Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection

Journal of the National Medical Association

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 363-382

  Funnyé, Allen S ^a   Akhtar, Abbasi J ^b   Ven, Dip ^b  

^a KING DREW MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

AIDS; Co infection; HIV; Syphilis

Indexed keywords

BENZATHINE PENICILLIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; PROCAINE PENICILLIN; TETRACYCLINE;

AFRICA; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ERADICATION THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INFECTION PREVENTION; NEUROSYPHILIS; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS; SYPHILIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM; VENEREAL DISEASE REACTION TEST; AFRICAN AMERICAN; HIV INFECTIONS; MIXED INFECTION;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; COINFECTION; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; SYPHILIS;

EID: 0041819724     PISSN: 00279684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Singh AE, Romanowski B. Syphilis: Review with Emphasis on Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Some Biologic Features. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1999; 12:187-209.
2. Hudson M, Morton RS. Fracastgoro and Syphilis:500 Years On. Lancet. 1996; 348:1495-1496. Pearce JMS. A note on the origins of syphilis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1998; 64:542-547.
3. Pearce JMS. A note on the origins of syphilis. Journ of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1998; 64:542-547.
4. Fleming WL. Syphilis Through the Ages. Med Clin North Am. 1964;48:587-612.
5. Clark EG, Danbolt N. The Oslo Study of the national cause of untreated syphilis: an epidemiologic investigation based on a restudy of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material. Med Clin North Am. 1964;48:613-623.
6. Clark EG, Danbolt N. The Oslo Study of the natural history of untreated syphilis. J Chronic Dis. 1955;2:311-44. 1.
7. Rockwell DH, Yobs AR, Moore MB. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis. Arch Int Med. 1964; 114:792-798.
8. White R. Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated syphilis. Arch Int Med. 2000; 160: 585-598.
9. Mahoney JF, Arnold RC, Sterner BL, Harris A, Zwally MR. Penicillin Treatment of Early Syphilis: II. JAMA. 1944; 126:63-67.
10. Fairchild AL, Bayer R. Uses and Abuses of Tuskegee. Science Magazine. 1999; 284:919-921.
11. Gamble, VN. Under the Shadow of Tuskegee:African Americans and Health Care [Public Health Then and Now]. Am Jour Pub Health. 1997;87:1773-1778.
12. Selik. AIDS trends in United States 1978-1982. Am J Med. 1984; 76:493-500.
13. Sharp D. A controversial HIV/AIDS hypothesis. Lancet. 1999; 354:1129-1130.
14. CDC. Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia Among Homosexual Men - New York City and California. MMWR. 1981; 30:305-308.
15. CDC. Epidemiologic aspects of the current outbreak of Kaposi's Sarcoma and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med. 1982; 306:248-252.
16. EDurack DT. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's Sarcoma in homosexual men. NEJM. 1981;305:1465-1467.
17. CDC. Pneumocystis Pneumonia - Los Angeles. MMWR. 1981;30:1-3.
18. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, Brown AE, Kornfeld SJ, Gold J et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. NEJM. 1981; 305:1439-1444.
19. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, Weisman JD, Fan PT, Wolf RA, Saxon A. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men. Evidence of a New Acquired Cellular Immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1426-1438.
20. Hastings GE, Weber RJ. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Part I. Clinical Features and Diagnosis. Am Fam Phy. 1993; 602-608.
21. Allason-Jones E. The gay bowel syndrome. Br J Hosp Med. 1987; 38:397.
22. O'Keefe R, Marcus P, Townsend J, Gold M. Use of the Term "Gay Bowel Syndrome." Am Fam Phy. 1994;49:580.
23. Hooper E. The River. A Journey Back to the Source of HIV and AIDS. Boston: Little and Brown 1999. page 7-8.
24. Sepkowitz KA. AIDS - the first 20 years. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1764-1772.
