P300 (Latency) Event-Related Potential: An Accurate Predictor of Memory Impairment

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 124-139

  Braverman, Eric R ^a   Blum, Kenneth ^b  

^a PATH Medical and Research Foundation   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Alzheimer's Disease; Brain Health; Memory Loss; Mini mental Status Exam; P300; QEEG; Wechsler Memory Scale

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MEMORY DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0041664052     PISSN: 15500594     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/155005940303400306     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Lyons WL Johnston CB Covinsky KE Resnick NM. Current medical diagnosis and treatment 2002: Adult ambulatory and inpatient management. In: TierneyLM, McPheeSJ, PapadakisMA,(eds). Geriatric Medicine. 41st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002; 41: 55.
2. Henderson AS. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders. In: SadockBJ, SadockVA,(eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000; 2: 2990.
3. Winker MA. Aging in the 21st century; a call for papers. JAMA 2002; 287: 10: 1326.
4. Derrer DS Howieson DB Mueller EA Camicioli RM Sexton G Kaye JA. Memory testing in dementia: How much is enough? J Geriatric Psychiatr Neurol 2001; 14: 1-4.
5. McEvoy LK Pellouchoud E Smith ME Gevins A. Neurophysiological signals of working memory in normal aging. Cogn Br Res 2001; 11: 363-376.
6. Golob EJ Johnson JK Starr A. Auditory event-related potentials during target detection are abnormal in mild cognitive impairment. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 151-161.
7. von Bierbrauer A Weissenborn K. P300 after minor head injury (a follow up examination). Acta Neurol Belg 1998; 1: 21-26.
8. Portin R Kovala T Polo-Kantola P Revonsuo A Muller K Matikainen E. Does P3 reflect attentional or memory performances, or cognition more generally? Scand J Psychol 2000; 41: 31-40.
9. Sangal RB Sangal JM Bellale C. P300 latency and age: A quadratic regression explains their relationship from age 5 to 85. Clin Electroencephalogr 1998; 29: 1-6.
10. Polich J Pitzer A. P300 and Alzheimer's disease: Oddball task difficulty and modality effects. J Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 12: 186-191.
11. Barajas JJ. The effect of age on human P3 latency. Acta Otolaryngol 1991; 476: 157-160.
12. Frodl-Bauch T Bottlender R Hegerl U. Neurochemical substrates and neuroanatomical generators of the event-related P300. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40: 86-94.
13. Polich J Pitzer A. P300 and Alzheimer's disease: Oddball task difficulty and modality effect. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 50 (suppl): 281-287.
14. Neshige R Barrett G Shibaski H. Auditory long latency event-related potentials in Alzheimer's disease and mutli-infaret dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1120-1125.
15. Pfefferbaum A Ford JM Wenegrat BG, et al. Clinical application of P3 component of event-related potentials. I. Normal aging. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 59: 85-103.
16. Polich J. P300 in the evaluation of aging and dementia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 42 (suppl): 304-323.
17. Hill SY Yuan H Locke J. Path analysis of P300 amplitude of individuals from families at high and low-risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 45: 346-359.
18. Hill SY Shen S Locke J, et al. Developmental delay in P300 production in children at high risk for developing alcohol-related disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 970-981.
19. Konishi T Naganuma Y Hongou K Murakami M Yamatani M Yagi S. Changes of P300 latency with age in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 1995; 12: 132-135.
20. Naganuma Y Konishi T Hongou K Okada T Tohyama J Uchiyama M. Event-related potentials (P300) and EEG activity in childhood partial epilepsy. Brain Dev 1997; 19: 117-121.
21. Legrain V Janne P Laloux P Ossemann M Dupuis M Reynaert C. Clinical and pathophysiological contribution of event-related potentials used to study migraine headache. Rev Neurol 2001; 157: 365-375.
22. Mazzotta G Alberti A Santucci A Gallai V. The event-related potential P300 during headache-free period and spontaneous attack in adult headache sufferers. Headache 1995; 35: 210-215.
23. Bodis-Wollner I. Visual electrophysiology in Parkinson's disease: PERG, VEP and visual P300. Clin Electroencephalogr 1997; 28: 143-147.
24. Lagopoulos J Gordon E Barhamali H, et al. Dysfunctions of automatic (P300a) and controlled (P300b) processing in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Res 1998; 20: 5-10.
25. Prabhakar S Syal P Srivastava T. P300 in newly diagnosed non-dementing Parkinson's disease: Effect of dopaminergic drugs. Neurol India 2000; 48: 239-242.
