Shifting to the right: The evolution of equity in the South African government's developmental and education policies, 1990-1999

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2002, Pages

  Weber, Everard ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041817932     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/341158     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Stephen J. Ball, Politics and Policy Making in Education: Explorations in Policy Sociology (London: Routledge, 1990); Louis Althusser, For Marx (London: Allen Lane, 1969).
2. Stephen J. Ball, Politics and Policy Making in Education: Explorations in Policy Sociology (London: Routledge, 1990); Louis Althusser, For Marx (London: Allen Lane, 1969).
3. Leon Tikly, "Changing South African Schools? An Analysis and Critique of Post-election Government Policy," Journal of Education Policy 12, no. 3 (May-June 1997): 177-88.
4. Peter Delius and Stefan Schirmer, "Historical Research and Policy Making in South Africa," African Studies 59, no. 1 (2000): 5-12.
5. National Education Co-ordinating Committee, The National Education Policy Investigation: The Framework Report and Final Report Summaries (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1993).
6. Peter Kallaway, Glenda Kruss, Aslam Fataar, and Gari Donn, eds., Education after Apartheid: South African Education in Transition (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 1997), p. 1.
7. Ralph Hall, "Equity in Social Theory," in A Just Society? ed. Patrick N. Troy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1981); M. T. Hallinan, "Equality of Educational Opportunity," Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 249-68; Christopher Jencks, Marshall Smith, Henry Acland, Mary Jo Bane, Herbert Gintis, Barbara Heynes, and Stephen Michelson, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic, 1972); Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit, "Persistent Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities in Thirteen Countries," in Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, ed. Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993); James Samuel Coleman, Equality and Achievement in Education (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990).
8. Ralph Hall, "Equity in Social Theory," in A Just Society? ed. Patrick N. Troy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1981); M. T. Hallinan, "Equality of Educational Opportunity," Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 249-68; Christopher Jencks, Marshall Smith, Henry Acland, Mary Jo Bane, Herbert Gintis, Barbara Heynes, and Stephen Michelson, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic, 1972); Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit, "Persistent Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities in Thirteen Countries," in Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, ed. Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993); James Samuel Coleman, Equality and Achievement in Education (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990).
9. Ralph Hall, "Equity in Social Theory," in A Just Society? ed. Patrick N. Troy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1981); M. T. Hallinan, "Equality of Educational Opportunity," Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 249-68; Christopher Jencks, Marshall Smith, Henry Acland, Mary Jo Bane, Herbert Gintis, Barbara Heynes, and Stephen Michelson, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic, 1972); Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit, "Persistent Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities in Thirteen Countries," in Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, ed. Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993); James Samuel Coleman, Equality and Achievement in Education (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990).
10. Ralph Hall, "Equity in Social Theory," in A Just Society? ed. Patrick N. Troy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1981); M. T. Hallinan, "Equality of Educational Opportunity," Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 249-68; Christopher Jencks, Marshall Smith, Henry Acland, Mary Jo Bane, Herbert Gintis, Barbara Heynes, and Stephen Michelson, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic, 1972); Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit, "Persistent Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities in Thirteen Countries," in Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, ed. Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993); James Samuel Coleman, Equality and Achievement in Education (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990).
11. Ralph Hall, "Equity in Social Theory," in A Just Society? ed. Patrick N. Troy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1981); M. T. Hallinan, "Equality of Educational Opportunity," Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 249-68; Christopher Jencks, Marshall Smith, Henry Acland, Mary Jo Bane, Herbert Gintis, Barbara Heynes, and Stephen Michelson, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic, 1972); Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit, "Persistent Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities in Thirteen Countries," in Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, ed. Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Yossi Shavit (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993); James Samuel Coleman, Equality and Achievement in Education (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990).
12. For example, Barbara Heyns, Summer Learning and the Effects of Schooling (New York: Academic Press, 1978).
13. David Miller, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," British Journal of Political Science 21, no. 3 (July 1991): 371-91; Iris Marion Young, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," Social Theory and Practice 18, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Andrew Sturman, Social Justice in Education (Melbourne: Acer, 1997). The quotation is from R. W. Connell, Schools and Social Justice (Montreal: Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation, 1993), p. 16.
