A survey of visibility for walkthrough applications

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 412-431

  Cohen Or, Daniel ^a   Chrysanthou, Yiorgos L ^b   Silva, Cláudio T ^c   Durand, Frédo ^d  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS   (Cyprus)

^c OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Interactive rendering; Occlusion culling; Visibility computations; Walkthrough systems

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY; COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY; DATA STRUCTURES; IMAGE PROCESSING; INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS;

INTERACTIVE RENDERING; OCCLUSION CULLING; VISIBILITY COMPUTATION; WALKTHROUGH SYSTEMS;

ALGORITHMS;

EID: 0041311193     PISSN: 10772626     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2003.1207447     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. J. Airey, "Increasing Update Rates in the Building Walkthrough System with Automatic Model-Space Subdivision and Potentially Visible Set Calculations," PhD thesis, Univ. of North Carolina, Chappel Hill, 1991.
2. J.M. Airey, J.H. Rohlf, and F.P. Brooks Jr., "Towards Image Realism with Interactive Update Rates in Complex Virtual Building Environments," Computer Graphics (1990 Symp. Interacting 3D Graphics), vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 41-50, Mar. 1990.
3. D. Aliaga, J. Cohen, A. Wilson, E. Baker, H. Zhang, C. Erikson, K. Hoff, T. Hudson, W. Stuerzlinger, R. Bastos, M. Whitton, F. Brooks, and D. Manocha, "MMR: An Interactive Massive Model Rendering System Using Geometric and Image-Based Acceleration," Proc. ACM Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 199-206, 1999.
4. C. Andujar, C. Saona-Vazquez, I. Navazo, and P. Brunet, "Integrating Occlusion Culling and Levels of Details through Hardly-Visible Sets," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 499-506, 2000.
5. A. Appel, "Some Techniques for Shading Machine Renderings of Solids," Proc. AFIPS 1968 Spring Joint Computer Conf., vol. 32, pp. 37-45, 1968.
6. U. Assarsson and T. Möller, "Optimized View Frustum Culling Algorithms for Bounding Boxes," J. Graphics Tools, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9-22, 2000.
7. K. Bala, J. Dorsey, and S. Teller, "Radiance Interpolants for Accelerated Bounded-Error Ray Tracing," ACM Trans. Graphics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 213-256, July 1999.
8. K. Bala, J. Dorsey, and S. Teller, "Ray-Traced Interactive Scene Editing Using Ray Segment Trees," Proc. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1999, June 1999.
9. D. Bartz, J. Klosowski, and D. Staneker, "k-dops as Tighter Bounding Volumes for Better Occlusion Performance," ACM SIGGRAPH Visual Proc. 2001, 2001.
10. D. Bartz, M. Meiner, and T. Httner, "Opengl-Assisted Occlusion Culling for Large Polygonal Models," Computer & Graphics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 667-679, 1999.
11. D. Bartz, M. Messner, and T. Httner, "Extending Graphics Hardware for Occlusion Queries in Opengl," Proc. Workshop Graphics Hardware '98, pp. 97-104, 1998.
12. F. Bernardini, J.T. Klosowski, and J. El-Sana, "Directional Discretized Occluders for Accelerated Occlusion Culling," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 507-516, 2000.
13. J. Bittner, V. Havran, and P. Slavik, "Hierarchical Visibility Culling with Occlusion Trees," Proc. Computer Graphics Int'l 98, pp. 207-219, June 1998.
14. P. Brunet, I. Navazo, I. Rossignac, and C. Saona-Vázquez, "Hoops: 3D Curves as Conservative Occluders for Cell-Visibility," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 431-442, 2001.
15. E. Catmull, "A Subdivision Algorithm for Computer Display of Curved Surfaces," PhD thesis, Univ. of Utah, Dec. 1974.
16. N. Chin and S. Feiner, "Near Real-Time Shadow Generation Using BSP Trees," ACM Computer Graphics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 99-106, 1989.
17. F.S. Cho and D. Forsyth, "Interactive Ray Tracing with the Visibility Complex," Computer & Graphics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 703-717, 1999.
18. Y. Chrysanthou, "Shadow Computation for 3D Interaction and Animation," PhD thesis, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Univ. of London, Feb. 1996.
19. J.H. Clark, "Hierarchical Geometric Models for Visible Surface Algorithms," Comm. ACM, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 547-554, Oct. 1976.