25. Gold J, Dwyer J. A short history of AIDS. Med J Aust. 1994;160:251-252.
26. Centers for Disease Control. Primary and Secondary Syphilis - United States, 1999. MMWR. 2001;50:113-7.
27. Koplan J. Syphilis Elimination: History in the Making-Opening Remarks. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000; 27:63-64.
28. Satcher D. Syphilis Elimination: History in the Making Closing Remarks. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000;27:66-67.
29. CDC. National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2000. STD Surveillance 2000. cdc.gov/std/stats/2000NatOverview.htm.
30. Torian LV, Makki HA, Menzies IB, et al. HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex with Men, New York City Department of Health Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics, 1990-1999. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002;29:73-78.
31. CDC. STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities. STD Surveillance. 2000;59-64.
32. Lopez-Zetina J, Ford W, Weber M, Barna S, Woerhle T, Kerndt P, Monterroso E. Predictors of Syphilis seroreactivity and prevalence of HIV among street recruited injection drug users in Los Angeles County, 1994-6. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000;76:462-9.
33. Dada AJ, Ajayi AO, Diamondstone L, et al. A Serosurvey of Haemophilus ducreyi, Syphilis, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Their Association With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Female Sex Workers in Lagos, Nigeria. Sexually Trans Dis. 1998;25:237-242.
34. Gwanzura L, Latif A, Bassett M, et al. Syphilis serology and HIV infection in Harare, Zimbabwe. Sex Transm Inf. 1999;75:426-430.
35. Azim T, Islam MN, Bogaerts J, et al. Prevalence of HIV and syphilis among high-risk groups in Bangladesh. [Letter] AIDS. 2000; 14:210-1.
36. van den Hoek A, Yuliang F, Dukers NH, et al. High prevalence of syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases; 87: among sex workers in China: potential for fast spread of HIV. AIDS. 2001; 15:753-9.
37. Azim T, Bogaerts J, Yirrell DL, et al. Injecting drug users in Bangladesh: prevalence of syphilis, hepatitis, HIV and HIV subtypes. AIDS. 2002; 16:121-3.
38. Rahlenbeck SI, Yohannes G, Molla K, et al. Infection with HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B in Ethiopia: a survey in blood donors. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 1997; 8:261-264.
39. Centers for Disease Control. HIV and AIDS - United States, 1981 - 2000. MMWR. 2001;50:430-455.
40. Nuttbrock L, Rosenblum A, Magura S, et al. The association between cocaine use and HIV/STDs among soup kitchen attendees in New York City. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2000;25:86-91.
41. Blocker ME, Levine WC, St. Louis ME. HIV Prevalence in Patients With Syphilis, United States. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000; 27:53-59.
42. Herrera GA, Lackritz EM, Janssen RS, et al. Serologic test for syphilis as a surrogate marker for human immunodeficiency virus infection among United States blood donors. Transfusion. 1997; 37: 836-840.
43. Harkess JR, Kudlac J, Istre GR. Syphilis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, and Targeting Prevention. Southern Med Jour. 1990; 83: 1253-1255.
44. Laurent R. Syphilis Acquise et Infection par le VIH. Presse Med. 1994; 23:1621-6.
45. Kalichman SC, Rompa D, Cage M. Sexually transmitted infections among HIV seropositive men and women. Sex Transm Inf. 2000;76:350-354.
46. Krech T. Fortschr. Syphilis and AIDS. Eine historische Parallele. Fortschr. Med. 1988;106:439-42.
47. Baughn RE, Tung KSK, Musher DM. Detection of circulating immune complexes in the sera of rabbits with experimental syphilis: possible role in immunoregulation. Infect Immun. 1980;29:575.
48. Baughn RF, Musher DM. Altered immune responsiveness associated with experimental syphilis in the rabbit. Elevated IgG and depressed IgA response to sheep erythrocytes. J Immunol. 1978; 120: 1691.
49. McCune JM. The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease. Nature. 2001;410:974-979.
50. Pavia CS, Folds JD, et al. Cell mediated immunity during syphilis: a review. Br J Vener Dis. 1978;54:144-50.
