Norms for the mini-mental state examination in a healthy population

Neurology

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 315-320

  Grigoletto, Francesco ^d   Zappalà, Giuseppe ^a   Anderson, Dallas W ^b   Lebowitz, Barry D ^c  

^a GARIBALDI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; ITALY; MENTAL TEST; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM;

EID: 0033595220     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.2.315     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.
2. Bleecker ML, Bolla-Wilson K, Kawas C, Agnew J. Age-specific norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination. Neurology 1988;38:1565-1568.
3. Heeren TJ, Lagaay AM, von Beek WCA, Rooymans HGM, Hijmans W. Reference values for the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in octo- and nonagenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:1093-1096.
4. Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, Huff FJ, et al. Effects of age, gender, and education on cognitive tests in a rural elderly community sample: norms from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Neuroepidemiology 1991;10:42-52.
5. Ylikoski R, Erkinjuntti T, Sulkava R, Juva K, Tilvis R, Valvanne J. Correction for age, education and other demographic variables in the use of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Finland. Acta Neurol Scand 1992;85:391-396.
6. Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA 1993;269:2386-2391.
7. Cobb JL, D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA. Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination. JAMA 1993;270:2178. Letter.
8. Measso G, Cavarzeran F, Zappalà G, et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination: normative study of an Italian random sample. Dev Neuropsychol 1993;9:77-85.
9. Monsch AU, Foldi NS, Ermini-Fünfschilling DE, et al. Improving the diagnostic accuracy of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Acta Neurol Scand 1995;92:145-150.
10. Mungas D, Marshall SC, Weldon M, Haan M, Reed BR. Age and education correction of Mini-Mental State Examination for English- and Spanish-speaking elderly. Neurology 1996; 46:700-706.
11. Jacqmin-Gadda H, Fabrigoule C, Commenges D, Dartigues JF. A 5-year longitudinal study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in normal aging. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145: 498-506.
12. Bravo G, Hebert R. Age- and education-specific reference values for the Mini-Mental and Modified Mini-Mental State Examinations derived from a non-demented elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;12:1008-1018.
13. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1983;17:37-49.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed., revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
15. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
16. Measso G, Zappalà G, Cavarzeran F, et al. Raven's colored progressive matrices: a normative study of a random sample of healthy adults. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;88:70-74.
17. Zappalà G, Measso G, Cavarzeran F, et al. Aging and memory: corrections for age, sex and education for three widely used memory tests. Ital J Neurol Sci 1995;16:177-184.
18. Dawson-Saunders B, Trapp RG. Basic and clinical biostatistics. 2nd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1994.
19. Healy MJR, Rasbash J, Yang M. Distribution-free estimation of age-related centiles. Ann Hum Biol 1988;15:17-22.
20. Last JM. A dictionary of epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
21. Maggi S, Zucchetto M, Grigoletto F, et al. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA): design and methods. Aging (Milano) 1994;6:464-473.
22. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
23. Roth M, Tym E, Mountjoy CQ, et al. CAMDEX: a standardized instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1986;149:698-709.
24. Pfeffer RI, Kurosaki TT, Harrah CH Jr, Chance JM, Filos S. Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. J Gerontol 1982;37:323-329.
25. George LK, Landerman R, Blazer DG, Anthony JC. Cognitive impairment. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press, 1991:291-327.
26. Cummings JL. Mini-Mental State Examination: norms, normals, and numbers. JAMA 1993;269:2420-2421.
27. Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, Huff FJ, et al. Serial sevens versus "world" backwards: a comparison of the two measures of attention from the MMSE. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3: 203-207.
28. Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40: 922-935.
29. Galasko D, Klauber MR, Hofstetter CR, Salmon DP, Lasker B, Thai LJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1990;47:49-52.
30. Kish L. Survey sampling. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965.
31. Moser C, Kalton G. Survey methods in social investigation. 2nd ed. Aldershot, Hants, England: Gower Publishing Company, 1979.
32. Fillenbaum GG, George LK, Blazer DG. Scoring nonresponse on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychol Med 1988;18: 1021-1025.
33. Kittner SJ, White LR, Farmer ME, et al. Methodological issues in screening for dementia: the problem of education adjustment. J Chronic Dis 1986;39:163-170.
34. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Treasure FP, Brook CPB, Reiss BB. The influence of education, social class and sex on Mini-Mental State scores. Psychol Med 1989;19:771-776.
35. Launer LJ, Dinkgreve MAHM, Jonker C, Hooijer C, Lindeboom J. Are age and education independent correlates of the Mini-Mental State Examination performance of community-dwelling elderly? J Gerontol 1993;48:P271-P277.
36. Mitrushina M, Satz P. Utility of Mini-Mental State Examination in assessing cognition in the elderly. Aging (Milan) 1994; 6:427-432.