20. D. Cohen-Or, G. Fibich, D. Halperin, and E. Zadicario, "Conservative Visibility and Strong Occlusion for Viewspace Partitioning of Densely Occluded Scenes," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 243-254, 1998.
21. D. Cohen-Or, E. Rich, U. Lerner, and V. Shenkar, "A Real-Time Photo-Realistic Visual Flythrough," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 255-264, Sept. 1996.
22. D. Cohen-Or and A. Shaked, "Visibility and Dead-Zones in Digital Terrain Maps," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 171-180, Aug. 1995.
23. D. Cohen-Or and E. Zadicario, "Visibility Streaming for Network-Based Walkthroughs," Proc. Graphics Interface '98, pp. 1-7, June 1998.
24. S. Coorg and S. Teller, "Temporally Coherent Conservative Visibility," Proc. 12th Ann. ACM Symp. Computer Geometry, pp. 78-87, 1996.
25. S. Coorg and S. Teller, "Real-Time Occlusion Culling for Models with Large Occluders," Proc. 1997 Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 83-90, Apr. 1997.
26. R. Cunniff, "Visualize fx Graphics Scalable Architecture," Hot3D Proc. (talk), Graphics Hardware Workshop, 2000.
27. M. de Berg, M. van Kreveld, M. Overmars, and O. Schwarzkopf, Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.
28. D.P. Dobkin and S. Teller, "Computer Graphics," Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry, J.E. Goodman and J. O'Rourke, eds., chapter 42, pp. 779-796, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press LLC, 1997.
29. S.E. Dorward, "A Survey of Object-Space Hidden Surface Removal," Int'l J. Computational Geometry Applications, vol. 4, pp. 325-362, 1994.
30. F. Durand, "3D Visibility: Analytical Study and Applications," PhD thesis, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France, July 1999.
31. F. Durand, G. Drettakis, J. Thollot, and C. Puech, "Conservative Visibility Preprocessing Using Extended Projections," Proc. SIGGRAPH 2000, pp. 239-248, July 2000.
32. D.W. Eggert, K.W. Bowyer, and C.R. Dyer, "Aspect Graphs: State-of-the-Art and Applications in Digital Photogrammetry," Proc. ISPRS 17th Congress: Int'l Archives Photogrammetry Remote Sensing, pp. 633-645, 1992.
33. J. El-Sana, N. Sokolovsky, and C.T. Silva, "Integrating Occlusion Culling with View-Dependent Rendering," Proc. IEEE Visualization 2001, pp. 371-378, Oct. 2001.
34. S. Fleishman, D. Cohen-Or, and D. Lischinski, "Automatic Camera Placement for Image-Based Modeling," Proc. Pacific Graphics '99, pp. 12-20, Oct. 1999.
35. J.D. Foley, A. van Dam, S.K. Feiner, and J.F. Hughes, Computer Graphics, Principles and Practice, second ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
36. T.A. Funkhouser, "Database Management for Interactive Display of Large Architectural Models," Graphics Interface, pp. 1-8, May 1996.
37. T.A. Funkhouser and C.H. Séquin, "Adaptive Display Algorithm for Interactive Frame Rates during Visualization of Complex Virtual Environments," Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH '93, Computer Graphics Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, pp. 247-254, Aug. 1993.
38. T.A. Funkhouser, C.H. Séquin, and S.J. Teller, "Management of Large Amounts of Data in Interactive Building Walkthroughs," Proc. 1992 Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, vol.25, no. 2, pp. 11-20, Mar. 1992.
39. B. Garlick, D. Baum, and J. Winget, Parallel Algorithms and Architectures for 3D Image Generation, volume SIGGRAPH '90 Course Notes, vol 28, chapter "Interactive Viewing of Large Geometric Data Bases Using Multiprocessor Graphics Workstations," pp. 239-245, 1990.
40. C.M. Goral, K.E. Torrance, D.P. Greenberg, and B. Battaile, "Modelling the Interaction of Light between Diffuse Surfaces," Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '84 Proc.), vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 212-222, July 1984.
41. C. Gotsman, O. Sudarsky, and J. Fayman, "Optimized Occlusion Culling," Computer & Graphics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 645-654, 1999.
42. N. Greene, "Occlusion Culling with Optimized Hierachical z-Buffering," ACM SIGGRAPH Visual Proc. 1999, 1999.
43. N. Greene, "Occlusion Culling with Optimized Hierachical z-Buffering (CDRom Only)," ACM SIGGRAPH Visual Proc. 1999, 1999.
44. N. Greene, "Occlusion Culling with Optimized Hierachical z-Buffering," ACM SIGGRAPH Course Notes #30, 2001.
45. N. Greene, "A Quality Knob for Non-Conservative Culling with Hierarchical z-Buffering," ACM SIGGRAPH Course Notes #30, 2001.
46. N. Greene, M. Kass, and G. Miller, "Hierarchical z-Buffer Visibility," Proc. SIGGRAPH '93, pp. 231-240, 1993.
