychodynamics 4 1961 599-646
72. Kitcher P. Vaulting ambition: sociobiology and the quest for human nature 1985 The MIT Press Cambridge
73. Kitcher P. The lives to come: the genetic revolution and human possibilities 1996 Simon & Schuster New York
74. Kitcher P. Science, truth, and democracy 2001 Oxford University Press New York
75. Kosson D. Cyterski T. Steuerwald B. Neumann C. Walker-Matthews S. The reliability and validity of the PCL:YV in nonincarcerated adolescent males Psychological Assessment 14 2002 97-109
76. Kosson D. Smith S. Newman J. Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in Black and White male inmates: three preliminary studies Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99 1990 250-259
77. Lahey B.B. Loeber R. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and adult antisocial behavior: a life span perspective In Stoff D. Breiling J. Maser J. (Eds.) Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997 51-59 John Wiley & Sons New York
78. Lieberman L. How "Caucasoids" got such big crania and why they shrank: from Morton to Rushton Current Anthropology 42 2001 69-95
79. Lilienfeld S. Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy Clinical Psychology Review 14 1994 17-38
80. Lilienfeld S.O. The MMPI-2 Antisocial Practices Content Scale: construct validity and comparison with the Psychopathic Deviate Scale Psychological Assessment 8 1996 281-293
81. Lilienfeld S. Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 1998 99-125
82. Lilienfeld S. When worlds collide: social science, politics and the Rind et al. (1998) child sexual abuse meta-analysis American Psychologist 57 2002 176-188
83. Lilienfeld S. Purcell C. Jones-Alexander J. Assessment of antisocial behavior in adults In Stoff D. Breiling J. Maser J. (Eds.) Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997 60-74 John Wiley & Sons New York
84. Lilienfeld S.O. Waldman I. The relation between childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and adult antisocial behavior reexamined: the problem of heterogeneity Clinical Psychology Review 10 1990 699-725
85. Locke D.C. Tucker D.O. Race and moral judgment development scores Counseling & Values. Special Issue: The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg 32 1988 232-235
86. Loranger A. Personality Disorder Examination (PDE) manual 1988 DV Communications Yonkers, NY
87. Lynam D.R. Early identification of chronic offenders: who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychological Bulletin 120 1996 209-234
88. Lynn R. Racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality Personality and Individual Differences 32 2002 273-316
89. Mack, G. M. (1999). Effects of race on the clinical assessment of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, St. Johns University, New York.
90. Marshall L. Cooke D. The role of childhood experiences in the aetiology of psychopathy Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology 24 1995 107-108
91. McCord W. McCord J. The psychopath: an essay on the criminal mind 1964 Van Nostrand Princeton, NJ
92. McNeilly T. Evolution in closely adjacent plant populations III: Agrostis tenuis on a small copper mine Heredity 23 1968 99-108
93. Meehl P. High school yearbooks: a reply to Schwarz Journal of Abnormal Psychology 77 1971 143-148
94. Meloy J. Gacono C. Assessing psychopathy: psychological testing and report writing In Gacono C. (Ed.) The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy 2000 231-249 Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ
95. Monahan J. Steadman H. Silver E. Appelbaum P. Robbins P. Mulvey E. Roth L. Grisso T. Banks S. Rethinking risk assessment: the MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence 2001 Oxford University Press New York
96. Moon Y. A review of cross-cultural studies on moral judgment development using the Defining Issues Test Behavior Science Research 20 1986 147-177
97. Murk D.A. Addleman J.A. Relations among moral reasoning, locus of control, and demographic variables among college students Psychological Reports 70 1992 467-476
98. Neapolitan J.L. Cross-national variation in homicides: is race a factor? Criminology 36 1998 139-156
99. Newman J.P. Schmitt W. Passive avoidance in psychopathic offenders: a replication and extension Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107 1998 527-532
100. Paschall M.J. Flewelling R.L. Ennett S.T. Racial differences in violent behavior among young adults: moderating and confounding effects Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35 1998 148-165
101. Pilkonis P.A. Klein K.R. Commentary on the assessment and diagnosis of antisocial behavior and personality In Stoff D. Breiling J. Maser J. (Eds.) Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997 109-112 John Wiley & Sons New York
102. Reid R. Casat C.D. Norton H.J. Anastopoulos A.D. Temple E.P. Using behavior rating scales for ADHD across ethnic groups: the IOWA Conners Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 9 2001 210-218
103. Reid R. DuPaul G.J. Power T.J. Anastopoulos A.D. Rogers-Adkinson D. Noll M.B. Riccio C. Assessing culturally different students for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using behavior rating scales Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 26 1998 187-198
104. Rest J. Development in judging moral issues 1979 University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis
105. Rest J. Cooper D. Coder R. Masanz J. Anderson D. Judging the important issues in moral dilemmas: an objective measure of development Developmental Psychology 10 1974 491-501
106. Rest J. Narvaez D. Thoma S.J. Bebeau M.J. DIT2: devising and testing a new instrument of moral judgment Journal of Educational Psychology 91 1999 644-659
107. Rice M.E. Violent offender research and implications for the criminal justice system American Psychologist 52 1997 414-423
108. Ridenour T. Marchant G. Dean R. Is the Revised Psychopathy Checklist clinically useful for adolescents? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 19 2001 227-238
109. Robins L. Deviant children grown up 1966 Williams and Williams Baltimore, MD
110. Robins L. Tipp J. Przybeck T. Antisocial personality In Robins L. Regier D. (Eds.) Psychiatric disorders in America 1991 258-290 The Free Press New York
