Clinical usefulness of HDL cholesterol as a target to lower risk of coronary heart disease: Summary of evidence and recommendations of an expert group

British Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 297-304

  Sacks, Frank M ^a,b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b CHANNING LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronary heart disease; Epidemiology; High density lipoproteins; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BEZAFIBRATE; COLESTYRAMINE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPOPROTEIN; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RESIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ATHEROGENIC DIET; BILE; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CORONARY RISK; DIET; DOSE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; LIVER; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; VASODILATATION;

EID: 0041693827     PISSN: 09696113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Assmann G, Schulte H, Von Eckardstein A, Huang Y. HDL cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 1996;124:S11-S20.
2. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel BW, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Heart Study. Am J Med 1977;62:707-14.
3. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ et al. HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989;79:8-15.
4. Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of lipids, apoproteins and risks of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991;325:373-81.
5. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-1, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): A prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:2026-33.
6. Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA et al. Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-1 and B, and HDL density subfractions. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 2001;104:1108-13.
7. Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. High-density lipoprotein - The clinical implication of recent studies. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1311-16.
8. Johnson CL, Rifkind BM, Sempos CT et al. Declining serum total cholesterol levels amoung US adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. JAMA 1993;269:3002-08.
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
10. Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Salive ME et al. HDL cholesterol predicts coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. JAMA 1995;274:539-44.
11. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D et al. Distribution of lipids in 8500 men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1992;19:792-802.
12. Lewis SJ, Sacks FM, Mitchell JS et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:140-6.
13. Trigatti B, Rigotti A, Krieger M. The role of the HDL receptor SR-B1 in cholesterol metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:123-31.
14. Hayden MR, Clee SM, Brooks-Wilson A, Genest J, Attie A, Kastelein JJ. Cholesterol efflux regulatory protein, Tangier disease and familial HDL deficiency. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:117-23.
15. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V. Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by HDL plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1234-41.
16. Rubin EM, Krauss RM, Spangler EA et al. Inhibition of early atherogenesis in transgenic mice by human apolipoprotein AI. Nature 1991;353:265-7.
17. Benoit P, Emmanuel F, Caillaud JM et al. Somatic gene transfer of human apoA-1 inhibits atherosclerosis progression in mouse models. Circulation 1999;99:105-110.
18. Tangirala RK, Tsukamoto K, Chun SH et al. Regression of atherosclerosis induced by liver-directed gene transfer of apolipoprotein A-1 in mice. Circulation 1999;100:1816-22.
19. Eriksson M, Carlson LA, Miettinen TA, Angelin B. Stimulation of fecal steroid excretion after infusion of recombinant proapolipoprotein A-1. Potential reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Circulation 1999;100:594-8.
20. Shah PK, Yano J, Reyes O et al. High dose recombinant apolipoprotein A-1 (Milano) mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Potential implications for acute plaque stabilization. Circulation 2001;103:3047-50.
21. Mackness MI, Durrington PN, Mackness B. How HDL protects against the effects of lipid peroxidation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:383-8.
22. Navab M, Hama SY, Cooke CJ et al. Normal HDL inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized LDL. J Lipid Res 2000;41:1481-508.
23. Cockerill GW, Huehns TY, Weerasinghe A. Elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration reduces interleukin-1-induced expression of E-selectin in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Circulation 2001;103:108-12.
24. Spieker LE, Sudano I, Hurlimann D. High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation 2002;105:1399-402.
25. Noakes M, Clifton PM. Weight loss and plasma lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:65-70.
26. Grundy SM, Bate N, Chandalia M. Diet composition and the metabolic syndrome: What is the optimal fat intake? Am J Med 2002;113(9B):25S-29S.
27. Sacks FM, Katan M. Randomised clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2002;113B:13S-24S.
28. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, Von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1392-8.
29. Jenkins DJ, Kendall DW, Augustin LS, Vuksan V. High-complex carbohydrate or lente carbohydrate foods? Am J Med 2002;113(9B):30S-37S.
30. Grobbee DE, Rimm EB, Keil U, Renaud S. Alcohol and the cardiovascular system. In: Health Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption, 2nd ed. McDonald I (ed). ILSI Europe: Blackwell Science 1999;125-79.
31. Frick MH, Syvanne M, Nieminen MS et al. Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Circulation 1997;96:2137-43.
32. Ericsson CG, Hamsten A, Nilsson J et al. Angiographic assessment of effects of bezafibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in young male post-infarction patients. Lancet 1996;347:849-53.
33. Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study Investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes: The Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet 2001;357:905-10.
34. Levy RI, Brensike JF, Epstein SE et al. The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease. Results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984;69:325-34.
35. Cashin-Hemphill L, Mack WJ, Pogoda JM et al. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis. A 4-year follow-up. JAMA 1990;264:3013-17.
36. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1289-98.
37. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Kramsch DM et al. Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy. The Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Ann Intern Med 1993;119:969-76.
38. Jukema JW, Bruschke AV, Van Boven AJ et al. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 1995;91:2528-40.
39. Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Ferlic LL et al. Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation 1999;99:736-43.
40. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984;251:365-74.
41. Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 1998;97:1453-60.
42. Manninen V, Elo O, Frick H et al. Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA 1988; 260:641-51.
43. Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT et al. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events. JAMA 2001;285:1585-91.
44. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
45. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolaemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-07.
46. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-09.
47. Long Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.
48. Gotto AM, Whitney E, Stein EA et al. Relation between baseline and on treatment parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. Circulation 2000;101:477-84.
49. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,356 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
50. Sacks FM, Moye LA, Davis BR et al. Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastastin and recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial. Circulation 1998;97:1446-52.
51. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 1998;97:1440.
52. Simes JR, Marschner IC, Hunt D et al. Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) trial: To what extent is the reduction in coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels? Circulation 2002;105:1162-9.
53. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Group. Baseline serum cholesterol and treatment effect in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1995;345:1274-5.
54. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J et al. for the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project Investigators Group. The effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors. The Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation 2000;102:1893-900.
55. Fruchart JC, Staels B, Duriez P. The role of fibric acids in atherosclerosis. Curr Atherosclerosis Reports 2001;3:83-92.
56. Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Low triglycerides, high HDL cholesterol and risk of ischemic heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:361-6.
57. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low HDL-cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-18.
58. Rubins HR, Robins SJ, Collins D et al. Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: Subgroup analysis from the department of Veterans Affairs High-density lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2597-604.
59. Rubins HB, Davenport J, Babikian V et al. Reduction in stroke with gemfibrozil in men with coronary heart disease and low HDL cholesterol. Circulation 2001;103:2828-33.
60. Ruotolo G, Ericsson CG, Tettamanti C et al. Treatment effects on serum lipoprotein lipids, apolipoproteins and low density lipoprotein particle size and relationships of lipoprotein variables to progression of coronary artery disease in the Bezafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (BECAIT). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1648-56.
61. Tenkanen L, Manttario M, Manninen V. Some coronary risk factors related to the insulin resistance syndrome and treatment with gemfibrozil. Experience from the Helsinki Heart Study. Circulation 1995;92:1779-85.
62. Blum CB, Levy RI, Eisenberg S et al. HDL metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 1977;60:795-807.
63. Jin FY, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Niacin decreases removal of HDL apo A-I but not cholesterol ester by Hep G2 cells. Implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2020-8.
64. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 1975;231:360-81.
65. Holme I. Cholesterol reduction and its impact on coronary artery disease and total mortality. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:10C-17C.
66. Goldberg AC. Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): Dose-escalation study. Am J Cardiol 1998;82 (12A):35U-38U.