Platelets as predictors of vascular risk: Is there a practical index of platelet activity?

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 177-190

  Tsiara, Stavroula ^b   Elisaf, Moses ^b   Jagroop, I Anita ^a   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^a,c  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^c ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet treatment; Coronary heart disease; Mean platelet volume (MPV); Platelet activation; Platelet adhesion; Platelet aggregation; Spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA)

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CLOPIDOGREL; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; PADGEM PROTEIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LABORATORY TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE SHAPE; THROMBOCYTE VOLUME; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 0041328292     PISSN: 10760296     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107602960300900301     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Rabbani LE, Loscalzo J. Recent observations on the role of haemostatic determinants in the development of atherothrombotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 1994;105:1.
2. Fitzgerald DJ, Roy L, Catella F, et al. Platelet activation in unstable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 1986;315:983.
3. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon J. The pathogenesis of coronaray artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992;326:242.
4. White JG. Platelets and atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1994;24(Supp 1):25.
5. Falk E, Fernandez-Otriz A. Role of thrombosis in atherosclerosis and its complications. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:3B.
6. Muckian C, Fitzgerald A, O'Neill, et al. Genetic variability in the extracellular matrix as a determinant of cardiovascular risk: Association of type III collagen COL3A1 polymorphisms with coronary artery disease. Blood 2002;100(4):1220.
7. Fumeron F, Betoulle D, Nicaud V, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and myocardial infarction: Etude Cas-temoin de l'Infarctus du Myocarde (ECTIM). Circulation 2002;105(25):2943.
8. Candroy Y, Sakariassen KS, Charlet JP, et al. Role of 4 platelet membrane glycoprotein polymorphisms on experimental arterial thrombus formation in men. Blood 2001;98(10):3159.
9. Feng D, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, et al. Platelet GP IIIa Pl (a) polymorphism, fibrinogen and platelet aggregability: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2001;104(2):140.
10. Sonoda A, Murata M, Ito D, et al. Association between platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha genotype and ischaemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2000;31(2):493.
11. Jang EK, Azzam JE, Dickinson NT, et al. Roles of both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the inhibition of platelet aggregation by nitroprusside. Br J Haematol 2002;17(3):664.
12. Kalinowski L, Matys T, Chabielska E, et al. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation by NO release. Hypertension 2002;40(4):521.
13. Spencer CG, Gurney D, Blann AD, et al. ASCOT Steering Committee, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. VW factor, soluble P-selectin and target-organ damage in hypertension: A sub-study of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes trial (ASCOT). Hypertension 2002;40(1):61.
14. Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. Doxazosin an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibits serotonin-induced shape change in human platelets. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15(3):203.
15. Gomi T, Ikeda T, Shibuya Y, et al. Effects of anti-hypertensive treatment on platelet function in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2000;23(6):567.
16. Iwase E, Tawata M, Aida K, et al. A cross-sectional evaluation of spontaneous platelet aggregation in relation to complications in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. Metabolism 1998;47(6):699.
17. Beckmann JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. JAMA 2002;287(19):2570.
18. Rauramaa R, Vaisanen SB. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherothrombogenic profile in the obese: Current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31(11 Suppl):S631.
19. Konstantinides S, Schafer K, Koschnick S, et al. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 2001;108(10):1533.
20. Gallisti S, Sudi KM, Borkenstein M, et al. Correlation between cholesterol, soluble P-selectin, and D-Dimer in obese children and adolescents. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2000;11(8):755.
21. Westerbacka J, Yki-Jarvinen H, Turpein A, et al. Inhibition of platelet-collagen interaction: An in vivo action of insulin abolished by insulin resistance in obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(1):167.
22. Frolich J, Steiner G. Dyslipideamia and coagulation defects of insulin resistance. Int J Clin Pract 2000; S(113):14.
23. Mansfelt EP, van Velden DP, Fourie E, et al. The in vivo antithrombotic effect of wine consumption on human blood platelets and haemostatic factors. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002;957:329.
24. Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP. Beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on vascular disease: Myth or reality? J R Soc Health 2000;120:11.
