Tocqueville's missionaries civil society advocacy and the promotion of democracy

World Policy Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 9-

  Encarnación, Omar G ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0041152054     PISSN: 07402775     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/07402775-2000-2005     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. For positive appraisals of the relationship between civil society and democracy, see Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994); Don E. Eberly, ed., Building a Community of Citizens: Civil Society in the 21st Century (Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1994); and Brian O'Donnell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of America, 1999). For corrective critiques, see Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," Foreign Policy, no. 117 (winter 1999-2000); David Rieff, "The False Dawn of Civil Society," The Nation, February 22, 1994; and Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review, vol. 15 (fall 1997).
2. For positive appraisals of the relationship between civil society and democracy, see Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994); Don E. Eberly, ed., Building a Community of Citizens: Civil Society in the 21st Century (Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1994); and Brian O'Donnell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of America, 1999). For corrective critiques, see Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," Foreign Policy, no. 117 (winter 1999-2000); David Rieff, "The False Dawn of Civil Society," The Nation, February 22, 1994; and Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review, vol. 15 (fall 1997).
3. For positive appraisals of the relationship between civil society and democracy, see Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994); Don E. Eberly, ed., Building a Community of Citizens: Civil Society in the 21st Century (Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1994); and Brian O'Donnell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of America, 1999). For corrective critiques, see Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," Foreign Policy, no. 117 (winter 1999-2000); David Rieff, "The False Dawn of Civil Society," The Nation, February 22, 1994; and Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review, vol. 15 (fall 1997).
4. For positive appraisals of the relationship between civil society and democracy, see Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994); Don E. Eberly, ed., Building a Community of Citizens: Civil Society in the 21st Century (Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1994); and Brian O'Donnell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of America, 1999). For corrective critiques, see Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," Foreign Policy, no. 117 (winter 1999-2000); David Rieff, "The False Dawn of Civil Society," The Nation, February 22, 1994; and Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review, vol. 15 (fall 1997).
5. For positive appraisals of the relationship between civil society and democracy, see Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994); Don E. Eberly, ed., Building a Community of Citizens: Civil Society in the 21st Century (Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1994); and Brian O'Donnell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of America, 1999). For corrective critiques, see Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," Foreign Policy, no. 117 (winter 1999-2000); David Rieff, "The False Dawn of Civil Society," The Nation, February 22, 1994; and Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review, vol. 15 (fall 1997).
6. For positive appraisals of the relationship between civil society and democracy, see Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994); Don E. Eberly, ed., Building a Community of Citizens: Civil Society in the 21st Century (Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1994); and Brian O'Donnell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of America, 1999). For corrective critiques, see Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," Foreign Policy, no. 117 (winter 1999-2000); David Rieff, "The False Dawn of Civil Society," The Nation, February 22, 1994; and Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review, vol. 15 (fall 1997).
7. See Gary Hansen, Constituencies for Reform: Strategic Approaches for Donor-Supported Civic Advocacy Programs (Washington D.C.: USAID, 1996) , p. 3.
8. For a historical overview of American efforts to promote democracy abroad, see Abraham Lowenthal, ed., Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
9. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Demoralization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
10. For a broader view of the historical and philosophical underpinnings of the concept of civil society, see Adam Seligman, The Idea of Civil Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
11. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
12. See Larry Diamond, "Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy, vol. 5 (July 1994).
13. For a broader overview of these efforts, see Alison Van Rooy, ed., Civil Society and the Aid Industry (London: Earthscan, 1998); Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy Assistance in Central Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1999).
14. For a broader overview of these efforts, see Alison Van Rooy, ed., Civil Society and the Aid Industry (London: Earthscan, 1998); Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy Assistance in Central Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1999).
15. For a broader overview of these efforts, see Alison Van Rooy, ed., Civil Society and the Aid Industry (London: Earthscan, 1998); Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy Assistance in Central Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1999).
16. Alison Van Rooy and Mark Robinson, "Out of the Ivory Tower: Civil Society and the Aid System," in Civil Society and the Aid Industry, ed. Alison Van Rooy, table 2.1.
17. Thomas Carothers, "Democracy Assistance: The Question of Strategy," Demoralization, vol. 4 (autumn 1997), p. 112.
18. Ibid., p. 114.
19. See Michael Bratton, "Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa," World Politics, vol. 41 (April 1986).
20. Thomas M. Callaghy, "Civil Society, Democracy and Africa: A Dissenting Opinion About Resurgent Societies," in Civil Society and the State in Africa, ed. John W. Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p. 235.
21. See E. Gyimah-Boadi, "Civil Society in Africa," Journal of Democracy, vol. 7 (April 1996), p. 121.
22. Ibid., p. 126.
23. See Alan Fowler, "Non-Governmental Organizations as Agents of Democratization: An African Perspective," Journal of International Development, vol. 5 (1993).
24. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).
25. See, for example, Michael Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Watanuki Joji, The Crisis of Democracy (New York: New York University Press, 1975).
26. Sheri Berman, "Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic," World Politics, vol. 49 (April 1997), p. 402.
27. Alfred Stepan, "Introduction," in Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation, ed. Alfred Stepan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. xii.
28. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 5.
29. See Omar G. Encarnación, "Beyond Transitions: The Politics of Democratic Consolidation," Comparative Politics (forthcoming).
30. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 166-67.
31. Frances Hagopian, "Democracy by Undemocratic Means? Elites, Politics and Regime Transition in Brazil," Comparative Political Studies, vol. 23 (July 1990), p. 147.
32. See Police Abuse in Brazil (New York: Americas Watch Committee, 1987).
33. 1998 Freedom House Survey, Journal of Democracy, vol. 10 (January 1999), p. 116.
34. Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, p. 172.
35. Ibid.
36. See Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), chap. 10.
37. "Economic Ills Sap Brazilians' Faith in Democracy," New York Times, July 25, 1993.
38. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 8.
39. Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, p. 87.
40. The following analysis draws on Omar G. Encarnación, "Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy in Spain," Political Science Quarterly (forthcoming).
41. Victor Pérez-Díaz, "Economic Policies and Social Pacts in Spain During the Transition," European Sociological Revieiv, vol. 2 (May 1986), p. 6.
42. Ibid.
43. José María Maravall and Julián Santamaría, "Crisis del franquismo: transición política y consolidación de la democracia en España," Sistema (November 1985), p. 105.
44. See Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy," Foreign Affairs, vol. 76 (November-December 1997).
45. As quoted in Alison Van Rooy and Mark Robinson, "Out of the Ivory Tower: Civil Society and the Aid System," in Civil Society and the Aid Industry, ed. Alison Van Rooy, p. 33.