26. Deguchi K Takeuchi H Sasaki I Tsukaguchi M Touge T Nishioka M. Impaired novelty P3 potentials in multiple system atrophy-correlation with orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Sci 2001; 190: 61-67.
27. Nakano Y Kaseda Y Nakamura S Neshige R. Visual event-related potentials in progressive supranuclear palsy. Hiroshima J Med Sci 2000; 49: 37-42.
28. Aminoff JC Goodin DS. Long-latency cerebral event-related potentials in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18: 372-377.
29. Barrett G Feinstein A Jones S Turan G Youl B. Event-related potentials in the assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 50 (suppl): 469-479.
30. Korpelainen JT Kauhanen ML Tolonen U, et al. Auditory P300 event related potential in minor ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 2000; 101: 202-208.
31. Mecklinger A Matthes-von Cramon DY von Cramon G. Event-related potential evidence for a specific recognition memory deficit in survivors of cerebral hypoxia. Brain 1998; 121: 1919-1935.
32. Sangal RB Sangal JM. Obstructive sleep apnea and abnormal P300 latency topography. Clin Electroencephalogr 1997; 28: 16-25.
33. Ament PA Cohen MJ Schandler SL Sowa M Vulpe M. Auditory P3 event related potentials (ERP) and brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) after spinal cord injury in humans. J Spinal Cord Med 1995; 18: 208-215.
34. Kotchoubey B Lang S Baales R, et al. Brain potentials in human patients with extremely severe diffuse brain damage. Neurosci Lett 2001; 301: 37-40.
35. Glass I Sazbon L Groswasser Z. Mapping “cognitive” event-related potentials in prolonged postcoma unawareness state. Clin Electroencephalogr 1998; 29: 19-30.
36. Mutschler V Chaumeil CG Marcoux L Wioland N Tempe JD Kurtz D. Auditory P300 in subjects in a post-anoxic coma: Preliminary data. Neurophysiol Clin 1996; 26: 158-163.
37. Tachiban H Miyata Y Takeda M Minamoto H Sugita M Okita T. Auditory event-related potentials in an amnesic patient with a left temporal lesion. J Neurol Sci 1999; 168: 52-56.
38. Alecha Idiazbal M Taboada Palencia AB Sangorr NJ Gamissans Espadaler JM. Cognitive evoked potentials in the hyperactivity attention deficit disorder. Rev Neurol 2002; 34: 301-305.
39. Kilpelainen R Luoma L Herrgard E Ypparila H Partanen J Karhu J. Persistent frontal P300 brain potential suggests abnormal processing of auditory information in distractible children. NeuroReport 1999; 10: 3405-3410.
40. Naumann A Bierbrauer J Przuntek H Daum I. Attentive and preattentive processing in narcolepsy as revealed by event-related potentials (ERPs). NeuroReport 2001; 12: 2807-2811.
41. Fowler B Adams J. Dissociation of the effects of alcohol and amphetamine on inert gas narcosis using reaction time and P300 latency. Aviat Space Envirol Med 1993; 64: 493-499.
42. Lindgren Magnus, et al. Solvent-induced toxic encephalopathy: Electrophysiological data in relation to neuropsychological findings. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1997; 19: 772-783.
43. Solliway BM Schaffer A Pratt H Yannai S. A multidisciplinary study of lead-exposed subjects. I. Delayed target detection P-300 latency, and electrophysiological parameter, correlates with urinary δ-ALA. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 92: 422-425.
44. Alberti A Sarchielli P Mazzotta G Gallai V. Event-related potentials in posttraumatic headache. Headache. 2001; 41: 579-585.
45. Bashore TR Ridderinkhof KR. Older age, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive slowing: Some convergent and divergent findings. Psychol Bull 2002; 128: 151-198.
46. Drake ME Jr Weate SJ Newell SA. Auditory evoked potentials in postconcussive syndrome. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 36: 457-462.
47. Gaetz M Weinberg H. Electrophysiological indices of persistent post-concussion symptoms. Brain Inj 2000; 14: 815-832.
48. Lorberboym M Gilad R Gorh V Sadeh M Lampl Y. Late whiplash syndrome: Correlation of brain SPECT with neuropsychological tests and P300 event-related potential. J Trauma 2002; 52: 521-526.
49. Sangal RB Sangal JM. Closed head injury patients with mild cognitive complaints without neurological or psychiatric findings have abnormal visual P300 latencies. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39: 305-307.