25. Honstra S. Influence of dietary fat type on arterial thrombosis tendency. J Nutr Health Aging 2001;5(3):160.
26. Mikhailidis DP, Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES. Smoking, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. J R Soc Health 1998;118:91.
27. Fusegawa Y, Handa S. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP or epinephrine is enhanced in habitual smokers. Thromb Res 2000;97(5):287.
28. Ten Cate JW, Vos J, Osterhuis H, et al. Spontaneous platelet aggregation in cerebrovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 1978;39(1):223.
29. Ault KA, Cannon CP, Mitchell J, et al. Platelet activation in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: Results from the TIMI-12 trial. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33(3):634.
30. Robless P, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G. Systematic review of antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke or vascular death in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Br J Surg 2001;88(6):787.
31. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy-I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients BMJ 1994;308:81.
32. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R, et al. Randomized trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in british male doctors. BMJ 1988;296(6618):310.
33. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians' health study. Steering committee of the physicians' health study research group. N Engl J Med 1989;321(3):129.
34. Elwood PC, Hughes C, O'Brien JR. Platelets aspirin and cardiovascular disease. Postgrad Med J 1998;74(876):587.
35. Jarvis B, Simpson K. Clopidogrel: A review of its use in the prevention of atherothrombosis. Drugs 2000;60:347.
36. Lubbe DF, Berger PB. The thienopyridines. J Intervent Cardiol 2002;15(1):85.
37. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high-risk patients. BMJ 2002;324(7329):71.
38. Robless PA, Okonko D, Lintott P, et al. Increased platelet aggregation and activation in peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25(1):16.
39. Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP, Winder AF. Platelets and lipoprotein (a): A brief review of their role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Platelets 1999;10:277.
40. Cook BC. Reactivity of human platelets with immobilized fibrinogen is dictated by the chemical character of the surface. Thromb Res 2001;104(1):39.
41. Rieder MA, Ginsberg MH, Steiner B. Blocade of platelet GP IIb/IIIa integrin in flowing human blood leads to passivation of prothrombotic surfaces. Thromb Haemost 2002;88(5):858.
42. Duell PB, Malinow MR. Homocysteine: An important risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8(1):28.
43. Coppola A, Davi G, Di Stephano V, et al. Homocysteine, coagulation, platelet function and thrombosis. Sem Thromb Hemost 2000;26(3):243.
44. Magadle R, Weiner P, Beckerman M, et al. C-reactive protein as a marker for coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain in the emergency room. Clin Cardiol 2002;25(10):456.
45. Ridker PM, Rifai V, Rose L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002;347(20):1557.
46. Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Platelets and lipid lowering interventions. Platelets 1999;10:357.
47. Vaugan CJ, Gotto AM Jr, Basson CT. The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35(1):1.
48. Dajani EZ, Shahwan TG, Dajani NE. Statins, platelet aggregation and coronary heart disease. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 2002;13(1):27.
49. Hankey GJ. One year after CAPRIE, IST and ESPS 2. Any changes in concepts? Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8(55):1.
50. Bick RI. Laboratory evaluation of platelet dysfunction. Clin Lab Med 1995;15(1):1.
51. Park Y, Schone N, Harris W. Mean Platelet volume as an indicator of platelet activation: Methodological issues. Platelets 2002;13(5-6):301.
52. Bancroft AJ, Abel EW, Mclaren M, et al. Mean platelet volume is a useful parameter: A reproducible routine method using a modified Coulter Thrombocytometer. Platelets 2000;11:379.
53. Endler G, Klimesch A, Sunder-Plassmann H, et al. Mean platelet volume is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction but not for coronary artery disease. Br J Haematol 2002;117(2):399.
54. Blann AD, Lip GY, Beevers DG, et al. Soluble p-selectin in atherosclerosis: A comparison with endothelial cells and platelets markers. Thromb Haemost 1997;77(6):1077.
55. Furman MI, Barnard MR, Krueger LA, et al. Circulating platelets-monocyte aggregates are an early marker of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38 (4):1002.