14. David Miller, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," British Journal of Political Science 21, no. 3 (July 1991): 371-91; Iris Marion Young, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," Social Theory and Practice 18, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Andrew Sturman, Social Justice in Education (Melbourne: Acer, 1997). The quotation is from R. W. Connell, Schools and Social Justice (Montreal: Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation, 1993), p. 16.
15. David Miller, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," British Journal of Political Science 21, no. 3 (July 1991): 371-91; Iris Marion Young, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," Social Theory and Practice 18, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Andrew Sturman, Social Justice in Education (Melbourne: Acer, 1997). The quotation is from R. W. Connell, Schools and Social Justice (Montreal: Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation, 1993), p. 16.
16. David Miller, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," British Journal of Political Science 21, no. 3 (July 1991): 371-91; Iris Marion Young, "Recent Theories of Social Justice," Social Theory and Practice 18, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Andrew Sturman, Social Justice in Education (Melbourne: Acer, 1997). The quotation is from R. W. Connell, Schools and Social Justice (Montreal: Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation, 1993), p. 16.
17. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971); Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Elsevier, 1983); Hall.
18. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971); Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Elsevier, 1983); Hall.
19. Walter G. Secada, ed., Equity in Education (New York: Falmer, 1989). The quotation is from Joel Samoff, "Frameworks: South African Education and Training Policy Statements, 1994-1996" (paper prepared for presentation at the Comparative and International Education Society Annual Conference, Mexico City, March 19-23, 1997), p. 11.
20. Walter G. Secada, ed., Equity in Education (New York: Falmer, 1989). The quotation is from Joel Samoff, "Frameworks: South African Education and Training Policy Statements, 1994-1996" (paper prepared for presentation at the Comparative and International Education Society Annual Conference, Mexico City, March 19-23, 1997), p. 11.
21. Hallinan; Doris R. Entwisle, Karl L. Alexander, and Linda Steffel Olson, Children, Schools and Inequality (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997), p. 7.
22. Yusuf Sayed, "Post-apartheid Educational Transformation: Policy Concerns and Approaches," in Implementing Education Policies: The South African Experience, ed. Jonathan D.Jansen and Yusuf Sayed (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2001), p. 255.
23. Secada, pp. 70-74.
24. R. W. Connell, "Poverty and Education," Harvard Educational Review 64, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 125-50, quote on 140; see also Connell, Schools and Social Justice; Secada, p. 75; Pamela G. Fry, "Equity: A Vision for Multicultural Education," Equity and Excellence 25, nos. 2-4 (Winter 1992): 139-44.
25. R. W. Connell, "Poverty and Education," Harvard Educational Review 64, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 125-50, quote on 140; see also Connell, Schools and Social Justice; Secada, p. 75; Pamela G. Fry, "Equity: A Vision for Multicultural Education," Equity and Excellence 25, nos. 2-4 (Winter 1992): 139-44.
26. R. W. Connell, "Poverty and Education," Harvard Educational Review 64, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 125-50, quote on 140; see also Connell, Schools and Social Justice; Secada, p. 75; Pamela G. Fry, "Equity: A Vision for Multicultural Education," Equity and Excellence 25, nos. 2-4 (Winter 1992): 139-44.
27. R. W. Connell, "Poverty and Education," Harvard Educational Review 64, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 125-50, quote on 140; see also Connell, Schools and Social Justice; Secada, p. 75; Pamela G. Fry, "Equity: A Vision for Multicultural Education," Equity and Excellence 25, nos. 2-4 (Winter 1992): 139-44.
28. Carole Pateman, "The Concept of Equity," in Troy, ed., p. 22.
29. See, e.g., Bruce Fuller and Liang Xiaoyan, "Which Girls Stay in School? The Influence of Family Economy, Social Demands, and Ethnicity in South Africa," in Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World, ed. Caroline Bledsoe, John B. Casterline, Jennifer A. Johnson-Kuhn, and John G. Haaga (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998).