50. Pimenta MG Pementa Martinho AJ Branco Castelo MS Simoes Silva JM Branco Castelo NA. ERP P300 and brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with vibroacoustic disease. Aviat Space Environ Med 1999; 70: A 107-114.
51. Kazis A Kimiskidis V Georgiadis G Kapinas K. Cognitive event-related potentials and magnetic resonance imaging in myotonic dystrophy. Neurophysiol Clin 1996; 26: 75-84.
52. Polich J Han A Poceta JS Mitler MM Darko DF. Neuroelectric assessment of HIV: EEG, ERP, and viral load. Int J psychophysiol 2000; 38: 97-108.
53. Saxena N Bhatia M Joshi YK Garg PK Tandon RK. Auditory P300 event-related potentials and number connection test for evaluation of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: A follow-up study. J Castroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 322-327.
54. Henderson RM McCulloch DL Herbert AM Robinson PH Taylor MJ. Visual event-related potentials in children with phenylketonuria. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 52-57.
55. Souza VB Muir WJ Walker MT, et al. Auditory P300 event-related potentials and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 300-310.
56. Frodl T Meisenzahl EM Muller D, et al. P300 subcomponents and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. 2002; 43: 237-246.
57. Mathalon DH Ford JM Pfefferbaum A. Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: A retrospective longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 434-449.
58. Ford JM Mathalon DH Kalba S Marsh L Pfefferbaum A. N1 and P300 abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and epilepsy with schizophrenia like features. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 848-860.
59. Hill SY Shen S Lowers L Locke J. Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 265-275.
60. Braverman ER Blum K. Substance use disorder exacerbates brain electrophysiological abnormalities in a psychiathcally-III population. Clin Electroencephalogr 1996; 27: 5-25.
61. Anokhin AP Vedeniapin AB Sirevaag EJ, et al. The P300 brain potential is reduced in smokers. Psychopharmacology 2000; 149: 409-413.
62. Kiehl KA Hare RD Liddle PF McDonald JJ. Reduced P300 responses in criminal psychopaths during a visual oddball task. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1498-1507.
63. Defrance JF Ginsberg LD Rosenberg BA Sharma JC. Topographical analysis of adolescent affective disorders. Int J Neurosci 1996; 86: 119-141.
64. Himani A Tandon OP Bhatia MS. A study of P300-event related evoked potential in the patients of major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999; 43: 367-372.
65. Kalayam B Alexopoulos GS Kindermann S Kakuma T Brown GG Yougn RC. P300 latency in geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 425-435.
66. Bauer LO Costa L Hesselbrock VM. Effects of alcoholism, anxiety and depression on P300 in women a pilot study. J Stud Alcohol 2001; 62: 571-579.
67. Enoch MA White KV Harris CR Rohrbaugh JW Goldman D. Alcohol use disorders and anxiety disorders: Relation to the event-related potential. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1293-1300.
68. Clark CR McFarlane AC Weber DL Battersby M. Enlarged frontal P300 to stimulus change in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39: 845-856.
69. de Groot CM Torello MW Boutros NN Allen R, Auditory event-related potentials and statistical probability mapping in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Electroencephalogr 1997; 28: 148-151.
70. Sanz M Molina V Martin-Loeches M Calcedo A Rubia FJ. Auditory P300 event related potential and serotonin reup-take inhibitor treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 2001; 101: 75-81.
71. Bauer LO Hesselbrock VM. P300 decrements in teenagers with conduct problems: Implications for substance abuse risk and brain development. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 263-272.
72. Hansenne M Pitchot W Pinto E Reggers J Papart P Ansseau M. P300 event-related brain potential and personality in depression. Eur Psychiatry 2000; 15: 370-377.
73. Justus AN Finn PR Steinmetz JE. P300, disinhibited personality, and early-onset al. cohol problems. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1457-1466.
74. Mannan MR Hiramatsu KI Hokama H Ohta H. Abnormalities of auditory event-related potentials in students with schizotypal personality disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 55: 451-457.
75. Attias J Bleich A Furman V Zinger Y. Event-related potentials in post-traumatic stess disorder of combat origin. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 373-381.
76. Kurita A Mochio S Isogai Y. Changes in auditory P300 event-related potentials and brainstem evoked potentials in diabetes mellitus. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 92: 319-323.
77. Osterweil D Syndulko K Cohen SN, et al. Cognitivie function in non-demented older adults with hypothyroidism. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 325-335.
