Characteristics of mixed-phase clouds. I: Lidar, radar and aircraft observations from CLARE'98

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 129, Issue 592 PART A, 2003, Pages 2089-2116

  Hogan, R J ^a   Francis, P N ^b   Flentje, H ^c   Illingworth, A J ^a   Quante, M ^d   Pelon, J ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^c GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^d INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

^e SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

Author keywords

Depolarization ratio; Radar lidar synergy; Radiative effect; Supercooled water

Indexed keywords

ICE; OPTICAL RADAR; SUPERCOOLING; WIND;

MIXED-PHASE CLOUDS;

CLOUDS;

BACKSCATTER; CLOUD DROPLET; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; ICE CRYSTAL; LIDAR; REMOTE SENSING;

EID: 0041488809     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1256/rj.01.208     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Battan, L. J. 1973 Radar observation of the atmosphere. University of Chicago Press
2. Bower, K. N., Moss, S. J., Johnson, D. W., Choularton, T. W., Latham, J., Brown, P. R. A., Blyth, A. M. and Cardwell, J. 1996 A parametrization of the ice water content observed in frontal and convective clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1815-1844
3. Brown, P. R. A. 1993 Measurement of the ice water content of cirrus using an evaporative technique. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 579-590
4. Brown, P. R. A. and Francis, P. N. 1995 Improved measurements of the ice water content in cirrus using a total-water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 410-414
5. Cho, H. R., Iribarne, J. V. and Richards, W. G. 1981 On the orientation of ice crystals in a cumulonimbus cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1111-1115
6. 2 lidar method to distinguish ice, mixed-phase, and water clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 130-140
7. Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A. 1996 Studies with a flexible new radiation code. 1: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 689-719
8. ESA (European Space Agency) 1999a 'CLARE'98 Cloud Lidar & Radar Experiment'. ESA Report WPP-170, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
9. ESA (European Space Agency) 1999b 'Earth Radiation Mission'. ESA Report SP-1233(3)-The four candidate Earth Explorer Core Missions, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
10. Foot, J. S. 1988 Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. 2: Cirrus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 145-164
11. Francis, P. N., Hignett, P. and Macke, A. 1998 The retrieval of cirrus cloud properties from aircraft multi-spectral reflectance measurements during EUCREX'93. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1273-1291
12. Francis, P. N., Flentje, H., Pelon, J. and Testud, J. 1999 'An analysis of the airborne broad-band radiometer measurements collected during CLARE'98'. Pp. 225-229 in CLARE'98 Cloud Lidar And Radar Experiment, ESA Report WPP-170, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
13. Fu, Q. and Liou, K. N. 1993 Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025
14. Gardiner, B. A. and Hallett, J. 1985 Degradation of in-cloud forward scattering spectrometer probe measurements in the presence of ice particles. J. Atmos. Sci., 2, 171-180
15. Gayet, J. F., Brown, P. R. A. and Albers, F. 1993 A comparison of in-cloud measurements obtained with 6 PMS 2D-C probes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 180-194
16. Goddard, J. W. F., Tan, J. and Thurai, M. 1994a Technique for calibration of meteorological radars using differential phase. Electron. Lett., 30, 166-167
17. Goddard, J. W. F., Eastment, J. D. and Thurai, M. 1994b The Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar: A tool for multidisciplinary atmospheric research. Electron and Commun. Eng. J., 6, 77-86
18. Gregory, D. and Morris, D. 1996 The sensitivity of climate simulations to the specification of mixed phase clouds. Clim. Dyn., 12, 641-651
19. Hall, M. P. M., Goddard, J. W. F. and Cherry, S. M. 1984 Identification of hydrometeors and other targets by dual-polarization radar. Radio Sci., 19, 132-140
20. Heymsfield, A. J., Miloshevich, L. M., Slingo, A., Sassen, K. and Starr, D. O'C. 1991 An observational and theoretical study of highly supercooled altocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 923-945
21. Hogan, R. J. and Goddard, J. W. F. 1999 'Calibration of the ground-based radars during CLARE'98'. Pp. 63-67 in CLARE'98 Cloud Lidar And Radar Experiment. ESA Report WPP-170, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
22. Hogan, R. J. and Illingworth, A. J. 1999 The potential of spaceborne dual-wavelength radar to make global measurements of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 518-531
23. Hogan, R. J., Illingworth, A. J. and Sauvageot, H. 2000 Measuring crystal size in cirrus using 35 and 94 GHz radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 27-37
24. Hogan, R. J., Field, P. R., Illingworth, A. J., Cotton, R. J. and Choularton, T. W. 2002 Properties of embedded convection in warm-frontal mixed-phase cloud from aircraft and polarimetric radar. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 451-476