51. Ammann AJ, Schiffman G, Abrams D, Volberding P, Ziegler J, Conant M. B-cell immunodeficiency in AIDS. JAMA. 1984;251:1477.
52. - Subsets. J Immunol. 1985;134:820.
53. Chemtai AK. Immunology of HIV infection and AIDS: a review. East Afr Med J. 1989;66:837-43.
54. Farnes SW, Setness PA. Serologic tests for syphilis. Postgrad Med. 1990;87:37-41,45-6.
55. Cuddy PG. Benzathine penicillin G in the treatment of neurosyphilis. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1982;16:205-10.
56. Hook EW. Syphilis and HIV Infection. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:530-534.
57. Johns DR, Tierney M, Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1569-72.
58. Lane HC, Masur H, Edgar LC, Whalen G, Rook AH, Fauci AS. Serum immunoglobulin elevations in patients with AIDS. NEJM. 1983;309:453.
59. Fowler VG, Maxwell GL, Myers SA, Shea CR, Livengood, CN, Prieto VG, Hicks CB. Failure of Benzathine Penicillin in a Case of Seronegative Secondary Syphilis in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1374-1376.
60. Hicks CB, Benson PM, Lupton GP, Tramont EC. Seronegative secondary syphilis in a patient infected with the HIV virus and Kaposi's sarcoma: a diagnostic dilemma. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 107:492-5.
61. Spangler AS, Jackson J, Fiumara NJ, Warthin TA. Syphilis with a negative blood test reaction. JAMA 1964;189:113-6.
62. Musher DM, Hague-Park M, Gyorkey F, Anderson DC, Baughn RE. The interaction between Treponema pallidum and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Infect Dis. 1983;147:77.
63. Czelusta A, Yen-Moore A, Van der Straten M, Carrasco D, Tyring SK. An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. Part III. Sexually transmitted diseases in HIV-infected patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000; 43:409-32.
64. Ho, DD. Time to Hit HIV, Early and Hard. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:450-451.
65. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:123-126.
66. Wei, X, Ghosh, SK, Taylor ME, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:117-122.
67. Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Gakinya MN, et al. HIV infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. Experience from a center in Africa. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:274-8.
68. Dickerson MC, Johnston J, Delea TE, et al. The Causal Role for Genital Ulcer Disease as a Risk Factor for Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1996;23:433-440.
69. Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contributrion of other sexually transmitted disease to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Trans Inf. 1999;75:3-17.
70. Korenromp EI, de Vlas SJ, Nagelkerke JD, Habbema JDF. Estimating the Magnitude of STD Cofactor Effects on HIV Transmission. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001; 28:613-621.
71. Cohen MS. Sexually transmitted diseases enhance HIV transmission: no longer a hypothesis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1998; 351(suppl III):5-7.
72. Engering A, van Vliet SJ, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Kooyk Y. Subset of DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells in human blood transmits HIV-1 to T lymphocytes. Blood. 2002; 100:1780-1786.
73. Vanham G, Penne L, Allemeersch H et. al. Modeling HIV transfer between dendritic cells and T cells: importance of HIV phenotype, dendritic cell-T cell contact and T-cell activation. AIDS. 2000; 14:2299-311.
74. Sellati TJ, Wilkinson DA, Sheffield JS, et al. Virulent Treponema pallidum, lipoprotein, and synthetic lipopeptides induce CCR5 on human monocytes and enhance their susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000;181: 283-93.
75. Greenblatt RM, Lukehart SA, Plummer FA, et al. Genital ulceration as a risk factor for HIV infection. AIDS. 1988;2:47-50.
76. Rottingen JA, Cameron DW, Garnett GP. A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Interactions Between Classic Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001;28:581-597.
77. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 1995; 346: 530-36.
78. Wawer Mj, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomized community trial. Lancet. 1999; 353:525-35.