78. Brown WS Marsh JT Wolcott D, et al. Cognitive function, mood and P3 latency: Effects of the amelioration of anemia in dialysis patients. Neuropsychologia 1991; 29: 35-45.
79. Polich J Moore AP Wiederhold MD. P300 assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 12: 186-191.
80. Farrag AK Khedr EM Abdel-Aleem H Rageh TA. Effect of surgical menopause on cognitive functions. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 13: 193-198.
81. Tasman A Hahn T Maiste A. Menstrual cycle synchronized changes in brain stem auditory evoked potentials and visual evoked potentials. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1516-1519.
82. Kilo J Czerny M Gorlitzer M, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass affects cognitive brain function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: 1926-1932.
83. Reeves RR Struve FA Patrick G Payne DK Thirstrup LL. Auditory and visual P300 cognitive evoked responses in patients with COPD: Relationship to degree of pulmonary impairment. Clin Electorencephalogr 1999; 30: 122-125.
84. Reeves RR Struve FA Patrick G Payne DK Thirstrup LL. Auditory and visual P300 cognitive evoked responses in patients with COPD: Relationship to degree of pulmonary impairment. Clin Electroencephalogr 1999; 30: 122-125.
85. Giger-Mateeva VI Riemslag FC Reits D Liberov B Jones EA Spekreijse H. Visual event-related potentials in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2000: 15; 179-191.
86. Frodl T Juckel G Gallinat J, et al. Dipole localization of P300 and normal aging. Brain Topogr 2000; 13: 3-9.
87. Gaeta H Friedman D Ritter W Cheng J. An event-related potential evaluation of involuntary attentional shift in young and older adults. Psychol Aging 2001; 16: 55-68.
88. Kilpelainen R Kostinen A Kononen M Herrgard E Partanen J Karhu J. P300 sequence effects differ between children and adults for auditory stimuli. Psycohpysiology 1999; 36: 343-350.
89. Sangal RB Sangal JM. Topography of auditory and visual P300 in normal children. Clin Electroencephalogr 1996; 27: 48-51.
90. Yagi Y Coburn KL Estes KM Arruda JE. Effects of aerobic exercise and gender on visual and auditory P300, reaction time, and accuracy. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999; 80: 402-408.
91. Folmer RL Yinglin CD. Auditory P3 responses to name stimuli. Brain Lang 1997; 56: 306-311.
92. Salamat MT McPherson DL. Interactions among variables in the P300 response to a continuous performance task. J Am Acad Audiol 1999; 10: 379-387.
93. Reilly EL. Applied electrophysiology. In: SadockBJ, SadockVA, (eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2000; 1: 152.
94. Holschneider DP Leuchter AF. Quantitative electroencephalography. In: CoffeyCE, CummingsJL, LovellMR, (eds). Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 2000: 293-294.
95. Rodin E. The clinical use of EEG topography. In: NiedermeyerE, Lopes da SilvaF, (eds). Electroencephalography Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999: 1207-1208.
96. Nuwer M. Assessment of digital EEG, quantitative EEG, and EEG brain mapping: Report of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Neurology 1997; 49: 277-292.
97. American Psychiatric Association Task Force: Quantitative electroencephalography: A report on the present state of computerized EEG techniques. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 961-964.
98. Duffy FH Hughes JR Miranda F Bernad P Cook P. Status of quantitative EEG (QEEG) in clinical practice. Clin Electroencephalogr 1994; 25 (1): VI.
99. Hoffman DA Lubar JF Thatcher RW, et al. Limitations of the American Academy of Neurology and American Clinical Neurophysiology Society paper on QEEG. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11: 401-407.
100. Hughes JR John ER. Conventional and quantitative electroencephalography in psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11: 190-208.
101. Thatcher RW Moore N John ER, et al. QEEG and traumatic brain injury: Rebuttal of the American Academy of Neurology 1997 Report by the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society. Clin Electroencephalogr 1999; 30: 94-98.
102. Butler RW Satz P. Personality assessment of adults and children. In: KaplanHI, SadockBJ, (eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995; 1: 568.
103. Ratcliff G Saxton J. Age-associated memory impairment. In: CoffeyCE, CummingsJL, LovellMR, (eds). Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 2000: 174-175.
104. Haaland KY Price L Larue A. What does the WMS-III tell us about memory changes with normal aging? J Intl Neuropsychol Soc 2003: 9: 89-96.
105. Makatura TJ Lam CS Leahy BJ Castillo MT Kalpakjian CZ. Standardized memory tests and the appraisal of everyday memory. Brain Inj 1999; 13: 355-367.