56. George JN. Platelets. Lancet 2000;355:1531.
57. Holt JC, Niewiarowski S. Biochemistry of α-granules proteins. Semin Hematol 1985;22:151.
58. Ruggeri ZM. New insights into mechanisms of platelet adhesion and aggregation. Semin Hematol 1994;31:229.
59. De Groot PG, Sixma JJ. Platelet adhesion. Br J Haematol 1990;75:308.
60. Andrews RK, Lopez JA, Berndt MC. Molecular mechanism of platelets adhesion and activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997;29:91.
61. Bath PM, Butterworth RJ. Platelet size: Measurement, physiology and vascular disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1996;7(2):157.
62. Jagroop IA, Clatworthy I, Lewin J, et al Shape change on human platelets-measurements with a channelyzer and visualization by electron microscopy. Platelets 2000;11:28.
63. Carty DJ, Gear AR. Fractionation of platelets according to size: Functional and biochemical characteristics. Am J Hematol 1986;21(1):1.
64. Verhaghe R, Piessens J, Suy R, et al. Platelet survival in patients with angiographically diseased and normal coronary arteries. Thromb Haemost 1984;52(2):164.
65. Chen YC, Wu KK. A comparison of methods for the study of platelet hyperfunction in thromboembolic disorders. Br J Haematol 1980;46:263.
66. Kaplan KL, Owen J. Plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo. Blood 1981;57:109.
67. Ikeda H, Nakayama H, Oda T. Soluble form of P-selectin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Dis 1994;5:515.
68. O'Connor CM, Gurbel PA, Serebruany VL. Usefulness of soluble and surface bound P-selectin in detecting heightened platelet activity in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1345.
69. Lip GYH, Blann AD, Zarifis J, et al. Soluble adhesion molecule P-selectin and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension: Implications for atherogenesis? A preliminary report. J Hypertens 1995;13:1674.
70. Barbaux SC, Blacknberg S, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Association between P-selectin gene polymorphisms and soluble P-selectin levels and their relation to coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21(10):1668.
71. Amin HM, Ahmad S, Walenga JM, et al. Soluble P-selectin in human plasma: Effect of anticoagulant matrix and its levels in patients with cardiovascular disease. Clin Appl Thromb Haemost 2000;6(2):71.
72. Atalar E, Haznedaroglu Y, Aytemir K, et al. Circulating adhesion molecules in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Int J Hematol 2000;72(4):507.
73. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N. Soluble P-selectin and the risk of future cardiovascular events. Circulation 2001;103(4):491.
74. Sirolli V, Ballone E, Garofalo D, et al. Platelet activation markers in patients with nephrotic syndrome. A comparative study of different platelet function tests. Nephron 2002;91(3):424.
75. Michelson AD, Furman MI. Laboratory markers of platelet activation and their clinical significance. Curr Opin Hematol 1999;6(5):342.
76. Fujimura A, Ohasi K, Ebihara A. Daily variations in platelet aggregation and adhesion in healthy subjects. Life Sci 1992;50(14):1043.
77. Dalby MC, Davidson SJ, Burman JF, et al. Diurnal variation in platelet aggregation with the PFA-100 platelet function analyzer. Platelets 2000;11(6):320.
78. Sharp DS, Beswick AD, O'Brien JR, et al. The association of platelet and red cell count with platelet impedance changes in whole blood and light scattering changes in platelet rich plasma. Evidence from the Caerphilly collaborative heart disease study. Thromb Haemost 1990;64(2):211.
79. Elwood PC, Beswick AD, Sharp DS, et al. Whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry and ischaemic heart disease. The Caerphilly Collaborative Heart Disease Study. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(6):1032.
80. Elwood PC, Renaud S, Sharp DS, et al. Ischaemic heart disease and platelet aggregation. The Caerphilly Collaborative Heart Disease Study. Circulation 1991;83(1):38.
81. Elwood PC, Renaud S, Beswick AD, et al. Platelet aggregation and incident ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly Cohort. Heart 1998;80(6):578.
82. Elwood PC, Beswick AD, Pickering J, et al. Platelet tests in the prediction of MI and Ischaemic stroke evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Br J Haematol 2001;113(2):514.