30. Sturman (n. 8 above), p. 104.
31. Ibid., pp. 16-17.
32. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1990); Richard F. Elmore, "The Origins and Problems of Education Reform in the United States," in Handbook of Modem Education and Its Alternatives, ed. William K. Cummings and Noel F. McGinn (Oxford: Elsevier, 1997); National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1983).
33. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1990); Richard F. Elmore, "The Origins and Problems of Education Reform in the United States," in Handbook of Modem Education and Its Alternatives, ed. William K. Cummings and Noel F. McGinn (Oxford: Elsevier, 1997); National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1983).
34. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1990); Richard F. Elmore, "The Origins and Problems of Education Reform in the United States," in Handbook of Modem Education and Its Alternatives, ed. William K. Cummings and Noel F. McGinn (Oxford: Elsevier, 1997); National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1983).
35. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
36. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
37. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
38. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
39. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
40. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
41. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
42. Ball (n. 1 above) ; Leslie Bash and David Coulby, eds., Contradiction and Conflict: The 1988 Education Reform Act in Action (London: Cassell, 1991); Jose Camilo dos Santos Filho, "The Recent Process of Decentralization and Democratic Management of Education in Brazil," International Review of Education 39, no. 5 (September 1993): 391-403; Bob Lingard, John Knight, and Paige Porter, eds., Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London: Falmer, 1993); Kai-ming Cheng, "The Changing Legitimacy in a Decentralizing System: The State of Education Development in China," International Journal of Educational Development 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 265-69; Gerald H. Read, "Russian Education: The Rise of a Meritocracy," Educational Forum 60, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 46-55; Noel F. McGinn, "Education, Democratization, and Globalization: A Challenge for Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 40, no. 4 (November 1996): 341-57; Norrel A. London, "Community Engagement in the Implementation of Educational Policy in Trinidad and Tobago," Interchange 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 335-48.
43. The Freedom Charter, in Francis Meli, A History of the ANC: South Africa Belongs to Us (London: James Currey, 1989), pp. 210-13.
44. I b i d.
45. Raymond Suttner and Jeremy Cronin, Thirty Years of the Freedom Charter (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986); Dennis Davis, "The Freedom Charter: A Challenge and Bequest," in The Freedom Charter and Beyond: Founding Principles for a Democratic South African Legal Order, ed. Nico Steytler (Cape Town: Wyvern, 1991); and David Everatt, "The Freedom Charter in Historical Perspective," also in Steytler, ed.
46. Raymond Suttner and Jeremy Cronin, Thirty Years of the Freedom Charter (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986); Dennis Davis, "The Freedom Charter: A Challenge and Bequest," in The Freedom Charter and Beyond: Founding Principles for a Democratic South African Legal Order, ed. Nico Steytler (Cape Town: Wyvern, 1991); and David Everatt, "The Freedom Charter in Historical Perspective," also in Steytler, ed.
47. Raymond Suttner and Jeremy Cronin, Thirty Years of the Freedom Charter (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986); Dennis Davis, "The Freedom Charter: A Challenge and Bequest," in The Freedom Charter and Beyond: Founding Principles for a Democratic South African Legal Order, ed. Nico Steytler (Cape Town: Wyvern, 1991); and David Everatt, "The Freedom Charter in Historical Perspective," also in Steytler, ed.
48. John D. Omer-Cooper, History of Southern Africa, 2d ed. (Cape Town: David Philip, 1994), p. 208.
49. Alec Erwin, "The Question of Unity in the Struggle," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 1 (September 1985): 51-70; Jeremy Cronin, "The Question of Unity - a Reply," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 29-37; Duncan Innes, "The Freedom Charter and Workers' Control," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 2 (October-December 1985): 35-42, and "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," Work in Progress, no. 41 (April 1986): 11-16; Tony Karon and Max Ozinsky, "The Working Class in National Democratic Struggle," Work in Progress, no. 42 (May 1986): 31-36; Hugh MacLean, "Capitalism, Socialism and the Freedom Charter," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 6 (June-July 1986): 8-19.