106. Zhu J Tulsky DS Price L Chen HY. WAIS-III reliability data for clinical groups. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001; 7; 862-866.
107. Tulsky DS Haaland KY. Exploring the clinical utility of WAIS-III and WMS-III. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001; 7: 860-861.
108. Blacker D. Psychiatric rating scales. In; SadockBJ, SadockVA, (eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000; 1: 776.
109. Bleecker ML Bolla-Wilson K Kawas C Agnew J. Age-specific norms for the Mini-Mental State Exam. Neurology 1988; 38: 1565-1568.
110. Dufouil C Clayton D Brayne C, et al. Population norms for the MMSE in the very old. Neurology. 2000; 55: 1609-1613.
111. Grigoletto F Zappala G Anderson DW Lebowitz BD. Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination in a healthy population. Neurology 1999; 53: 315.
112. Kukull WA Larson EB Teri L Bowen J McCormick W Pfanschmidt ML, The Mini-Mental State Examination score and the clinical diagnosis of dementia. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47: 1061-1067.
113. Meyer JS Li YS Thornby J. Validating mini-mental status, cognitive capacity screening and Hamilton depression scales utilizing subjects with vascular headaches. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 430-435.
114. van Gorp WG Marcotte TD Sultzer D Hinkin C Mahler M Cummings JL. Screening for dementia: Comparison of three commonly used instruments. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1999; 21: 29-38.
115. de Toledo-Morrel L Evers S Hoeppner TJ Morrell F Garron DC Fox J. A 'stress- test for memory dysfunction: Electrophysiologic manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 605-609.
116. Mochizuki Y Oishi M Takasu T. Correlations between P300 components and regional cerebral blood flows. J Clin Neurosci 2001; 8: 407-410.
117. Shaw TG Mortel KF Meyer JS, et al. Cerebral blood flow changes in benign aging and cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 855-862.
118. Holmes TH Rahe RH. The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosomatic Res 1967; 11: 213-218.
119. Treiman DM Walton NY Kendrick C. A progressive sequence of electroencephalographic changes during generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 1990; 5: 49-60.
120. Blom JL Anneveldt M. An electrode cap tested. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1982; 54: 591-594.
121. Folstein MF Folstein SE McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189-198.
122. Henderson S. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders. In: KaplanHI, SadockBJ, (eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995; 2: 2514.
123. Blacker D. Psychiatric rating scales. In: SadockBJ, SadockVA, (eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000; 1: 776.
124. Caine ED Lyness JM. Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders. In: SadockBJ, SadockVA, (eds). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000; 1: 894.
125. Sutton S Barren M Zubin J John ER. Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 1965; 150: 1187-1188.
126. Hill SY Locke J Zezza N, et al. Genetic association between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at high risk for alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 40-51.
127. Anderer P Pascual-Marqui RD Semlitsch HV Saletu B. Electrical sources of P300 event-related brain potentials revealed by low resolution electromagnetic tomography. 1. Effects of normal aging. Neuropsychobiology 1998; 37: 20-27.
128. Garcia-de la Cadena C Ostrosky-Solis F Rodriguez Y Chayo-Dichi R Guevara Angel M. Aging through P300 in a Mexican population. Gac Med Mex 1996; 3: 267-276.
129. Polich J Kok A. Cognitive and biological determinants of P300: An integrative review. Biological Psychol 1995; 41; 103-146.
130. Frodl-Bauch T Bottlender R Hegerl U. Neurochemical substances and neuroanatomical generators of the event-related P300. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40: 86-94.
131. d'Ardhuy XL Boeijinga PH Renault B, et al. Effects of serotonin-selective and classical antidepressants on the auditory P300 cognitive potential. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40: 207-213.
132. Hansenne M Ansseau M. P300 event-related potential and serotonin-1A activity in Depression. Eur Psychiatry 1999; 14: 143-147.
133. Semlitsch HV Anderer P Saletu B Binder GA Decker KA. Acute effects of the novel antidepressant venlafaxine on cognitive event-related potentials (P300), eye blink rate and mood in young healthy subjects. Int Clin Psychopharmocol 1993; 8: 155-166.
134. Ray PG Mendor KL Loring DW. Diazapam effects on the P3 event-related potential. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12: 415-419.
135. Hayakawa T Uciyama M Enomoto T, et al. Effects of small dose of brotizolam on P300. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 54: 319-320.
