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The hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection (3) predicts that within a species, females should prefer to mate with "bright" males in order to gain indirect genetic benefits - the assumption being that "brightness" is correlated with parasite resistance. This prediction should also hold among species, such that species with higher average parasite burdens should have more elaborate ornamentation in males.
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The immunocompetence handicap proposes that males honestly signal their parasite resistance. This is due to the assumed, but highly debated, dual function of testosterone: It mediates the expression of secondary sex traits but compromises the immune system. Only the "best" males are able to express attractive traits and to withstand parasitic infections.
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We are grateful to J. Kurtz, M. Fellowes, Y. Moret, S. Armitage, K. Reinhardt, D. Coltman, and an anonymous reviewer for comments that greatly improved the manuscript. Thanks also to G. D. D. Hurst for allowing access to a paper in press. We acknowledge the European Science Foundation, their support for the workshop that stimulated this manuscript, and the participants at that workshop. J.R. was supported by a Marie Curie Fellowship, and M.T.S-J was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council grant GR3/12121.
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