50. Alec Erwin, "The Question of Unity in the Struggle," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 1 (September 1985): 51-70; Jeremy Cronin, "The Question of Unity - a Reply," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 29-37; Duncan Innes, "The Freedom Charter and Workers' Control," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 2 (October-December 1985): 35-42, and "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," Work in Progress, no. 41 (April 1986): 11-16; Tony Karon and Max Ozinsky, "The Working Class in National Democratic Struggle," Work in Progress, no. 42 (May 1986): 31-36; Hugh MacLean, "Capitalism, Socialism and the Freedom Charter," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 6 (June-July 1986): 8-19.
51. Alec Erwin, "The Question of Unity in the Struggle," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 1 (September 1985): 51-70; Jeremy Cronin, "The Question of Unity - a Reply," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 29-37; Duncan Innes, "The Freedom Charter and Workers' Control," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 2 (October-December 1985): 35-42, and "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," Work in Progress, no. 41 (April 1986): 11-16; Tony Karon and Max Ozinsky, "The Working Class in National Democratic Struggle," Work in Progress, no. 42 (May 1986): 31-36; Hugh MacLean, "Capitalism, Socialism and the Freedom Charter," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 6 (June-July 1986): 8-19.
52. Alec Erwin, "The Question of Unity in the Struggle," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 1 (September 1985): 51-70; Jeremy Cronin, "The Question of Unity - a Reply," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 29-37; Duncan Innes, "The Freedom Charter and Workers' Control," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 2 (October-December 1985): 35-42, and "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," Work in Progress, no. 41 (April 1986): 11-16; Tony Karon and Max Ozinsky, "The Working Class in National Democratic Struggle," Work in Progress, no. 42 (May 1986): 31-36; Hugh MacLean, "Capitalism, Socialism and the Freedom Charter," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 6 (June-July 1986): 8-19.
53. Alec Erwin, "The Question of Unity in the Struggle," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 1 (September 1985): 51-70; Jeremy Cronin, "The Question of Unity - a Reply," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 29-37; Duncan Innes, "The Freedom Charter and Workers' Control," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 2 (October-December 1985): 35-42, and "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," Work in Progress, no. 41 (April 1986): 11-16; Tony Karon and Max Ozinsky, "The Working Class in National Democratic Struggle," Work in Progress, no. 42 (May 1986): 31-36; Hugh MacLean, "Capitalism, Socialism and the Freedom Charter," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 6 (June-July 1986): 8-19.
54. Alec Erwin, "The Question of Unity in the Struggle," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 1 (September 1985): 51-70; Jeremy Cronin, "The Question of Unity - a Reply," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 29-37; Duncan Innes, "The Freedom Charter and Workers' Control," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 2 (October-December 1985): 35-42, and "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," Work in Progress, no. 41 (April 1986): 11-16; Tony Karon and Max Ozinsky, "The Working Class in National Democratic Struggle," Work in Progress, no. 42 (May 1986): 31-36; Hugh MacLean, "Capitalism, Socialism and the Freedom Charter," South African Labour Bulletin 11, no. 6 (June-July 1986): 8-19.
55. Innes, "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," p. 13.
56. Compare, e.g., Pieter Le Roux, "The Social Democratic Nature of the Charterist Economic Vision," in Steytler, ed., with MacLean.
57. Innes, "Worker Politics and the Popular Movement," p. 37.
58. African National Congress, Department of Economic Policy (DEP), Discussion Document on Economic Policy (Bellville, Cape Town: Centre for Development Studies, University of the Western Cape, 1990) (hereafter cited as DEP); Macroeconomic Research Group (MERG), Making Democracy Work (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1993) (hereafter cited as MERG).