47. N. Greene and M. Kass, "Error-Bounded Antialiased Rendering of Complex Environments," Proc. SIGGRAPH '94, Computer Graphics Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, pp. 59-66, July 1994.
48. P. Hanrahan, D. Salzman, and L. Aupperle, "A Rapid Hierarchical Radiosity Algorithm," ACM Computer Graphics, T.W. Sederberg, ed., vol. 25, pp. 197-206, July 1991.
49. L. Hong, S. Muraki, A. Kaufman, D. Bartz, and T. He, "Virtual Voyage: Interactive Navigation in the Human Colon," SIGGRAPH 97 Conf. Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, T. Whitted, ed., pp. 27-34, Aug. 1997.
50. T. Hudson, D. Manocha, J. Cohen, M. Lin, K. Hoff, and H. Zhang, "Accelerated Occlusion Culling Using Shadow Frustra," Proc. 13th Ann. ACM Symp. Computer Geometry, pp. 1-10, 1997.
51. W.F.H. Jiménez, C. Esperança, and A.A.F. Oliveira, "Efficient Algorithms for Computing Conservative Portal Visibility Information," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 489-498, Aug. 2000.
52. C.B. Jones, "A New Approach to the 'Hidden Line' Problem," Computer J., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 232-237, Aug. 1971.
53. J.T. Klosowski, M. Held, J.S.B. Mitchell, H. Sowizral, and K. Zikan, "Efficient Collision Detection Using Bounding Volume Hierarchies of k-dops," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 21-36, Jan.-Mar. 1998.
54. J.T. Klosowski and C.T. Silva, "The Prioritized-Layered Projection Algorithm for Visible Set Estimation," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 108-123, Apr.-June 2000.
55. J.T. Klosowski and C.T. Silva, "Efficient Conservative Visibility Culling Using the Prioritized-Layered Projection Algorithm," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 365-379, Oct.-Nov. 2001.
56. J.T. Klosowski and C.T. Silva, "Rendering on a Budget: A Framework for Time-Critical Rendering," Proc. IEEE Visualization '99, pp. 115-122, Oct. 1999.
57. V. Koltun, Y. Chrysanthou, and D. Cohen-Or, "Virtual Occluders: An Efficient Intermediate PVS Representation," Rendering Techniques 2000: Proc. 11th Eurographics Workshop Rendering, pp. 59-70, June 2000.
58. V. Koltun, Y. Chrysanthou, and D. Cohen-Or, "Hardware-Accelerated From-Region Visibility Using a Dual Ray Space," Rendering Techniques 2001: Proc. 12th Eurographics Workshop Rendering, pp. 205-216, June 2001.
59. S. Kumar, D. Manocha, W. Garrett, and M. Lin, "Hierarchical Back-Face Computation," Computers and Graphics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 681-692, Oct. 1999.
60. F.-A. Law and T.-S. Tan, "Preprocessing Occlusion for Real-Time Selective Refinement (Color Plate S. 221).," Proc. 1999 Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 47-54, Apr. 1999.
61. H.L. Lim, "Toward a Fuzzy Hidden Surface Algorithm," Proc. Computer Graphics Int'l, 1992.
62. D. Luebke and C. Georges, "Portals and Mirrors: Simple, Fast Evaluation of Potentially Visible Sets," Proc. 1995 Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, P. Hanrahan and J. Winget, eds., pp. 105-106, Apr. 1995.
63. D. Meagher, "Efficient Synthetic Image Generation of Arbitrary 3D Objects," Proc. IEEE CS Conf. Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, pp. 473-478, 1982.
64. T. Möller and E. Haines, Real-Time Rendering. A.K. Peters Ltd., 1999.
65. S. Morein, "ATI Radeon Hyper-Z Technology," Hot3D Proc. (talk), Graphics Hardware Workshop, 2000.
66. B. Nadler, G. Fibish, S. Lev-Yehudi, and D. Cohen-Or, "A Qualitative and Quantitative Visibility Analysis in Urban Scenes," Computer & Graphics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 655-666, 1999.
67. B.F. Naylor, "Partitioning Tree Image Representation and Generation from 3D Geometric Models," Proc. Graphics Interface '92, pp. 201-212, 1992.
68. J. O'Rourke, Art Gallery Theorems and Algorithms. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987.
69. R. Orti, S. Riviére, F. Durand, and C. Puech, "Radiosity for Dynamic Scenes in Flatland with the Visibility Complex," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 237-248, Aug. 1996.
70. S. Parker, W. Martin, P.-P.J. Sloan, P.S. Shirley, B. Smits, and C. Hansen, "Interactive Ray Tracing," Proc. 1999 ACM Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 119-126, Apr. 1999.
71. H. Plantinga, "Conservative Visibility Preprocessing for Efficient Walkthroughs of 3D Scenes," Proc. Graphics Interface '93, pp. 166-173, May 1993.
72. J. Rohlf and J. Helman, "IRIS Performer: A High Performance Multiprocessing Toolkit for Real-Time 3D Graphics," Proc. SIGGRAPH '94, Computer Graphics Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, A. Glassner, ed., pp. 381-395, July 1994.
