Therapeutic approaches to dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome

Current Opinion in Cardiology

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 301-308

  Cottrell, Daryl A ^a   Marshall, Brian J ^a   Falko, James M ^a,b  

^a RIVERSIDE METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dyslipidemia; Metabolic syndrome; Therapy; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; CERIVASTATIN; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TROGLITAZONE;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG ABSORPTION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MYOSITIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOGENESIS; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS;

ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; AZETIDINES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; FISH OILS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NIACIN; PARTICLE SIZE; PROCETOFEN;

EID: 0041379721     PISSN: 02684705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001573-200307000-00010     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Grundy SM, Howard B, Smith S, et al.: AHA conference proceedings prevention conference VI: diabetes and cardiovascular disease executive summary. Circulation 2002, 105:2231-2239.
2. Ford ES, Giles WH: A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:575-581.
3. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al.: The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:427-436.
4. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al.: Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003, 289:76-79.
5. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285:2486-2497.
6. Eckel RH, Wassef J, Chait A, et al.: Prevention conference VI, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, writing group II: pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Circulation 2002, 105:e138-e143. This is an excellent review of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis written by authorities on the subject.
7. Goldberg IJ: Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:965-971.
8. Schneider MP, Delles C, Fleischmann E, et al.: Effect of elevated triglyceride levels on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91:482-484.
9. Sniderman AD, Lamarche B, Tilley J, et al.: Hypertriglyceridemic hyperapoB in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:579-582.
10. Sniderman AD, Furberg CD, Keech A, et al.: Apolipoproteins versus lipids as indices of coronary risk and as targets for statin treatment. Lancet 2003, 361:777-780. This is an excellent review of the use of apoB measurements as an index of risk.
11. Otvos JD, Jeyaraja EJ, Cromwell WC: Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90(suppl):221-291.
12. Williams PT, Superko R, Haskell WL, et al.: Smallest LDL particles are most strongly related to coronary disease progression in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:314-321.
13. Nappo F, Esposito K, Cioffi M, et al.: Postprandial endothelial activation in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients: role of fat and carbohydrate meals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1145-1150. This is a good study discussing the postprandial effects on endothelial function.
14. Srinivasan S, Yeh M, Danziger EC, et al.: Glucose regulates monocyte adhesion through endothelial production of interleukin-8. Circ Res 2003, 92:371-377. This strong research study discusses glucose effects on interleukin production.
15. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al.: Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:383-393. This outstanding paper demonstrates that multiple interventions are needed to decrease cardiovascular disease in diabetes.
16. Grundy SM: Low-density lipoprotein, non-high density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein B as targets of lipid-lowering therapy. Circulation 2002, 106:2526-2529.
17. Lu W, Resnick HE, Jablonski KA, et al.: Non-HDL cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes, the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:16-23. This is an excellent study showing that non-HDL cholesterol is an inexpensive measurement and a good predictor of cardiovascular risk in diabetes in this study population.
18. Winkler K, Ablethshauser C, Hoffman MM, et al.: Effect of fluvastatin slow-release on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: baseline LDL profile determines specific mode of action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:5485-5490.
19. Pontrelli L, Parris W, Adeli K, et al.: Atorvastatin treatment beneficially alters the lipoprotein profile and increases low-density lipoprotein particle diameter in patients with combined dyslipidemia and impaired fasting glucose/type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2002, 51:334-342.
20. Frost RJ, Otto C, Geis HC, et al.: Effects of atorvastatin versus fenofibrate on lipoprotein profiles, low-density lipoprotein subfraction distribution, and hemorheologic parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus with mixed hyperlipoproteinemia. Am J Cardiol 2001, 87:44-48.
21. Kinlay S, Selwyn AP: Effects of statins on inflammation in patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91(suppl):9B-13B.
22. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, et al.: Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation, effect of short- and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation 2002, 106:1211-1218.
23. Sowers JR: Effects of statins on the vasculature: implications for aggressive lipid management in the cardiovascular metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91 (suppl):14B-22B. This is a good review of extra cholesterol effects of statins.
24. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, et al.: Comparison in patients with type 2 diabetes of fibric acid versus hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor treatment of combined dyslipidemia. Metabolism 2002, 51:1355-1359.
25. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al.: Diabetes, plasma insulin and cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:2597-2604.
26. Steiner G, Hamsten A, Hosking J, et al.: Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomized study. Lancet 2001, 357:905-910.
27. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, et al.: Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors. Circulation 2000, 102:1893-1900.
28. Heart Protection Study Group: MCC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering. Lancet 2002, 360:7-22.
29. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Athyrou VV, et al.: Atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1198-1202. This is an excellent study that shows that combination therapy in type 2 diabetes reaches ADA goals much more effectively than monotherapy.
30. Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H: Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002, 105:310-315.
31. Watts GF, Barrett HR, Ji J, et al.: Differential regulation of lipoprotein kinetics by atorvastatin and fenofibrate in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2003, 52:803-811. This excellent kinetic study discusses apoA1 and apoB changes with fibrates and statins in patients with metabolic syndrome.
32. Davidson MH: Combination therapy for dyslipidemia: safety and regulatory considerations. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90(suppl):50k-60k.
33. Prueksaritanont T, Tang C, Qiu Y, et al.: Effect of fibrates on metabolism of statins in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2002, 30:1280-1287.
34. Grundy SM, Vega L, McGovern ME, et al.: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1568-1576.
35. Elam MB, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB, et al.: Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial. JAMA 2000, 284:1263-1270 (abstract).
36. Canner PL, Furberg C, Terrum ML, et al.: Niacin decreases MI and total mortality in patients with metabolic syndrome: results from the coronary drug project. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:291A.
37. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ: Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002, 106:2747-2757.
38. Thies F, McGarry JM, Yagook P, et al.: Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361:477-485. This study shows that fish oils are incorporated into plaques and stabilize them. Many of the patients had diabetes.
39. Farmer A, Montori V, Dinneen S, et al.: Fish oil in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002, 4.
40. Piolot A, Blache D, Boulet L, et al.: Effect of fish oil on LDL oxidation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in health. J Lab Clin Med 2003, 141:41-49
41. Gagne C, Bays HE, Weiss SR, et al.: Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:1084-1091.
42. Haffner SM, Greenberg AS, Weston WM, et al.: Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2002, 106:679-684.
43. Lebovitz HE: Rationale for and role of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90(suppl):34G-41G. This is an excellent review of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes.
44. Khan MA, St. Peter JV, Xue JL: A prospective, randomized comparison of the metabolic effects of pioglitazone or rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes who were previously treated with troglitazone. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:708-711.
45. Ovalle F, Bell DS: Lipoprotein effects of different thiazolidinediones in clinical practice. Endocrinol Pract 2002, 8:406-410.
46. Freed MI, Ratner R, Marcovina SM, et al.: Effects of rosiglitazone alone and in combination with atorvastatin on the metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:947-952.