59. African National Congress, Department of Economic Policy (DEP), Discussion Document on Economic Policy (Bellville, Cape Town: Centre for Development Studies, University of the Western Cape, 1990) (hereafter cited as DEP); Macroeconomic Research Group (MERG), Making Democracy Work (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1993) (hereafter cited as MERG).
60. DEP; see esp. sec. 6.
61. Ibid., sec. 5.
62. Ibid., secs. 7.1, 7.3.
63. Ibid., sec. 2.1.
64. MERG, see esp. chap. 9.
65. Ibid., chap. 4.
66. Ibid., sec. 1.4.4.
67. African National Congress (ANC), Reconstruction and Development Programme: A Policy Framework (Johannesburg: Umanyo, 1994) (hereafter cited as Base Document).
68. Anthony Welch, "The Triumph of Technology or the Collapse of Certainty? Modernity, Postmodernity, and Postcolonialism in Comparative Education," in Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local, ed. Robert F. Arnove and Carlos Alberto Torres (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), p. 26.
69. David C. McClelland, The Achieving Society (London: Van Nostrand, 1961); see also Alex Inkeles and David H. Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).
70. David C. McClelland, The Achieving Society (London: Van Nostrand, 1961); see also Alex Inkeles and David H. Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).
71. See Ingemar Fagerlind and Lawrence J. Saha, Education and National Development: A Comparative Perspective, 2d ed. (New York: Pergamon, 1989), pp. 15-18; Arturo Escobar, "Introduction: Development and the Anthropology of Modernity," in Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 3-20. The quotation is from Katy Gardner and David Lewis, Anthropology, Development and the Postmodern Challenge (Chicago: Pluto, 1996), p. 6.
72. See Ingemar Fagerlind and Lawrence J. Saha, Education and National Development: A Comparative Perspective, 2d ed. (New York: Pergamon, 1989), pp. 15-18; Arturo Escobar, "Introduction: Development and the Anthropology of Modernity," in Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 3-20. The quotation is from Katy Gardner and David Lewis, Anthropology, Development and the Postmodern Challenge (Chicago: Pluto, 1996), p. 6.
73. See Ingemar Fagerlind and Lawrence J. Saha, Education and National Development: A Comparative Perspective, 2d ed. (New York: Pergamon, 1989), pp. 15-18; Arturo Escobar, "Introduction: Development and the Anthropology of Modernity," in Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 3-20. The quotation is from Katy Gardner and David Lewis, Anthropology, Development and the Postmodern Challenge (Chicago: Pluto, 1996), p. 6.
74. See Fagerlind and Saha; Mark B. Ginsburg, Susan Cooper, Rajeshwari Raghu, and Hugo Zegarra, "National and World-System Explanations of Educational Reform," Comparative Education Review 34, no. 4 (November 1990): 474-99; Gardner and Lewis; Welch.
75. Base Document, sec 1.1.1.
76. Fagerlind and Saha, pp. 30-31.
77. Christopher Colclough, "Structuralism versus Neo-Liberalism," in States or Markets? Neo-Liberalism and the Development Policy Debate, ed. Christopher Colclough and James Manor (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), pp. 3-5; Fagerlind and Saha, pp. 29-30; Martha Finnemore, "Redefining Development at the World Bank," in International Development and Social Science, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 203-27.
78. Christopher Colclough, "Structuralism versus Neo-Liberalism," in States or Markets? Neo-Liberalism and the Development Policy Debate, ed. Christopher Colclough and James Manor (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), pp. 3-5; Fagerlind and Saha, pp. 29-30; Martha Finnemore, "Redefining Development at the World Bank," in International Development and Social Science, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 203-27.
79. Christopher Colclough, "Structuralism versus Neo-Liberalism," in States or Markets? Neo-Liberalism and the Development Policy Debate, ed. Christopher Colclough and James Manor (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), pp. 3-5; Fagerlind and Saha, pp. 29-30; Martha Finnemore, "Redefining Development at the World Bank," in International Development and Social Science, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 203-27.
