-
1
-
-
0043282688
-
-
note
-
2O sink occurs in the stratosphere. Minschwaner et al. (42) estimated the 1980 value to be 12 ± 4 Tg N/year, corresponding to a mean atmospheric lifetime of 118 ± 25 years (43).
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
0038294083
-
-
J. Fluckiger et al., Science 285, 227 (1999).
-
(1999)
Science
, vol.285
, pp. 227
-
-
Fluckiger, J.1
-
4
-
-
0042621603
-
-
doi: 10.1029/2001GB001417
-
J. Fluckiger et al., Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 1010, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001417 (2002).
-
(2002)
Global Biogeochem. Cycles
, vol.16
, pp. 1010
-
-
Fluckiger, J.1
-
9
-
-
0027906726
-
-
J. Chappellaz et al., Nature 366, 443 (1993).
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.366
, pp. 443
-
-
Chappellaz, J.1
-
11
-
-
0027795960
-
-
A. F. Bouwman, I. Fung, E. Matthews, J. John, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 557 (1993).
-
(1993)
Global Biogeochem. Cycles
, vol.7
, pp. 557
-
-
Bouwman, A.F.1
Fung, I.2
Matthews, E.3
John, J.4
-
12
-
-
0002268229
-
-
R. S. Oremland, Ed. (Champman & Hall, New York)
-
E. A. Davidson, in Biogeochemistry and Global Change, Radiatively Active Trace Gases R. S. Oremland, Ed. (Champman & Hall, New York, 1993), pp. 369-386.
-
(1993)
Biogeochemistry and Global Change, Radiatively Active Trace Gases
, pp. 369-386
-
-
Davidson, E.A.1
-
13
-
-
0043282682
-
-
thesis, Pennsylvania State University
-
J. Jubenville, thesis, Pennsylvania State University (2000).
-
(2000)
-
-
Jubenville, J.1
-
16
-
-
0033766465
-
-
E. J. Brook, S. Harder, J. Severinghaus, E. Steig, C. Sucher, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 559 (2000).
-
(2000)
Global Biogeochem. Cycles
, vol.14
, pp. 559
-
-
Brook, E.J.1
Harder, S.2
Severinghaus, J.3
Steig, E.4
Sucher, C.5
-
21
-
-
0034353392
-
-
A. Indermuhle, E. Monnin, B. Stauffer, T. Stocker, M. Wahlen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 735 (2000).
-
(2000)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.27
, pp. 735
-
-
Indermuhle, A.1
Monnin, E.2
Stauffer, B.3
Stocker, T.4
Wahlen, M.5
-
22
-
-
0039583417
-
-
A. Indermuhle et al., Nature 398, 121 (1999).
-
(1999)
Nature
, vol.398
, pp. 121
-
-
Indermuhle, A.1
-
23
-
-
0033566149
-
-
H. J. Smith, H. Fischer, M. Wahlen, D. Mastroianni, B. Deck, Science 400, 248 (1999).
-
(1999)
Science
, vol.400
, pp. 248
-
-
Smith, H.J.1
Fischer, H.2
Wahlen, M.3
Mastroianni, D.4
Deck, B.5
-
24
-
-
0041779449
-
-
P. U. Clark, R. S. Webb, L. D. Keigwin, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC), American Geophysical Union Monograph 112
-
M. L. Bender, B. Malize, J. Orchardo, T. Sowers, J. Jouzel, in Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales, P. U. Clark, R. S. Webb, L. D. Keigwin, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2000), American Geophysical Union Monograph 112, pp. 149-165.
-
(2000)
Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales
, pp. 149-165
-
-
Bender, M.L.1
Malize, B.2
Orchardo, J.3
Sowers, T.4
Jouzel, J.5
-
26
-
-
0043282681
-
-
doi:1029/2002GB001911
-
T. Sowers, A. Rodebaugh, N. Yoshida, S. Toyoda, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 1129, doi:1029/2002GB001911 (2002).
-
(2002)
Global Biogeochem. Cycles
, vol.16
, pp. 1129
-
-
Sowers, T.1
Rodebaugh, A.2
Yoshida, N.3
Toyoda, S.4
-
27
-
-
0037928707
-
-
doi: 10.1029/2002GL016418
-
B. Goldstein, F. Joos, T. Stocker, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1092, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016418 (2003).
-
(2003)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.30
, pp. 1092
-
-
Goldstein, B.1
Joos, F.2
Stocker, T.3
-
28
-
-
0024932301
-
-
J. H. Butler, J. W. Elkins, T. M. Thompson, D. B. Egan, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14865 (1989).
-
(1989)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.94
, pp. 14865
-
-
Butler, J.H.1
Elkins, J.W.2
Thompson, T.M.3
Egan, D.B.4
-
30
-
-
0034464048
-
-
D. Archer, A. Winguth, D. Lea, N. Mahowald, Rev. Geophys. 38, 159 (2000).
-
(2000)
Rev. Geophys.
, vol.38
, pp. 159
-
-
Archer, D.1
Winguth, A.2
Lea, D.3
Mahowald, N.4
-
36
-
-
0029751121
-
-
C. S. Potter, P. A. Matson, P. M. Vitousek, E. A. Davidson, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1361 (1996).
-
(1996)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.101
, pp. 1361
-
-
Potter, C.S.1
Matson, P.A.2
Vitousek, P.M.3
Davidson, E.A.4
-
38
-
-
0002603061
-
-
J. E. Rogers, W. B. Whitman, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC)
-
E. A. Davidson, in Microbial Production and Consumption of Greenhouse Gases: Methane, Nitrogen Oxides and Halomethanes, J. E. Rogers, W. B. Whitman, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1991), pp. 219-235.
-
(1991)
Microbial Production and Consumption of Greenhouse Gases: Methane, Nitrogen Oxides and Halomethanes
, pp. 219-235
-
-
Davidson, E.A.1
-
41
-
-
0032487959
-
-
J. E. Dore, B. N. Popp, D. M. Karl, F. J. Sansone, Nature 396, 63 (1998)
-
(1998)
Nature
, vol.396
, pp. 63
-
-
Dore, J.E.1
Popp, B.N.2
Karl, D.M.3
Sansone, F.J.4
-
43
-
-
0032572996
-
-
K. Minschwaner, R. W. Carver, B. P. Briegleb, A. E. Roche, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23243 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, pp. 23243
-
-
Minschwaner, K.1
Carver, R.W.2
Briegleb, B.P.3
Roche, A.E.4
-
45
-
-
0027913102
-
-
P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver, J. W. C. White, S. Johnsen, J. Jouzel, Nature 366, 552 (1993).
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.366
, pp. 552
-
-
Grootes, P.M.1
Stuiver, M.2
White, J.W.C.3
Johnsen, S.4
Jouzel, J.5
-
46
-
-
0023467219
-
-
J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich, C. Lorius, Nature 329, 408 (1987).
-
(1987)
Nature
, vol.329
, pp. 408
-
-
Barnola, J.M.1
Raynaud, D.2
Korotkevich, Y.S.3
Lorius, C.4
-
47
-
-
0041779448
-
-
note
-
Supported by NSF-Office of Polar Programs (grants 9526556 to T.A.S. and 0087160 and 0126187 to R.B.A.). Special thanks to K. Keller, R. Najjar, J. Fluckiger, and two anonymous reviewers who greatly improved the manuscript.
-
-
-
|