79. Grosskurth H, Gray R, Hayes R, et al. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1 prevention: understanding the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1981-87.
80. Nicoll A, Johnson AM, Adler MW, Laga M. Correspondence. Preventing HIV-1: lessons from Mwanza and Rakai. Lancet. 1999; 353:1522.
81. van Voorst Vader PC. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Syphilis Management and Treatment. Dermatologic Clinics. 1998; 16:699-711.
82. Langtry JA, Copeman PWM. Late secondary syphilis altered by systemic corticosteroid in a human immunodeficiency virus antibody positive man. J R Soc Med. 1990;83:49.
83. Augenbraun MH, DeHovitz JA, Feldman J, et al. Biological false-positive syphilis test results for women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Inf Dis. 1994;19:1040-4.
84. Rompalo AM, Cannon RO, Quinn TC, Hook EW 3rd. Association of biologic false-positive reactions for syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1992;1124-6.
85. CDC. Recommendations for diagnosing and treating syphilis in HIV-infected patients. MMWR. 1988; 37:600-8.
86. Birnbaum NR, Goldschmidt RH, Buffett WO. Resolving the Common Clinical Dilemmas of Syphilis. American Family Physician. 1999;59:2233-40.
87. Fleming DT, Levine WC, Trees DL, et al. Syphilis in Atlanta During an Era of Declining Incidence. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000;27:68-73.
88. McDaniel WE. Unusual manifestations of syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection [Letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19:578.
89. Augenbraun M, Rolfs R, Johnson R, Joesoef R, Pope V, Syphilis and HIV Study Group. Treponemal Specific Tests for the Serodiagnosis of Syphilis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998; 25: 549-552.
90. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). National guideline for the management of early syphilis. Sex Transm Inf. 1999;75 (Suppl 1):S29-S33.
91. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). National guideline for the management of late syphilis. Sex Transm Inf. 1999;75 (Suppl 1):S34-S37.
92. CDC. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002. Syphilis. MMWR. 2002; 51(RR-6):18-25.
93. Brown ST, Zaidi A, Larsen SA, Reynolds GH. Serological response to syphilis treatment: a new analysis of old data. JAMA. 1985;253:1296-9.
94. Smith CA, Kamp M, Olansky S, Price EV. Benzathine penicillin G in the treatment of syphilis. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 1956;15:1087-1096.
95. Short DH, Knox JM, Glicksman J. Neurosyphilis, the search for adequate treatment. Arch Dermat. 1966;93:87-91.
96. Tramont EC. Syphilis in the AIDS era. (Editorial) N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1600-1.
97. Lukehart SA, Hook EW, Baker-Zander SA, et al. Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Treponema pallidum: Implicatrions for Diagnosis and Treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988;109:855-862.
98. George D, Alexander WJ. Possible penicillin treatment failure in primary syphilis. Ala J Med Sci. 1988;25:427-9.
99. Schroeter AL, Turner RH, et al. Treatment of early syphilis and the reactivity of serologic tests. JAMA. 1972;221:471-6.
100. Yinnon, AM, Coury-Doniger P, Polito R, Reichman RC. Serologic Response to Treatment of Syphilis in Patients with HIV Infection. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996;156:321-325.
101. Berry CD, Hooton TM, Collier AC, Lukehart SA. Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1587-1589.
102. Musher DM. How much penicillin cures early syphilis? Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:849-51.
103. Green BM, Miller NR, Bynum TE. Failure of penicillin G benzathine in the treatment of neurosyphilis. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140:1117-8.
104. Tramont EC. Persistence of Treponema pallidum following penicillin G therapy. JAMA. 1976;236:2206-7.
105. Mohr JA, Griffiths W, et al. Neurosyphilis and penicillin levels in CSF. JAMA. 1976;236:2208-9.
106. Van der Valk PG, et al. Penicillin concentrations in CSF during repository treatment regimen for syphilis. Genitourin Med. 1988;64:223-5.