83. Thaulow E, Erikssen J, Sandvi KL, et al. Blood function and count are related to total and cardiovascular death in apparently healthy men. Circulation 1991;84(2):613.
84. Trip MD, Cats VM, van Capelle FJ, et al. Platelet hypereactivity and prognosis in survivors of MI. N Engl J Med 1990;322(2):1549.
85. Martin JF, Bath PM, Burr M. Influence of platelet size on outcome after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1991;338(8780):1409.
86. Pizzuli L, Yang A, Martin JF, et al. Changes in platelet size and count in unstable angina compared to stable angina or non-cardiac chest pain. Eur Heart J 1998;19(1):80.
87. Fager B, Sjogren A, Sjogren U. Platelet counts in myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and peripheral artery disease. Acta Med Scand 1985;217(1):21.
88. Glud T, Schmidt EB, Kristensen SD, et al. Platelet number and volume during myocardial infarction in relation to infarct size. Acta Med Scand 1986;220(5):401.
89. Mikhailidis DP, Barradas MA, Mier A, et al. Platelet function in patients admitted with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Angiology 1987;38(1):36.
90. Michelson AD, Barnard MR, Krueger LA, et al. Evaluation of platelet function by flow cytometry. Methods 2000;21(3):259.
91. Vidal C, Spaulding C, Picard F, et al. Flow cytometry detection of platelet procoagulation activity and microparticles in patients with unstable angina treated by percutaneous coronary angioplasty and stent implantation. Thromb Haemost 2001;86(3):784.
92. Michelson AD, Barnard MR, Krueger LA, et al. Circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates are more sensitive marker of in vivo activation than platelet surface P-selectin: Studies in baboons, human coronary intervention and human acute MI. Circulation 2001;104(13):1533.
93. Kabbani SS, Watkins MW, Ashikaga T, et al. Platelet reactivity characterized prospectively. A determinant of outcome 90 days after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2001;104:181.
94. Steinhubl SR, Berger RB, Man JT, et al. CREDO Investigators. Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary interventions: A randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288(19):2411.
95. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. The Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494.
96. CAPRIE Steering Committee. Randomised blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348(9038):1329.
97. Diener HC, Ringles R. Antithrombotic secondary prevention after stroke. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2002;4(5):429.
98. Montalescot G. Value of antiplatelet therapy in preventing thrombotic events in generalized vascular disease. Clin Cardiol 2000;23 Suppl 6:VI-18.
99. Ferguson JJ, Kereiakes PJ, Adgey AA. Safe use of platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Eur Heart J 1998;19 Suppl D:D3.
100. Martin JF, Slater DN, Kish YT, et al. Platelet and megakaryocyte changes in cholesterol induced experimental atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1985;5(6):604.
101. Zucker ML, Trowbridge C, Krehbiel P, et al. Platelet function in hypercholesterolemics before and after hypolipidemic therapy. Haemostasis 1986;16(1):57.
102. D'Erasmo E, Aliberti G, Celi FS, et al. Platelet count, mean platelet volume and their prognosis in cerebral infarction. J Intern Med 1990;227(1):11.
103. Senaran H, Ileri M, Altinbas A, et al. Thrombopoietin and mean platelet volume in coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2001;24(5):405.
104. Thompson CB, Diaz DD, Quinn PG, et al. The role of anticoagulation in the measurement of platelet volumes. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;80(3):327.
105. Threatte GA, Adrabos C, Ebbe S, et al. Mean platelet volume: The need for a reference method. Am J Clin Pathol 1984;81(6):769.
106. Bath PM. The routine measurement of platelet size using sodium citrate alone as anticoagulant. Thromb Haemost 1993;70(4):687.
107. Khan MA, Thompson CS, Dashwood MR, et al. Doxazosin modifies serotonin mediated rabbit urinary bladder contraction. Potential clinical relevance. Urol Res 2000;28(2):116.
108. Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. Angiotensin II can induce and potentiate shape change in human platelets: Effect of losartan. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14:581.
109. Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of endothelin-1 on human platelet shape change: Reversal of activation by naftidofuryl. Platelets 2000;11:272.
110. Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. An investigation of the serotoninergic effects of fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine and dexnorfenfluramine using platelets as neuronal models. Platelets 2000;11:156.
111. Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. Mean platelet volume is a useful parameter: A reproducible routine method using a modified Coulter Thrombocytometer. Platelets 2000;12:171.
112. Barradas MA, Stansby G, Hamilton G, et al. Diminished platelet yield and enhanced platelet aggregability in platelet-rich plasma of peripheral vascular disease patients. Int Angiol 1994;13(3):202.
113. Sweetlove MA, Lotter MG, Roodt JP, et al. Blood platelet kinetics in normal subjects modeled by compartmental analysis. Eur J Nucl Med 1992;19(12):1023.
114. Peters AM, Lavender JP. Platelet kinetics with indium-111 platelets: Comparison with chromium-51 platelets. Semin Thromb Hemost 1983;9(2):100.
115. Wessels P, Heyns AD, Pieters H, et al. An improved method for the quantification of the in vivo kinetics of a representative population of 111 In-labeled human platelets. Eur J Nucl Med 1985;10(11-12):522.
116. Mezzano D, Hwang K, Catalano P, et al. Evidence that platelet buoyant density, but not size correlates with platelet age in man. Am J Hematol 1981;11(1):61.
117. Rand ML, Packham MA, Mustard JF. Survival of density subpopulations of rabbit platelets: use of 51 Cr-or 111 In-labeled platelets to measure survival of least dense and most dense platelets concurrently. Blood 1983;61(2):362.
118. Carty DJ, Gear AR. Fractionation of platelets according to size: Functional and biochemical characteristics. Am J Hematol 1986;21(1):1.
119. Thompson CB, Love DG, Quinn PG, et al. Platelet size does not correlate with platelet age. Blood 1983;62(2):487.
120. Tsan MF. Kinetics and distribution of platelets in man. Am J Hematol 1984;17(1):97.
121. Boneu A, Sie P, Bugat R, et al. Platelet regeneration time after aspirin ingestion and platelet survival time after labeling with 51 chromium or 111 indium oxine - a comparative study. Thromb Haemost 1985;53(2):260.
122. Gianessi D, Bernini W, Puccetti P, et al. Platelet radiolabelling with 111 Indium for in vivo studies: A methodological reappraisal. Nucl Med Biol 1995;22(3):399.
123. Dawanjee MK, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, et al. Comparison of three platelet markers for measurement of platelet survival time in healthy volunteers. Mayo Clin Proc 1986;61(5):327.
124. Dassin E, Najean Y, Poirier O, et al. In vivo platelet kinetics in 31 diabetic patients. Correlation with the degree of vascular impairment. Thromb Haemost 1978;40(1):83.
125. Wessels P, Heyns AD, Esterhuysen AJ, et al. Kinetics and in vivo distribution of in-111-labeled platelets and platelet function in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Thromb Haemost 1987;58(3):811.
126. Kutti J, Weinfeld A. Platelet survival and platelet production in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1979;205(6):501.
127. Wadenvik H, Ortenwall P, Kutti J, et al. Splenic platelet kinetics and platelet production after major reconstructive vascular surgery. Acta Med Scand 1988;223(2):147.
128. Doyle DJ, Chesterman CN, Cade JF, et al. Plasma concentrations of platelet-specific proteins correlated with platelets survival. Blood 1980;55(1):82.
129. Mathias CJ, Welch MJ. Radiolabeling of platelets. Semin Nucl Med 1984;14(2):118.
130. Wadenvik H, Jacobson S, Kutti J, et al. In vitro and in vivo behavior of 111 In-labeled platelets: An experimental study of healthy male volunteers. Eur J Haematol 1987;38(5):415.
131. Born GV, Dearnley R, Foulks JG, et al. Quantification of the morphological reaction of platelets to aggregating agents and its reversal by aggregation inhibitors. J Physiol 1978;280:193.