73. C. Saona-Vazquez, I. Navazo, and P. Brunet, "The Visibility Octree: A Data Structure for 3D Navigation," Computer & Graphics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 635-644, 1999.
74. G. Schaufler, J. Dorsey, X. Decoret, and F.X. Sillion, "Conservative Volumetric Visibility with Occluder Fusion," Proc. SIGGRAPH 2000, pp. 229-238, July 2000.
75. N. Scott, D. Olsen, and E. Gannet, "An Overview of the Visualize fx Graphics Accelerator Hardware," The Hewlett-Packard J., May 1998.
76. K. Severson, "Visualize Workstation Graphics for Windows NT," HP product literature, 1999.
77. Silicon Graphics, Inc., "SGI Visual Workstation OpenGL Programming Guide for Windows NT," Technical Report Document Number 007-3876-001, 1999.
78. F.X. Sillion, "A Unified Hierarchical Algorithm for Global Illumination with Scattering Volumes and Object Clusters," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 240-254, Sept. 1995.
79. F.X. Sillion and G. Drettakis, "Feature-Based Control of Visibility Error: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Algorithm for Global Illumination," Proc. SIGGRAPH '95, pp. 145-152, Aug. 1995.
80. M. Slater and Y. Chrysanthou, "View Volume Culling Using a Probabilistic Cashing Scheme," Proc. Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments Five, S. Wilbur and M. Bergamasco, eds., Dec. 1996.
81. W. Stuerzlinger, "Imaging All Visible Surfaces," Proc. Graphics Interface '99, pp. 115-122, June 1999.
82. O. Sudarsky and C. Gotsman, "Dynamic Scene Occlusion Culling," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 13-29, Jan.-Mar. 1999.
83. I.E. Sutherland, R.F. Sproull, and R.A. Schumaker, "A Characterization of Ten Hidden Surface Algorithms," ACM Computer Surveys, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-55, Mar. 1974.
84. S. Teller, "Visibility Computations in Densely Occluded Environments," PhD thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1992.
85. S. Teller and P. Hanrahan, "Global Visibility Algorithms for Illumination Computations," Proc. SIGGRAPH '93, pp. 239-246, Aug. 1993.
86. S.J. Teller, "Computing the Antipenumbra of an Area Light Source," Computer Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH '92), vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 139-148, July 1992.
87. S.J. Teller and C.H. Séquin, "Visibility Preprocessing for Interactive Walkthroughs," Computer Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH '91), vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 61-69, July 1991.
88. M. van de Panne and J. Stewart, "Efficient Compression Techniques for Precomputed Visibility," Proc. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1999, June 1999.
89. I. Wald and P. Slusallek, "State-of-the-Art in Interactive Ray Tracing," 2001.
90. I. Wald, P. Slusallek, and C. Benthin, "Interactive Distributed Ray Tracing of Highly Complex Models," Rendering Techniques 2001-Proc. 12th Eurographics Workshop Rendering, pp. 274-285, 2001.
91. I. Wald, P. Slusallek, C. Benthin, and M. Wagner, "Interactive Rendering with Coherent Raytracing," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 153-164, 2001.
92. P. Wonka and D. Schmalstieg, "Occluder Shadows for Fast Walkthroughs of Urban Environments," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 51-60, Sept. 1999.
93. P. Wonka, M. Wimmer, and D. Schmalstieg, "Visibility Preprocessing with Occluder Fusion for Urban Walkthroughs," Rendering Techniques 2000: 11th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, pp. 71-82, June 2000.
94. P. Wonka, M. Wimmer, and D. Schmalstieg, "Visibility Preprocessing with Occluder Fusion for Urban Walkthroughs," Technical Report TR-186-2-00-06, Inst. of Computer Graphics, Vienna Univ. of Technology, Mar. 2000.
95. P. Wonka, M. Wimmer, and F.X. Sillion, "Instant Visibility," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 411-421, 2001.
96. A. Woo, P. Poulin, and A. Fourier, "A Survey of Shadow Algorithms," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 13-31, 1990.
97. H. Zhang, "Effective Occlusion Culling for the Interactive Display of Arbitrary Models," PhD thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 1998.
98. H. Zhang, D. Manocha, T. Hudson, and K.E. Hoff III, "Visibility Culling Using Hierarchical Occlusion Maps," SIGGRAPH '97 Conf. Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, T. Whitted, ed., pp. 77-88, Aug. 1997.