80. DEP (n. 29 above), pp. 2-3.
81. Base Document (n. 37 above), sec. 1.4.23.
82. Colclough, "Structuralism versus Neo-Liberalism," pp. 5-7.
83. Asghar Adelzadeh and Vishnu Padayachee, "The RDP White Paper: Reconstruction of a Development Vision?" Transformation, no. 25 (February 1995): 4.
84. White Paper on Reconstruction and Development: A Strategy for Fundamental Transformation (1994), sees. 2 and 3 (hereafter cited as White Paper).
85. Ibid., preamble.
86. Adelzadeh and Padayachee, pp. 4, 6.
87. White Paper, sec. 3.3.3, conclusion, chap. 8, see also sec. 4.1.2.
88. Ibid., secs. 1.5.2, 2.5, 2.5.1, 2.5.3.
89. Ibid., sec. 3.4.4.
90. Ibid., preamble.
91. Base Document (n. 37 above), sec. 2.5.21.
92. Ibid., see also sees. 3, 1.3.3.
93. Hein Marais, South Africa: Limits to Change: The Political Economy of Transition (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 1998), chap. 6.
94. Department of Finance, Growth, Employment and Redistribution: A Macro-Economic Strategy (Pretoria: Department of Finance, 1996), sec. 5.1-2 (hereafter cited as GEAR).
95. Ibid., sec. 1.2.
96. Ibid., sec. 2.3.
97. Ibid., secs. 4.1, 4.2, chaps. 7, 8, appendices 1, 11.
98. John Sender, quoted in Adelzadeh and Padayachee (n. 48 above), p. 14; see also Charles Harvey, "Recovery from Macro-Economic Disaster in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Colclough and Manor, eds. (n. 44 above).
99. John Sender, quoted in Adelzadeh and Padayachee (n. 48 above), p. 14; see also Charles Harvey, "Recovery from Macro-Economic Disaster in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Colclough and Manor, eds. (n. 44 above).
100. Colclough, "Structuralism versus Neo-Liberalism" (n. 44 above), p. 16.
101. GEAR, sec. 8.2.
102. Joseph P. Farrell, "A Retrospective on Educational Planning in Comparative Education," Comparative Education Review 41, no. 3 (August 1997): 277-314, quote on 281.
103. Peter Kallaway, ed., Apartheid and Education: The Education of Black South Africans (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1984).
104. Department of National Education, Education Renewal Strategy: Management Solutions for Education in South Africa (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1992).
105. Department of Education, "White Paper on Education and Training" (notice no. 196 of 1995), Government Gazette (Pretoria: Government Printer), sec. 4.6.
106. Ibid., chap. 11.
107. African National Congress, A Policy Framework for Education and Training (Braamfontein: ANC Education Department, 1994), p. 39.
108. South African Institute of Race Relations, Annual Survey, 1996- 97 (Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1997), pp. 160-62.
109. Marais (n. 58 above), p. 165.
110. South African Institute of Race Relations, Annual Survey (Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1994-95, 1995-96, 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99, and 1999-2000).
111. Christopher Colclough, "Who Should Learn to Pay? An Assessment of Neo-Liberal Approaches to Education Policy," in Colclough and Manor, eds. (n. 44 above), pp. 210-11; see also Adriana Puiggros, "World Band Education Policy: Market Liberalism Meets Ideological Conservatism," Report on the Americas 29, no. 6 (May/June 1996): 26-31.
112. Christopher Colclough, "Who Should Learn to Pay? An Assessment of Neo-Liberal Approaches to Education Policy," in Colclough and Manor, eds. (n. 44 above), pp. 210-11; see also Adriana Puiggros, "World Band Education Policy: Market Liberalism Meets Ideological Conservatism," Report on the Americas 29, no. 6 (May/June 1996): 26-31.
113. See Linda Chisholm, Shireen Motala, and Salim Vally, "Review of South African Education, 1996-1998" (Johannesburg: The Centre for Education Policy Development 2000+ Project, Wits Education Policy Unit, 1999), p. 13.