136. McCariey RW Faux SF Shenton ME Nester PG Adams J. Event-related potentials in schizophrenia: Their biological and clinical correlates and a new model of schizophrenic pathophysiology. Schizophren Res 1991; 4: 209-231.
137. Javitt DC Schroeder CE Steinschneider M Arezzo JC Ritter W Vaughan HG Jr. Cognitive event-related potentials in human and non-human primates: Implications for the PCP/NMDA model of schizophrenia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 44(suppl): 161-175.
138. Dierks T Frolich L Ihl R Maurer K. Event related potentials and psychopharmacology, cholingeric modulation of P300. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994; 27: 72-74.
139. Hammond EJ Meador KJ Aung-Din R Wilder BJ. Cholingeric modulation of human P3 event related potentials. Neurology 1987; 37: 346-350.
140. Thomas A Iacono D Bonanni L D'Andreamatteo G Onofrj M. Donepezil, rivastigmine, and vitamin E in Alzheimer disease: A combined P300 event-related potentials/ neuropsychologic evaluation over 6 months. Clin Neuropharmacology 2001; 24: 1: 31-42.
141. Hill SY Locke J Zezza N Kaplan B Neiswanger K Steinhauer SR, et al. Genetic Association between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at high risk for alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 40-51.
142. Noble EP Berman SM Ozkaragoz TZ Ritchie T. Prolonged P300 latency in children with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 54: 658-668.
143. Blum K Braverman ER Dinardo MJ Wood RC Sheridan PJ. Prolonged P300 latency in a neuropsychiatric population with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics 1994; 4: 313-322.
144. Dollins AB Krock LP Storm WF Wurtman RJ Lieberman HR. L-Tyrosine ameliorates some effects of lower body negative pressure stress. Physiology Behav 1995; 57: 2: 223-230.
145. Braverman ER Smith DE. A medical model for “reward deficiency syndrome”: Clinical significance of genetic dopamine deficiencies. Molecul Psychiat 2001; 6 (suppl 1): S5-S8.
146. Bandini F Pierantozzi M Bodis-Wollner I. The visuo-cognitive and motor effect of amantadine in non-Caucasian patients with Parkinson's disease: A clinical and electrophysiological study. J Neural Transm 2002; 109: 1: 41-51.
147. Mochizuki M Oishi M Takasu M. Correlation between P300 components and neurotransmitters in the cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Electroencephalogr 1996; 29: 1: 7.
148. Hansenne M Pitchot W Moreno Gonzalez A Papart P Timsit-Berthier M Ansseau M. Catechlaminergic function and P300 amplitude in major depressive disorder (P300 and catecholamines). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurolphysiol 1995; 96: 194-196.
149. Fontani G Maffei D Lodi L. Policosanol, reaction time and event-related potentials. Neuropsychobiol 2000; 41: 158-165.
150. Geisler MW Polich J. P300, food consumption, and memory performance. Psychophysiol 1992; 29: 1: 76-85.
151. Jing H Takigawa M Hamada K, et al. Effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on P(300) event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 38: 2: 109-144.
152. Jing H Takigawa M Okamura H Doi W Fukuzako H. Comparisons of event-related potentials after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 2001; 248: 3: 184-192.
153. Casey BJ. Windows into the human brain. Science 2002 24; 296: 1408.
154. Bowser A. Dementia screen speeds diagnosis. CNS News 2002; 5: 1, 20.
155. Geertings MI Janker C Bouter LM Ader HJ Schmand B. Association between memory complaints and incident Alzheimer's disease in elderly people with normal baseline cognition. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 56: 531-537.
156. Goldman WP Morris JC. Evidence that age-associated memory impairment is not a normal variant of aging. Alzheimer's Disease Assoc Disord 1999; 15: 72-79.
157. Perry R Watson P Hodges J. The nature and staging of attention dysfunction in early (minimal and mild) Alzheimer's disease-relationship to episodic and semantic memory impairment. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 252-271.
158. Perry R Hodges J. Rate of patients with questionable (very mild) Alzheimer's disease: Longitudinal profiles of individual subject's decline. Dement Geriat Cogn Disord 2000; 11: 342-349.
159. Pewersell RC Smith GE Waning SC Ivnik RJ Tangalos EG Kokman E. Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 303-308.
160. de Jager CA Milwain E Badge M. Early detection of isolated memory deficits in the elderly: The need for more sensitive neuropsychological tests. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 3: 483-491.
161. Coburn KL Arruda JE Estes KM, et al. Diagnostic utility of visual evoked potential changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 2003; 15: 2: 175-179.