25. Hogan, R. J., Illingworth, A. J., O'Connor, E. J. and Poiares Baptista, J. P. V. 2003 Characteristics of mixed-phase clouds. II: A climatology from ground-based lidar. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 2117-2134
26. Hu, Y. X. and Stamnes, K. 1993 An accurate parameterization of the radiative properties of water clouds suitable for use in climate models. J. Climate, 6, 728-742
27. Intrieri, J. M., Stephens, G. L., Eberhart, W. L. and Uttal, T. 1993 A method for determining cirrus cloud particle sizes using lidar and radar backscatter techniques. J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 1074-1082
28. Klett, J. D. 1985 Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios. J. Atmos. Opt., 24, 1638-1643
29. Knollenberg, R. G. 1970 The optical array: An alternative to scattering for airborne particle size determination. J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 86-103
30. Kosarev, A. L. and Mazin, I. P. 1989 Empirical model of physical structure of the upper level clouds of the middle latitudes. Pp. 29-52 in Radiation properties of cirrus clouds. Nauka, Moskow
31. Li, Z.-X. and Le Treut, H. 1992 Cloud-radiation feedbacks in a general circulation model and their dependence on cloud modelling assumptions. Clim. Dyn., 7, 133-139
32. Liebe, H. J. 1985 An updated model for millimeter-wave propagation in moist air. Radio Sci., 20, 1069-1089
33. Liu, C.-L. and Illingworth, A. J. 2000 Towards more accurate retrievals of ice water content from radar measurements of clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1130-1146
34. Macke, A., Mueller, J. and Raschke, E. 1996 Single scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2813-2825
35. Mörl, P., Reinhardt, M. E., Renger, W. and Schellhase, R. 1981 The use of the airborne lidar system 'ALEX F1' for aerosol tracing in the lower troposphere. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 54, 401-410
36. Moss, S. J. and Johnson, D. W. 1994 Aircraft measurements to validate and improve numerical model parametrizations of ice to water ratios in clouds. Atmos. Res., 34, 1-25
37. Ono, A. 1970 Growth mode of ice crystals in natural clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 649-658
38. Pelon, J., Flamant, P. H. and Meissonnier, M. 1990 'The French airborne backscatter lidar LEANDRE. 1: Conception and operation'. Pp. 36-39 in proceedings of the 15th international laser radar conference, 23-27 July 1990, Tomsk
39. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D. 1997 Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. 2nd Ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers
40. Quante, M., Danne, O., Lemke, H., Milferstädt, D. and Raschke, E. 1998 'The GKSS 94 GHz cloud radar: System description and potential contributions in support of the Earth Radiation Mission'. Pp. 75-80 in ESA Report EWP-1968. ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
41. Quante, M., Lemke, H., Flentje, H., Francis, P. N. and Pelon, J. 2000 Boundaries and internal structure of mixed phase clouds as deduced from ground-based 95 GHz radar and airborne lidar measurements. Phys. Chem. Earth. 25, 889-895
42. Renger, W., Kiemle, C., Schreiber, H.-G., Wirth, M. and Moerl, P. 1995 'Airborne backscatter LIDAR measurements at 3 wavelengths during ELITE. ELITE-94, The European 'LITE' Correlative Measurement Campaign'. Pp. 15-35 in ESA Report WPP-107, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
43. Sassen, K. 1984 Deep orographic cloud structure and composition derived from comprehensive remote sensing measurements. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 568-583
44. Sassen, K. 1991 The polarization lidar technique for cloud research-a review and current assessment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 1848-1866
45. Sassen, K., Grund, C. J., Spinhirne, J. D., Hardesty, M. M. and Alvarez, J. M. 1990 The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO case study: A five lidar overview of cloud structure and evolution. Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 2288-2311
46. Sekelsky, S. M., Ecklund, W. L., Firda, J. M., Gage, K. S. and McIntosh, R. E. 1999 Particle size estimation in ice-phase clouds using multifrequency radar reflectivity measurements at 95, 33 and 2.8 GHz. J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 5-28
47. Slingo, A. and Schrecker, H. M. 1982 On the shortwave radiative properties of stratiform water clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 108, 407-426
48. Smith, R. N. B. 1990 A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 435-460
49. Sun, Z. and Shine, K. P. 1995 Parameterization of ice cloud radiative properties and its application to the potential climatic importance of mixed-phase clouds. J. Climate, 8, 1874-1888
50. Wylie, D., Pironen, P., Wolf, W. and Eloranta, E. 1995 Understanding satellite cirrus cloud climatologies with calibrated lidar optical depths. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4327-4343
51. Young, K. C. 1993 Microphysical processes in clouds. Oxford University Press