114. National Education Policy Act, No. 27, of 1996.
115. Chisholm et al., "Review of South African Education," p. 13.
116. For further details, see South African Institute of Race Relations (n. 72 above), pp. 147 ff.
117. Department of Education, "National Norms and Standards for School Funding" (Notice no. 19347 of 1998), Government Gazette (Pretoria: Government Printer).
118. Department of Education, "White Paper on Education and Training" (n. 69 above), sec. 4.9.
119. South African Qualifications Authority Act, No. 58 of 1995, Clause 2.
120. Department of Education, Curriculum 2005: Lifelong Learning for the Twenty-first Century (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997); also William Spady, Paradigm Lost: Reclaiming America's Educational Future (Arlington, Va.: American Association of School Administrators, 1998).
121. Department of Education, Curriculum 2005: Lifelong Learning for the Twenty-first Century (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997); also William Spady, Paradigm Lost: Reclaiming America's Educational Future (Arlington, Va.: American Association of School Administrators, 1998).
122. Department of Education, "White Paper on Education and Training," sec. 5.9.
123. Quoted by Gloria Ladson-Billings, "From Soweto to the South Bronx: African Americans and Colonial Education in the United States," in Sociology of Education: Emerging Perspectives, ed. Carlos Alberto Torres and Theodore R. Mitchell (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), p. 248.
124. Perspectives in Education, "Resolutions of the December 1985 and March 1986 NECC Conferences," Perspectives in Education 9, no. 1 (July 1986): 66-70.
125. Linda Chisholm, "The Restructuring of South African Education and Training in Comparative Context," in Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above), pp. 59-60; Pam Christie, "Globalisation and the Curriculum: Proposals for the Integration of Education and Training," in Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above); see also Jonathan Jansen and Pam Christie, eds., Changing Curriculum: Studies on Outcomes-Based Education in South Africa (Kenwyn, Cape Town: Juta, 1999).
126. Linda Chisholm, "The Restructuring of South African Education and Training in Comparative Context," in Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above), pp. 59-60; Pam Christie, "Globalisation and the Curriculum: Proposals for the Integration of Education and Training," in Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above); see also Jonathan Jansen and Pam Christie, eds., Changing Curriculum: Studies on Outcomes-Based Education in South Africa (Kenwyn, Cape Town: Juta, 1999).
127. Linda Chisholm, "The Restructuring of South African Education and Training in Comparative Context," in Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above), pp. 59-60; Pam Christie, "Globalisation and the Curriculum: Proposals for the Integration of Education and Training," in Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above); see also Jonathan Jansen and Pam Christie, eds., Changing Curriculum: Studies on Outcomes-Based Education in South Africa (Kenwyn, Cape Town: Juta, 1999).
128. Daniel G. Solorzano and Octavio Villapando, "Critical Theory, Marginality, and the Experience of Students of Color in Higher Education," in Torres and Mitchell, eds. (n. 85 above), p. 211; Ladson-Billings.
129. Samoff (n. 10 above), p. 10.
130. African National Congress, A Policy Framework for Education and Training (n. 71 above), p. 30.
131. Ibid., p. 2.
132. Ibid., pp. 32-33.
133. See, e.g., Mark Blaug, ed., Economics of Education: Selected Readings (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969).
134. Quoted in Christie (n. 5 above), p. 120.
135. Fagerlind and Saha (n. 40 above), pp. 29 ff.; Bill Nasson, "Education and Poverty," in Education: From Poverty to Liberty, ed. Bill Nasson and John Samuel (Claremont, South Africa: David Philip, 1990).
136. Fagerlind and Saha (n. 40 above), pp. 29 ff.; Bill Nasson, "Education and Poverty," in Education: From Poverty to Liberty, ed. Bill Nasson and John Samuel (Claremont, South Africa: David Philip, 1990).
137. Quoted in Nasson, p. 94.
138. South African Schools Act, No. 84 of 1996, chap. 4.
139. Yusuf Sayed, "Understanding Educational Decentralization in Post-apartheid South Africa,"Journal of Negro Education 66, no. 4 (Fall 1997): 354-66, quote on 359.