111. Rushton J.P. The reality of race differences: a rejoinder with new evidence Personality and Individual Differences 9 1988 1035-1040
112. Rushton J.P. Do r-K strategies underlie human race differences? A reply to Weizmann et al Canadian Psychology 32 1991 29-42
113. Rushton J.P. Race differences: a reply to Mealey Psychological Science 2 1991 126
114. Rushton J.P. The equalitarian dogma revisited Intelligence 19 1994 263-280
115. Rushton J.P. Race and crime: a reply to Cernovsky and Litman Canadian Journal of Criminology 36 1994 79-82
116. Rushton J.P. Race evolution and behavior 2000 Transaction New Brunswick, NJ
117. Salekin R.T. Rogers R. Sewell K.W. A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: predictive validity of dangerousness Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice 3 1996 203-215
118. Sampson R. Bartusch D. Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: the neighborhood context of racial differences Law & Society Review 32 1998 777-804
119. Sanders C.E. Lubinski D. Benbow C. Persson C. Does the Defining Issues Test measure psychological phenomena distinct from verbal ability? An examination of Lykken's query Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 69 1995 498-504
120. Seagrave D. Grisso T. Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy Law and Human Behavior 26 2002 219-239
121. Shillington A.M. Clapp J.D. Self-report stability of adolescent substance use: are there differences for gender, ethnicity and age? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60 2000 19-27
122. Silver E. Race, neighborhood disadvantage, and violence among persons with mental disorders: the importance of contextual measurement Law and Human Behavior 24 2000 449-456
123. Silver E. Mulvey E. Monahan J. Assessing violence risk among discharged psychiatric patients: toward an ecological approach Law and Human Behavior 23 1999 235-253
124. Skeem, J., Edens, J., & Colwell, L. (2002). Do racial groups differ in levels of psychopathy? A meta-analysis. Unpublished manuscript.
125. Skeem, J., Cauffman, E., & Nold, J. (2002). Recent research and legal developments on juvenile psychopathy. In J. Skeem (Chair), Assessing juvenile psychopathy: current controversies and historical context. Symposium conducted at the Biennial Conference of the American Psychology-Law Society (Austin, TX), March.
126. Skeem, J., Poythress, N., Edens, J., Lilienfeld, S., & Cale, E. (in press). Psychopathic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications for risk assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior.
127. Smith D.F. Ethnic origins, crime and criminal justice in England and Wales In Tonry M. (Ed.) Ethnicity, crime and immigration 1997 University of Chicago Press Chicago
128. Sober E. The nature of selection: evolutionary theory in philosophical focus 1984 University of Chicago Press Chicago
129. Steffensmeier D. Ulmer J. Kramer J. The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: the punishment cost of being young, black, and male Criminology 36 1998 763-797
130. Swartz M. Swanson J. Hiday V. Borum R. Wagner R. Burns B. Violence and severe mental illness: the effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication American Journal of Psychiatry 155 1998 226-231
131. Taylor J. Whitney G. US racial profiling in the prevention of crime: is there an empirical basis? Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 24 1999 485-509
132. Thapar A. Harrington R. McGuffin P. Examining the comorbidity of ADHD-related behaviours and conduct problems using a twin study design British Journal of Psychiatry 179 2001 224-229
133. Thoma S.J. Narvaez D. Rest J. Derryberry P. Does moral judgment development reduce to political attitudes or verbal ability? Educational Psychology Review 11 1999 325-342
134. Timbrook R.E. Graham J.R. Ethnic differences on the MMPI-2? Psychological Assessment 6 1994 212-217
135. Trevethan S.D. Walker L.J. Hypothetical versus real-life moral reasoning among psychopathic and delinquent youth Development & Psychopathology 1 1989 91-103
136. US v. Stitt, Transcript, Death Penalty Phase, File No. 2:98cr47, 2 November 1998.
137. Vanderwolf C.H. Cain D.P. The neurobiology of race and Kipling's cat Personality and Individual Differences 12 1991 97-98
138. Vincent G. Hart S. Psychopathy in childhood and adolescence: implications for the assessment and management of multi-problem youths In Corrodo R. Roesch R. Hart S. Gierowski J. (Eds.) Multi-problem youth: a foundation for comparative research on needs, interventions and outcomes 2002 105 IOS Press Burke, VA
139. Vos D. The role of sexual imprinting for sexual recognition in zebra finches: a difference between males and females Animal Behaviour 50 1995 645-653
140. Weiler B. Widom C. Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 6 1996 253-271
141. Whitney G. Professor Shockley 's experiment Mankind Quarterly 37 1996 41-60
142. Widiger T.A. Corbitt E.M. Comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder with other personality disorders In Stoff D.M. Breiling J.M. Maser J.D. (Eds.) Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997 75-82 Wiley New York
143. Widiger T. Cadoret R. Hare R. Robins L. Rutherford M. Zanarini M. Alterman A. Apple M. Corbitt E. Forth A. Hart S. Kultermann J. Woody G. Frances A. DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder field trial Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 1996 3-16
144. Widiger T. Lynam D. Psychopathy and the Five-Factor Model of personality In Millon T. Simonsen E. Birket-Smith M. Davis R. (Eds.) Psychopathy: antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior 1998 171-187 Guilford Press New York
145. Wrightsman L. Greene E. Nietzel M. Fortune W. Psychology and the legal system 5th ed. 2002 Brooks/Cole Pacific Grove, CA
146. Wygant S.A. Moral reasoning about real-life dilemmas: paradox in research using the Defining Issues Test Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 23 1997 1022-1033
147. Zinger I. Forth A.E. Psychopathy and Canadian criminal proceedings: the potential for human rights abuses Canadian Journal of Criminology 40 1998 237-276