132. Hardeman MR, Vreeken J. The clinical significance of in vitro platelet aggregometry. Thromb Res 1990;59:807.
133. Komarov AL, Panchenko EP, Dobrovolsky AB, et al. D-Dimer and platelet aggregability are related to thrombotic events in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1309.
134. Jeremy JY, Barradas MA, Mikhailidis DP, et al. An investigation into the effects of nifedipine and nimodipine on platelet function and vascular prostacyclin synthesis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1985;11(9):645.
135. 2) synthesis, platelet aggregation and platelet thromboxane release. BMJ 1983;287(6404):1495.
136. Barradas MA, Gill DS, Fonseca VA, et al. Intraplatelet serotonin in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18:399.
137. Cheshire NJ, Wolfe JH, Barradas MA, et al. Smoking and plasma fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a) and serotonin are markers for postoperative infrainguinal graft stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11(4):479.
138. Barradas MA, Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. Naftidrofuryl inhibits the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine and platelet-derived growth factor from human platelets. Clin Chim Acta 1994;230(2):157.
139. Barradas MA, Stansby G, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of naftidrofuryl and aspirin on platelet aggregation in peripheral vascular disease. In Vivo 1993;7(6A):543.
140. Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001;104(16):1894.
141. Gill DS, Barradas MA, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Histamine uptake by human platelets. Clin Chim Acta 1987;168 (2):177.
142. Michelson AD. Flow cytometry: A clinical test of platelet function. Blood 1996;87:4925.
143. Michelson AD. Flow cytometric analysis of platelet function. Vox Sang 2000;78(S2):137.
144. Hagberg IA, Lyberg T. Blood platelet activation evaluated by flow cytometry: Optimized methods for clinical studies. Platelets 2000;11(3):137.
145. Hagberg IA, Lyberg T. Evaluation of circulating platelet-leukocyte conjugates: A sensitive flow cytometric assay well suited for clinical studies. Platelets 2000;11(3):151.
146. Gawaz M, Neuman FJ, Otto I, et al. Platelet function in acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty. Circulation 1996;93:229.
147. Riess H, Riewald M. The clinical impact of platelet function testing. Thromb Res 1994;74:S69.
148. Kundu SK, Heilmann EJ, Sio R, et al. Description of an in vitro platelet function analyzer-PFA-100®. Semin Thromb Hemost 1995;21(S2):106.
149. Mammen EF, Comp PC, Gosselin R, et al. PFA-100: A new method for assessment of platelet dysfunction. Semin Thromb Hemost 1998;24(2):195.
150. Peters AJ, Borries M, Gradaus F, et al. In vitro bleeding test with PFA-100-aspects of controlling individual acetylsalicylic acid induced platelet inhibition in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2001;12(3):263.
151. Ziegler S, Maca T, Alt E, et al. Monitoring of antiplatelet therapy with the PFA-100® in peripheral angioplasty patients. Platelets 2002;13:493.
152. Bowbrick VA, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G. The use of citrated whole blood in thromboelastography. Anesth Analg 2000;90(5):1086.
153. Bowbrick VA, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G. The value of thromboelastographyin the assessment of platelet function. Clin Appl Thromb Haemost 2003;in press.
154. Bowbrick VA, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G. Influence of platelet count and activity on thromboelastography parameters. Platelets 2003;in press.
155. Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Nestler JE, et al. Genetic co-variation between serum Gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Chem 2002;48(9):1426.
156. Whitfield JB. Gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2001;38(4):263.
157. Bolodeoku JA, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Correlation between serum γ-GT activity and the platelet count. Platelets 1997;8:333.
158. Krijgsman B, Hamilton G, Mikhailidis DP. Gamma-glutamyl-transferase and vascular disease. Clin Chem 2003;in press.
159. 2 release: Pathological implications in vascular disease. J Clin Pathol 1985;38:1166.
160. Krijgsman B, Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP, et al. The effect of peripheral vascular disease on serum levels of natural antioxidants: bilirubin and albumin. Int Angiol 2002;21(1):44.
161. Mikhailidis DP, Ganotakis ES. Plasma albumin and platelet function: Relevance to atherogenesis and thrombosis. Platelets 1996;7:125.