140. Cheng (n. 20 above); Linda Apelt and Bob Lingard, "Public Schooling Reform in Australia: In Whose Interests?" Journal of Educational Administration 31, no. 3 (1993): 59-71; Read (n. 20 above); Liz Gordon, "Controlling Education: Agency Theory and the Reformation of New Zealand Schools," Educational Policy 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 54-74.
141. Cheng (n. 20 above); Linda Apelt and Bob Lingard, "Public Schooling Reform in Australia: In Whose Interests?" Journal of Educational Administration 31, no. 3 (1993): 59-71; Read (n. 20 above); Liz Gordon, "Controlling Education: Agency Theory and the Reformation of New Zealand Schools," Educational Policy 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 54-74.
142. Cheng (n. 20 above); Linda Apelt and Bob Lingard, "Public Schooling Reform in Australia: In Whose Interests?" Journal of Educational Administration 31, no. 3 (1993): 59-71; Read (n. 20 above); Liz Gordon, "Controlling Education: Agency Theory and the Reformation of New Zealand Schools," Educational Policy 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 54-74.
143. Cheng (n. 20 above); Linda Apelt and Bob Lingard, "Public Schooling Reform in Australia: In Whose Interests?" Journal of Educational Administration 31, no. 3 (1993): 59-71; Read (n. 20 above); Liz Gordon, "Controlling Education: Agency Theory and the Reformation of New Zealand Schools," Educational Policy 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 54-74.
144. Sayed, "Understanding Educational Decentralization in Post-apartheid South Africa," p. 361.
145. Richard Maclure, "Misplaced Assumptions of Decentralization and Participation in Rural Communities: Primary School Reform in Burkina Faso, " Comparative Education 30, no. 3 (1994): 239-54. The quotation is from Gordon, pp. 55-56.
146. Shireen Motala, Salim Vally, and Maropeng Modiba, eds., "A Call to Action: A Review of Minister K. Asmal's Educational Priorities," Quarterly Review of Education and Training in South Africa 6, no. 3 (September 1999): 12.
147. Kallaway et al., eds. (n. 5 above), pp. 42-43.
148. Linda Chisholm, Crain Soudien, Salim Vally, and David Gilmour, "Teachers and Structural Adjustment in South Africa," Educational Policy 13, no. 3 (July 1999): 389, 394.
149. A. Arnot and F. Chibane, Teacher Demand, Supply, Utilization and Costs: Report for the National Teacher Education Audit (Johannesburg: Edusource, 1995), table 3.
150. Western Cape Education Labour Relations Council, Resolutions 2/1996 and 7/1996; Western Cape Education Department, circular no. 0051/1996, app. A, p. 1.
151. Research Institute for Education and Planning, Education and Manpower Development, vol. 17 (Bloemfontein: University of the Orange Free State, 1996), figs. 9, 10i,10j, 16; Education Foundation, Human Sciences Research Council, Department of Education, Register of School Needs (Johannesburg: Education Foundation, 1996), fig. 20.
152. Research Institute for Education and Planning, Education and Manpower Development, vol. 17 (Bloemfontein: University of the Orange Free State, 1996), figs. 9, 10i,10j, 16; Education Foundation, Human Sciences Research Council, Department of Education, Register of School Needs (Johannesburg: Education Foundation, 1996), fig. 20.
153. Department of Education, "White Paper on Education and Training" (n. 69 above), sec. 4.11.
154. Chisholm et al., "Teachers and Structural Adjustment in South Africa."
155. See Cheryl Reeves, The Struggle to Teach (Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 1994), pp. 43-46.
156. Western Cape Education Department, "Procedure Manual for the Implementation of Resolution No. 3 of 1996" (June 27, 1996); Western Cape Education Labour Relations Council, Resolution 6 of 1998.
157. Chisholm et al., "Teachers and Structural Adjustment in South Africa."